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United States 
Environmental Protection 
Agency 


Office of Research and 
Development 
Washington DC 20460 


EPA/600/R-99/060 
July 1999 


SERA Sociodemographic Data 

Used for Identifying 
Potentially Highly Exposed 
Populations 







EPA/600/R-99/060 
July 1999 



SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DATA USED FOR IDENTIFYING 
POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS 


National Center for Environmental Assessment-W 
Office of Research and Development 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Washington, DC 20460 


Printed on Recycled Paper 


DISCLAIMER 



This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products 
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 



FOREWORD 


The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of the U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has five main functions: (1) 
providing risk assessment research, methods, and guidelines; (2) performing health and 
ecological assessments; (3) developing, maintaining, and transferring risk assessment 
information and training; (4) helping ORD set research priorities; and (5) developing and 
maintaining resource support systems for NCEA. The activities under each of these functions are 
supported by and respond to the needs of the various program offices. In relation to the first 
function, NCEA sponsors projects aimed at developing or refining techniques used in exposure 
assessments. 

This document is being published as a companion to the Exposure Factors Handbook. 
Due to unique activity patterns, preferences, practices, and biological differences, various 
segments of the population may experience exposures different from those of the general 
population, and these exposures, in many cases, may be greater. It is necessary for risk or 
exposure assessors characterizing a diverse population to identify and enumerate certain groups 
within the general population who are at risk for greater contaminant exposures or exhibit a 
heightened sensitivity to particular chemicals. This document provides information, where 
possible, for addressing these populations. 


Michael A. Callahan, Director 

National Center for Environmental Assessment 

Washington Office 


in 


PREFACE 


The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) has prepared this document 
to assist scientists and concerned communities in identifying subsets of the general population 
who might experience more frequent contact with and greater exposures to environmental 
contaminants. Furthermore, this document provides demographic data to help users determine 
the number of people in these potentially highly exposed subsets of the general population. 

The 1994 Executive Order on Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in 
Minority Population and Low-Income Populations emphasized the importance of protecting 
minority and low-income communities from disproportionate environmental hazards and effects. 
In addition to low-income and minority populations, other populations categorized by age, 
gender, and location, to name a few, are candidates for potentially increased exposures depending 
on the given scenario. This document was initiated because previous efforts focused 
predominantly on factors, data, and scenarios based on national averages for the general 
population. To provide protection to highly exposed populations, risk and exposure assessments 
must consider relevant and more accurate data that pertain to these populations. 

The current document results from revisions and narrowing of content scope from several 
NCEA draft documents, including Exposure Factors for Specific Demographic and Ethnic 
Subgroups (March 1995), which presented exposure data that were found to correlate 
significantly with ethnicity. Significant portions of that document were incorporated into the 
revised Exposure Factors Handbook that was published in the Fall of 1997. Remaining 
materials became the basis for the draft document Identifying Susceptible Populations (March 
1996), which provided information to help assessors identify and enumerate populations 
potentially at risk for increased exposures and at risk due to heightened biological sensitivities to 
environmental contaminants. The above draft documents were reviewed by staff members from 
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency who offered comments that have led to the current 
document, Sociodemographic Data Used for Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed 
Populations. The major difference between this draft and previous drafts is that biologically 


IV 


sensitive data are not addressed and the scope has been expanded to include additional categories 
of highly exposed populations in addition to ethnicity. 

The data and population subsets presented are not intended to be comprehensive or 
prescriptive. This document does not include all possible populations and does not include 
guidance for identifying and enumerating all populations under every circumstance. The 
inclusion of a specific population in this document is not intended to imply that the specific 
population addressed is more likely than the general population to experience potentially high 
exposures to a given contaminant. Likewise, the reader should not conclude that all members of 
a population included in the text will necessarily experience greater exposures to a given 
contaminant. 

This document addresses potential exposure to a single contaminant, source, or stressor. 
To address the areas, multiple and cumulative risks is not within the scope of this document. The 
guidelines on EPA’s risk assessment approach are shifting towards greater consideration for 
multiple endpoints, sources, pathway and routes of exposure, and all the environmental media, 
etc. EPA’s Science Policy Council has developed a document entitled, “Guidance on 
Cumulative Risk Assessment, Part 1. Planning and Scoping.” This document is available on 
EPA’s web site at the following address: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/spc/cumrisk2.htm. The 
document can be downloaded using Adobe Acrobat software, which is available at no cost from 
Adobe. The Adobe Internet address is: http://www.adobe.com. 


v 


AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS 


The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) was responsible for the 
preparation of this handbook. The original document was prepared by Versar, Inc., under EPA 
Contract No. 68-D3-0013, Work Assignment No. 2-31. Revisions, updates, and additional 
preparation were provided by Versar, Inc., under EPA Contract No. 68-D5-0051, Work 
Assignment Nos. 3-24 and 97V-9. Amy Amina Wilkins, NCEA-Washington Office, served as 
the EPA work assignment manager for each effort, providing overall direction and coordination 
of the production effort as well as technical assistance and guidance and as a contributing author 


AUTHORS 

Patricia Wood 
Maggie Wilson 
Aderonke Adenuga 
Susan Anderson 
Linda Phillips 

Versar, Inc. 
Springfield, VA 


CONTRIBUTERS 

A. Amina Wilkins 

Exposure Analysis and Characterization Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 
U.S. EPA 

John Schaum 

Exposure Analysis and Characterization Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 
U.S. EPA 

INTERNAL REVIEWERS 

Jerry Blondell 

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA 


vi 


Mark Dow 

OPPT, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA 
Loren Hall 

OPPT, Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. EPA 
Marty Halper 

Office of Environmental Equity, U.S. EPA 

Karen Hammerstrom 

NCEA, Intermediate Office, U.S. EPA 

Ed Ohanian 

Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. EPA 
Susan Perlin 

NCEA, Exposure Analysis and Risk Characterization Group, U.S. EPA 
James Walker 

NCEA, Effects Identification and Characterization Group, U.S. EPA 
Chieh Wu 

NCEA, Exposure Analysis and Risk Characterization Group, U.S. EPA 


EXTERNAL REVIEWERS 

Mary English 
University of Tennessee 

Jean Grassman 

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) 

Cynthia Harris 

College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University 
Brian Kaplan 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 

Laura Montgomery 

Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, Center for Disease Control (CDC) 


Vll 


Andrew McBride 
Connecticut Department of Health 

Olivia Carter-Pokras 

Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Human and Health Services (DHHS) 
Ken Sexton 

School of Public Health, University of Minnesota 


vm 


CONTENTS 


1. INTRODUCTION. M 

1.1. TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE CONCEPTS RELATING TO 

EXPOSURE .1_ 3 

1.1.1. Exposure . 1_3 

1.1.2. High End, Upper End, Exposure Distribution.1-3 

1.1.3. Susceptibility, Highly Exposed, Biologically Sensitive.1-4 

1.2. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATION.1-5 

1.2.1. Chemical(s) of Concern.1-6 

1.2.2. Age.1-6 

1.2.3. Gender. 1-7 

1.2.4. Lifestyle, Behavior, and Social Structure.1-8 

1.2.5. Personal Health .1-9 

1.3. ENUMERATION OF VARIOUS HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS.1-10 

1.3.1. Framework of Methods.1-11 

1.3.2. Contact With Chemicals in the Ambient Environment (All Media).1-12 

1.3.3. Chemical Contact Resulting From Disposal Activities.1-12 

1.3.4. Chemical Contact in Occupational Setting .1-12 

1.3.5. Ingestion of Chemicals in Foods.1-12 

1.3.6. Contact With Contaminants in Consumer Products .1-13 

1.3.7. Ingestion of Chemicals in Drinking Water .1-13 

1.4. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT.1-13 

1.4.1. Examples of Exposure Scenarios.1-14 

1.4.2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of 

Exposure Pathway.1-14 

1.4.3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of 

Chemical/Contaminant .1-14 

1.5. DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION.1-15 

1.6. REFERENCES.1-18 

2. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL U.S. 

POPULATION.2-1 

2.1. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GENDER AND AGE.2-2 

2.2. RESIDENT POPULATION BY RACE.2-2 

2.3. RESIDENT POPULATION BY AGE, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN.2-3 

2.4. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION.2-3 

2.5 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL 

U.S. POPULATION.2-4 

2.6. RESIDENT POPULATION BY HOUSEHOLD.2-5 


IX 


































CONTENTS (continued) 


2.7. URBAN AND RURAL U.S. POPULATION BY REGION, DIVISION, AND 

STATE .2-5 

2.8. RESIDENT POPULATION WITH WORK DISABILITIES.2-6 

2.9. NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENT POPULATIONS.2-6 

2.10. RESIDENT POPULATION ON ACTIVE DUTY IN THE MILITARY.2-6 

2.11. RESIDENT INSTITUTIONALIZED POPULATIONS AND THOSE LIVING IN 

GROUP QUARTERS.2-6 

2.12. TRENDS IN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 

GENERAL U.S. POPULATION.2-7 

2.12.1. Trends in Gender and Age Characteristics of the General U.S. Population 2-7 

2.12.2. Trends in Demographics of Race and Ethnic Characteristics of the 

General U.S. Population .2-7 

2.12.3. Trends in Regional Distribution of the General U.S. Population .2-8 

2.12.4. Trends in Demographics of Social and Economic Characteristics of the 

General U.S. Population .2-8 

2.12.5. Trends in Demographics of Distribution by Households of the General U.S. 

Population .2-9 

2.12.6. Trends in Demographics of Urban and Rural U.S. Population.2-10 

2.12.7. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population With Disabilities .2-10 

2.12.8. Trends in Demographics of Native and Foreign-Bom Resident 

Populations.2-10 

2.12.9. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population on Active Duty in the 

Military.2-10 

2.12.10. Trends in Demographics of Resident Populations Living in Institutions 

and Group Quarters .2-11 

2.13. REFERENCES.2-12 

3. LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AS A FACTOR LEADING TO HIGHLY EXPOSED 

POPULATIONS .3-1 

3.1. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES.3-1 

3.1.1. ATSDR Biennial Report to Congress 1991 and 1992 (ATSDR, 1996).... 3-3 

3.1.2. Distribution of Industrial Air Emissions by Income and Race in the 
United States: An Approach Using the Toxics Release Inventory 

(Perlin et ah, 1995). 3-3 

3.2. POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE INNER CITIES OF LARGE METROPOLITAN 

AREAS.3-4 

3.3. POPULATIONS LIVING IN URBAN AREAS.3-5 

3.4. POPULATIONS LIVING IN COASTAL AREAS .3-5 


x 
























CONTENTS (continued) 


3.5. POPULATIONS LIVING ON NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS OR 

TRUST LANDS .3-6 

3.6. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR MAJOR HIGHWAYS.3-6 

3.7. REFERENCES.3-8 

4. RESIDENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE .4-1 

4.1. POPULATIONS IN HOMES WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS.4-1 

4.1.1. American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993 (U.S. Bureau 

of the Census, 1993); Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau 
of the Census, 1997) . 4-1 

4.1.2. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997). 4-2 

4.1.3. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and 

Klepeis, 1996) . 4-2 

4.2. POPULATIONS WHO USE PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS FOR LAWN/ 

GARDEN AND POOL/SPA MAINTENANCE .4-3 

4.2.1. National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (Whitmore et al., 

1992) . 4-4 

4.2.2. 1993 Pool and Spa Market Study (National Spa and Pool Institute, 

1993) . 4-5 

4.3. REFERENCES.4-6 

5. BUILDINGS OTHER THAN RESIDENCES.5-1 

5.1. POPULATIONS IN SCHOOLS/COLLEGES.5-1 

5.2. POPULATIONS IN DAY CARE CENTERS .5-3 

5.3. POPULATIONS IN HOSPITALS.5-3 

5.4. POPULATIONS IN NURSING HOMES.5-3 

5.5. REFERENCES.5-5 

6. OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE, FISHING, RECREATION, AND 

HOBBIES .6-1 

6.1. FISHING AND HUNTING .6-1 

6.2. HOME GARDENING .6-3 

6.3. DO-IT-YOURSELFERS.6-4 

6.4. HOBBYISTS .6-5 

6.5. EXERCISE/SPORT ACTIVITIES.6-5 

6.6. REFERENCES.6-6 


XI 



























CONTENTS (continued) 


7. ACTIVITIES (OCCUPATIONAL) .7-1 

7.1. POPULATION EMPLOYED.7-1 

7.2. POPULATIONS EMPLOYED IN DETAILED INDUSTRIAL AND 

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES.7-3 

7.3. POPULATIONS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.7-3 

7.4. OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES ADDRESSING MINORITY POPULATIONS.7-3 

7.5. REFERENCES.7-6 

8. BEHAVIORAL AND/OR CULTURAL PRACTICES.8-1 

8.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS.8-1 

8.1.1. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 

1996) . 8-1 

8.1.2. Time Spent in Activities, Locations, and Microenvironments: A 

California-National Comparison (Robinson and Thomas, 1991) .8-2 

8.2. PICA STUDIES .8-2 

8.2.1. Reported Incidence of Pica Among Migrant Families (Bruhn and 

Pangborn, 1971).8-3 

8.2.2. Geophagia in Rural Mississippi: Environmental and Cultural Contexts 

and Nutritional Implications (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). 8-4 

8.3. SMOKING, DRUG USE, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.8-5 

8.3.1. Results From the National School-Based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior 
Survey and Progress Toward Achieving Related Health Objectives for 

the Nation (Kann et al., 1993). 8-5 

8.3.2. Cigarette Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Urban Blacks and 

Whites (Hahn et al., 1990). 8-6 

8.3.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking Initiation in the 

United States (Escobedo et al., 1990) . 8-7 

8.3.4. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

1995) .!.8-8 

8.3.5. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

1993) . 8-9 

8.4. CULTURAL USE OF MERCURY.8-9 

8.5. REFERENCES.8-11 


xii 























CONTENTS (continued) 


9. DRINKING WATER AND FOOD.9-1 

9.1. POPULATION CONSUMING DRINKING WATER BY SOURCE OF WATER 

SUPPLY.9-1 

9.2. POPULATION USING BOTTLED WATER .' * . * * . 9-1 

9.3. POPULATION BREASTFEEDING .9-2 

9.4. POPULATION CONSUMING SELECTED FOODS/FOOD GROUPS.9-3 

9.5. REFERENCES.9-5 

10. SOCIOECONOMICS .10-1 

10.1. POVERTY THRESHOLD ESTIMATES .10-1 

10.2. INCOME LEVEL.10-1 

10.2.1. Digest of Education Statistics (U.S. Department of Education, 1995) ... 10-1 

10.2.2. March Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b) . . 10-2 

10.2.3. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, 1993). 10-2 

10.2.4. Inner-City Asthma— The Epidemiology of an Emerging U.S. Public 

Health Concern (Weiss et al, 1992). 10-2 

10.2.5. Nutrition Intakes of Individuals from Food-Insufficient Households in the 

United States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997). 10-3 

10.3. HOMELESS POPULATION.10-3 

10.4. REFERENCES.10-5 

11. ELECTRONIC AND OTHER DATA SOURCES.11-1 

11.1. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.11-1 

11.2. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.11-2 

11.2.1. U.S. Bureau of the Census.11-2 

11.3. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.11-3 

11.3.1. Bureau of Labor Statistics.11-3 

11.3.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.11-3 

11.4. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.11-3 

11.4.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .11-4 

11.4.2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).11-4 

11.4.3. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).11-4 

11.4.4. National Institutes of Health (NIH).11-4 

11.4.5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 

(SAMHSA) .11-5 

11.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND (EDF).11-5 

11.6. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES .11-5 

11.7. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS .11-5 


xm 
































APPENDIX I. U.S. Census Bureau Internet Information . 1-1 

APPENDIX II. U.S. Department of Labor Internet Information .II-1 

APPENDIX III. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ATSDR Internet 

Information.Ill-1 


xiv 





LIST OF TABLES 


Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of 

Concern. 1-24 

Table 1-2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of 

Exposure Pathway . 1 -27 

Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of 

Hazardous Substance . 1-28 

Table 2-1. Resident Population by Gender and Age: 1994 . 2-13 

Table 2-2. Resident Population by Race, Hispanic Origin Status, and Percent 

Distribution: 1980 to 1994 . 2-15 

Table 2-3. Resident U.S. Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 

1980 to 1994 . 2-16 

Table 2-4. Resident U.S. Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 .... 2-17 

Table 2-5. Social and Economic Characteristics of the White and Black Populations: 

1980 to 1994 . 2-18 

Table 2-6. Social and Economic Characteristics of the American Indian Population: 

1990 . 2-19 

Table 2-7. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Asian and Pacific Islander 

Population: 1990 and 1994 . 2-21 

Table 2-8. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Hispanic Population: 1993 .... 2-22 

Table 2-9. Resident Population by Households and by State: 1980 to 1994 . 2-23 

Table 2-10. Family and Nonfamily Households by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Type: 

1970 to 1994 . 2-24 

Table 2-11. Urban and Rural Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State, 1990 . 2-25 


xv 














LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 2-12. Disability Status of Persons 21-64 Years Old: 1991-1994 . 2-26 

Table 2-13. Native and Foreign-Bom Population by Place of Birth: 1920 to 1990 . 2-27 

Table 2-14. Active Duty Personnel by Service and Year: 1950 to 1993 . 2-28 

Table 2-15. Populations in Institutions and Other Group Quarters by Type of Group 

Quarters and State: 1990 . 2-29 

Table 2-16. Populations in Jail by Race and Detention Status: 1978 to 1994 . 2-30 

Table 2-17. Populations in Federal and State Prisons: 1970 to 1993 . 2-31 

Table 2-18. Trends in Ratio of Males to Females by Age Group, 1950 to 1994, and 

Projections, 2000 and 2025 . 2-32 

Table 2-19. Trends in Resident Population by Race, 1980 to 1995, and Projections to 

2050 . 2-33 

Table 2-20. Trends in Resident Population by Region and Division: 1960 to 1994 .... 2-34 

Table 2-21. Trends in Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population Residing in 

Urban and Rural Areas: 1960 to 1990 . 2-35 

Table 2-22. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients and Average Monthly Cash 
Payments Under Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Public 
Assistance: 1980 to 1993 . 2-36 

Table 2-23. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients as Percent of Total 

U.S. Population by State: 1990 to 1993 . 2-37 

Table 2-24. Trends in Immigration Rates: 1901 to 1993 . 2-38 

Table 2-25. Trends in Percent Distribution of Active Duty Personnel by Year: 

1950 to 1993 . 2-39 

Table 3-1. Hazardous Waste Sites on the National Priority List by State: 1994 . 3-10 

Table 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning Populations Living 

Near Hazardous Waste Sites. 3-11 


xvi 

















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 3-3. Distribution of TRI Facilities and Racial/Ethnic Populations Among 

EPA Regions in 1990 . 3-13 

Table 3-4. Number and Population of Metropolitan Areas by Population Size-Class 

in 1990: 1980 to 1990 . 3-14 

Table 3-5. Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Population by States: 1980 to 1992 ... 3-15 

Table 3-6. Resident Urban and Rural U.S. Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State .... 3-16 

Table 3-7. U.S. Population Living in Coastal Counties: 1960 to 1994 . 3-17 

Table 3-8. Populations Living on Selected Reservations and Trust Lands 

and American Indian Tribes with 10,000 or More Persons: 1990 . 3-18 

Table 3-9. Highway Mileage—Functional Systems and Urban/Rural: 1993 . 3-20 

Table 3-10. Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1990 to 1993, Vehicle Miles of Travel, 

1993, and Drivers Licenses, 1993, by State. 3-21 

Table 4-1. Household Composition—Occupied Units. 4-7 

Table 4-2. Income Characteristics-Occupied Units . 4-11 

Table 4-3. Introductory Characteristics-All Housing Units. 4-14 

Table 4-4. Fuels-All Housing Units. 4-15 

Table 4-5. Housing Units - Characteristics, by Tenure and Region . 4-16 

Table 4-6. Percentage of U.S. Housing Built Before 1950 and from 1970-1979 

by State. 4-19 

Table 4-7. Percentage of Respondents with Attached Garages or Carports . 4-20 

Table 4-8. Selected Characteristics of Households in the Target Population . 4-21 

Table 4-9. Number of Households That Used Pest Control Services 

and Received Written Precautions in the Previous Year . 4-22 


XVI1 

















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 4-10. Households Reporting Major Pest Problems or Problems Treated by 

a Household Member. 4-23 

Table 4-11. Number of Households with at Least One Pesticide Product Stored 
Insecurely by Type of Pesticide for Households with Children Under 
5 Years of Age . 4-24 

Table 4-12. Estimated Thousands of Households Using Pesticides by Type of 

Pesticide and Site of Application. 4-25 

Table 4-13. Estimated Percentage of Households Using Pesticides by Type of 

Pesticide and Site of Application. 4-26 

Table 4-14. Residential Pool Ownership in the Continental United States. 4-27 

Table 4-15. Residential Spa Ownership in the Continental United States. 4-28 

Table 5-1. Estimated Number of Participants in Elementary and Secondary 

Education and in Higher Education: Fall 1995 . 5-6 

Table 5-2. Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: 

Fall 1980 to Fall 2000 . 5-7 

Table 5-3. Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: 

1869-70 to Fall 2005 . 5-8 

Table 5-4. Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by Race or 

Ethnicity and State: Fall 1986 and Fall 1993 . 5-10 

Table 5-5. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children in Preprimary Programs 
by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance Status: 

October 1965 to October 1994 . 5-12 

Table 5-6. Students That Attend Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental 

Conditions. 5-14 

Table 5-7. Students That Attended Schools with Less-Than-Adequate Physical 

Conditions. 5-15 


xvm 















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 5-8. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending 
Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by 
Community Type . 5-16 

Table 5-9. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending 
Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by 
Geographic Region. 5-17 

Table 5-10. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending 

Schools with Inadequate Building Features by Community Type. 5-18 

Table 5-11. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending 

Schools with Inadequate Building Features by Geographic Region. 5-19 

Table 5-12. Percentage of Preschool Children Attending Center-Based Programs 

by Child and Family Characteristic: 1991. 5-20 

Table 5-13. Hospital Utilization Rates: 1970 to 1993 . 5-21 

Table 5-14. Community Hospitals: 1993 . 5-22 

Table 5-15. Persons Receiving Care in Nursing Homes: 1980 and 1990 . 5-24 

Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State: 

1980 and 1990 . 5-25 

Table 6-1. Anglers, Hunters, and Trips, by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 1991. 6-7 

Table 6-2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 1991. 6-8 

Table 6-3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991 . 6-9 

Table 6-4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991. 6-10 

Table 6-5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991. 6-11 

Table 6-6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 1991 . 6-12 

Table 6-7. Big Game Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 . 6-13 


xix 


















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 6-8. Small Game Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991. 6-14 

Table 6-9. Migratory Bird Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 .... 6-15 

Table 6-10. Hunters of Other Animals and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 . . 6-16 

Table 6-11. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters. 6-17 

Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing. 6-19 

Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting. 6-21 

Table 6-14. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 

1990 . 6-23 

Table 6-15. Demographic Estimates for Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old 

by State of Residence in 1990 . 6-24 

Table 6-16. Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors: 1986 . 6-26 

Table 6-17. Characteristics of Households With a Vegetable Garden: 1976 to 1986 ... 6-27 

Table 6-18. Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables: 

1986 . 6-28 

Table 6-19. U.S. Household Participation in Lawn and Garden Activities: 

1989 to 1993 . 6-29 

Table 6-20. Participation in Gardening: 1992 . 6-30 

Table 6-21. DIY Home Improvement and Repair Projects Undertaken Within the 

Past 12 Months. 6-31 

Table 6-22. Participation in Various Home Improvement/Repair: 1992 . 6-32 

Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies. 6-33 

Table 6-24. Participation in Selected Sports Activities: 1993 . 6-37 


xx 
















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 7-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 

by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin . 7-7 

Table 7-2. Employment Status of the Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and 

Cuban Origin by Sex and Age . 7-9 

Table 7-3. Employed White, Black, and Hispanic-Origin Workers by Sex, 

Occupation, Class of Worker, and Full- or Part-Time Status. 7-10 

Table 7-4. Employed Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin 

by Selected Social and Economic Categories. 7-11 

Table 7-5. Employed Persons in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries 

by Age, Sex, and Class of Worker. 7-12 

Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 . 7-13 

Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic 

Origin: 1994 . 7-15 

Table 7-8. Inventory of Commercial Office Space for the Largest Metropolitan 

Areas: 1994 . 7-20 

Table 7-9. Commercial Office Buildings—Selected Characteristics: 1992 . 7-21 

Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and 

Spending Time in Various Locations and Microenvironments 
During the 24-hour Day Included in the Diary . 8-13 

Table 8-2. Incidence of Pica Reported by Wives of Migrant Workers of Mexican 

and "Anglo" Heritage. 8-15 

Table 8-3. Incidence of Geophagia Practice by Surveyed Population in Holmes 

County, Mississippi . 8-16 

Table 8-4. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents 

Reporting High Health Risk Behavior by Ethnic Group . 8-17 

Table 8-5. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents 

Reporting High Health Risk Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity 

by Sex, Grade, and Ethnic Group. 8-18 


xxi 
















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 8-6. Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Black and 
White Men and Women Aged 35 to 74 Years by Percents 

(Minnesota Heart Survey). 8-19 

Table 8-7. Age- and Education-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking 

Among Black and White Men and Women (Minnesota Heart Survey). 8-20 

Table 8-8. Current Smokers' Smoking Cessation Behaviors in Percents 

(Minnesota Heart Survey). 8-21 

Table 8-9. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Sex, Age at Smoking Onset, and 

Race/Ethnicity. 8-22 

Table 8-10. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Age at Smoking Onset, Race/Ethnicity, 

and Educational Attainment. 8-23 

Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs by Age of User: 1993 . 8-24 

Table 8-12. Alcoholism Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives 

by Age and Sex. 8-26 

Table 8-13. Drug-Related Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives 

by Age and Sex. 8-27 

Table 9-1. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States: 

1994 . 9-6 

Table 9-2. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States: 

1993 . 9-7 

Table 9-3. Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private 

Water Sources for General Household Use . 9-8 

Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water 

in the Home . 9-10 

Table 9-5. Percentage of Mothers Breastfeeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital 
and Infants at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the United States in 1989 by 
Ethnic Background and Selected Demographic Variables. 9-12 


XXII 















LIST OF TABLES (continued) 


Table 10-1. Preliminary Estimate of Poverty Threshold (Yearly Income of 

Household in Dollars): 1995 . 10-6 

Table 10-2. Household Income and Poverty Rates by State: 1990 and 1993 . 10-7 

Table 10-3. Poverty Status of Persons, Families, and Children Under 18 by 

Race/Ethnicity: 1959 to 1993 . 10-8 

Table 10-4. Persons Living in Poverty by Sex: 1966 to 1994. 10-9 

Table 10-5. Selected Economic Profiles for the United States, 1990 Census. 10-10 

Table 10-6. Characteristics of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient 

Household: Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 

1989 Through 1991 . 10-11 

Table 10-7. Mean Nutrient Intakes Expressed as a Percentage of the Recommended 

Daily Allowances of Individual from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient 
Household: Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 

1989 Through 1991 . 10-12 

Table 10-8. Composition of the Homeless Population (Percentage). 10-13 

Table 10-9. Population, Poverty, and Unemployment Data for Survey Cities . 10-14 

Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies . 11-6 


XXlll 












LIST OF FIGURES 


Figure 1-1. Risk Assessment Paradigm. 1-22 

Figure 1-2. Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of 

Populations Potentially at Greater Risk. 1 -23 

Figure 1-3. The Three-stage Framework for Identifying, Enumerating, and 

Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances. 1 -26 

Figure 2-1. Projected Age Distribution of the U.S. Population: 1987, 2000, 2010, 

and 2030 . 2-14 

Figure 2-2. Native American Populations Residing in EPA Regions by State: 1995 . . . 2-20 

Figure 3-1. Indian Health Service Population: Area Offices and Populations 

Administered by Each Office. 3-19 

Figure 4-1. Percentage of Occupied and Vacant Housing Units. 4-17 

Figure 4-2. Selected Features of Occupied Homes: 1993 . 4-18 

Figure 6-1. Participation in the 10 Most Popular Sports Activities by Sex: 1993 . 6-39 

Figure 6-2. Participation in Various Activities by Percentage of the Population 

18 Years Old and Older: 1992 . 6-40 


XXIV 











1. INTRODUCTION 


The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with protecting human 
health from adverse effects resulting from exposure to contaminants in the environment. EPA 
estimates risk to human health by conducting risk assessments, as illustrated in Figure 1-1. An 
important step in risk assessment is exposure assessment (U.S. EPA, 1992a). The process of 
exposure assessment involves (1) identification of potential exposure pathways, (2) 
quantification of chemical intakes/potential doses, and (3) identification/estimation of the 
exposed population (U.S. EPA, 1992a). This document addresses the third component of an 
exposure assessment, estimation of the magnitude of the exposed population. It does not address 
the duration or degree to which a population is exposed to a contaminant(s) of concern. Duration 
and degree of exposure and other aspects of exposure assessment are presented in Exposure 
Factors Handbook (1997). 

A primary goal of risk assessment is to develop a distribution of the range of 
exposures/risks occurring in the exposed population. In the past, some risk assessments did not 
characterize the subsets of the exposed population with higher than average exposures/risks. 
Individual populations can experience greater risk than the general population through higher 
than average exposure and/or higher than average biological sensitivity. An important limitation 
in the scope of this document is that it addresses populations who are potentially at greater risk 
due to high exposure, but not populations with greater risks due to biological sensitivity. 

The data and population subsets presented are not intended to be comprehensive or 
prescriptive. This document does not include all possible populations and does not include 
guidance for identifying and enumerating all populations under every circumstance. The 
inclusion of a specific population in this document is not intended to imply that all members of a 
specific population addressed are more likely than the general population to experience 
potentially high exposures to a given contaminant. 

The specific goals of this document are to (1) help assessors identify potentially highly 
exposed populations and (2) help assessors estimate the size of these populations. It provides 
information on the number of individuals or the percent of the general population associated with 


1-1 


dietary preferences, cultural practices, geographic location and setting (i.e., urban vs. rural), and 
other activities that target populations and individuals as possibly highly exposed candidates. 

The literature summaries provided are not all-inclusive, but are meant to provide the reader with 
a general overview of population data reported in recent literature. In most cases, data are from 
government publications, peer-reviewed literature, and trade associations. Data are presented as 
they appear in the original studies/reports. No attempt was made to verify or assess the quality of 
the data beyond what is described in the published reports. Within the constraint of presenting 
the original material as accurately as possible, terminologies used to describe areas such as racial 
populations and study results are those presented by the study authors. 

The Exposure Factors Handbook was first published in 1989 (U.S. EPA, 1989a). The 
revised handbook was published in 1997. This document is intended to be used in conjunction 
with the revised Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997). The handbook provides 
statistical data on human characteristics and behaviors used in assessing exposure (e.g., ingestion 
rates of foods, activity duration and frequency, soil ingestion rates, body weight, skin surface 
area), addressing the second component of the exposure assessment process mentioned above. It 
focuses primarily on exposure factors pertaining to the general population but also presents, 
where possible, data specific to various age, gender, racial or ethnic, and occupational subgroups. 
The procedure for using these two documents in combination is as follows: 

• An assessor will use this document to help determine if potentially highly exposed 
populations may exist in the area of interest and to estimate the size of such groups. 

• Once the suspected potentially highly exposed populations are identified, the assessor 
can then use the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997) to select intake and 
other exposure factor values specific to the groups identified above. These exposure 
factor values would be combined with site-specific information on environmental 
concentrations of contaminants to estimate exposure levels. 

Other related documents that assessors may find helpful for identifying and evaluating highly 
exposed populations include, but are not limited to, the following: Methods for Enumerating and 
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances (U.S. EPA, 1985); Populations of 


1-2 


Potential Concern in Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1989b); and Risk 
Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1 (U.S. EPA, 1989c). 

Although multitudes of anecdotal and circumstantial evidence suggest that a particular 
subgroup may be more susceptible than other members within the general population, very little 
direct evidence exists of what the actual exposures and risk levels are for specific chemicals or 
physical agents in the environment. Therefore, the data presented in this document for various 
subgroupings do not imply or necessitate that all or any members of a given group are highly 
exposed. The data contained in this document should be used as a tool to alert the assessor to 
subgroups that may potentially experience greater exposures than the general population. The 
data also should be used to help the assessor determine the number of individuals who potentially 
may be subjected to increased exposures. When possible, assessors are encouraged to collect 
site-specific data to help confirm if any groups are experiencing high exposures. 

1.1. TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE CONCEPTS RELATING TO EXPOSURE 

1.1.1. Exposure 

The Guidelines for Exposure Assessment define exposure as “the contact of an organism 
with a chemical or physical agent” (U.S. EPA, 1992a). The document further defines exposure 
as “contact of a chemical, physical, or biological agent with the outer boundary of an organism.” 
Exposure is quantified as the concentration of the agent in the medium in contact integrated over 
the time duration of that contact (U.S. EPA, 1992a). 

1.1.2. High End, Upper End, Exposure Distribution 

A goal of many exposure assessments is to estimate the complete range of exposures 
occurring in the exposed population and number of people at each exposure level. This concept 
can be illustrated graphically by a distribution curve showing numbers of people exposed at 
various levels. Note: persons in the high end of the health risk distribution are not necessarily 
the same individuals as those in the high end of the exposure distribution (U.S. EPA, 1992a). 
Individuals represented within what is known as the “upper end” or “high-end” of an exposure 
distribution are referred to as highly exposed individuals. A high-end exposure estimate is 


1-3 


defined in the Guidelines for Exposure Assessment as “a plausible estimate of individual 
exposure or dose for those persons at the upper end of an exposure or dose distribution, 
conceptually above the 90th percentile, but not higher than the individual in the population who 
has the highest exposure” (U.S. EPA, 1992a). 

1.1.3. Susceptibility, Highly Exposed, Biologically Sensitive 

Definitions for “susceptibility,” “highly exposed,” and “sensitivity” vary according to 
various professions. For example, toxicologists refer to individuals who respond to the lowest 
concentrations of a given toxicant as "susceptible" (Hattis et al., 1987). Genetic epidemiologists 
define susceptible individuals as those who become ill (Khoury et al., 1989). EPA has used the 
term "susceptible" to refer to both highly exposed and biologically sensitive individuals. An 
informal survey conducted within EPA showed that many investigators considered susceptible 
populations to be either sensitive or highly exposed (Grassman, 1995). However, the terms 
"highly exposed" and "sensitive" are quite different and are not used interchangeably in this 
document. For example, if a population showing heightened sensitivities towards a particular 
toxic agent experiences little contact with that agent, the overall risk in this instance could be 
very low. Conversely, a population with sensitivities similar to those of the general population 
can be at greater risk if it experiences greater contact with toxic agents. 

Individuals are “highly exposed” on the basis of their activities, preferences, and behavior 
patterns that differ from those established for the general population. For example, high exposure 
could relate to food choices, frequency of foods consumed, cultural practices, geographic 
location, residential setting (urban vs. rural), occupation, education, socioeconomic status, 
proximity to hazardous facilities, and activity patterns. These parameters may vary according to 
seasonal aspects, age, and other factors. 

A “sensitive” individual is one who shows an adverse effect to a toxic agent at lower 
doses than the general population or who shows more severe or more frequent adverse effects 
after exposure to similar amounts of a toxic agent as the general population. For example, the 
fetus is more sensitive to many chemicals than older individuals. Biological sensitivity may 


1-4 


result from age (Calabrese, 1986), gender (Calabrese, 1985), genetics (Omenn, 1984), 
deficiencies relating to diet and health, or other factors (Rios et al., 1993; Calabrese, 1986). 

Figure 1-2 presents the Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of 
Populations Potentially at Greater Risk. The figure illustrates that populations are potentially at 
greater risk when they are "more exposed" or "more susceptible" (Sexton et ah, 1993). The 
scope of this document, however, does not include identifying biologically sensitive populations 
or determining one’s susceptibility (or sensitivity) to a chemical. Rather, it examines how 
activities or behaviors can subject particular segments of the population to greater exposures and 
more frequent contact with environmental contaminants. 

1.2. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATION 

As discussed previously, one objective of this document is to help assessors identify 
potentially highly exposed populations. This section summarizes the types of information 
presented that address this issue. Although the topic is beyond the scope of this document, some 
discussion is included on how these factors relate to biological sensitivity. These discussions are 
included as important related issues that assessors can pursue from other sources. Assessors are 
reminded that if an individual (or population) is exposed to environmental compounds, it does 
not necessarily result in that individual (or population) being highly exposed relative to the 
general population. 

The fact that data for a particular subgroup are presented does not mean that all members 
within that subgroup are highly exposed or that such exposure constitutes a high risk. Also, this 
document does not include all possible groupings of susceptible populations. Direct cause-and- 
effect relationships are not being claimed; rather, information is presented that has the potential 
for demonstration of correlations between exposure and the incidence and severity of 
symptomatic effects. Some of the important factors for identifying potentially highly exposed 
populations are chemicals of concern, age, gender, and lifestyle. Therefore, these areas are 
addressed in the following sections of this document. 


1-5 


1.2.1. Chemical(s) of Concern 

Identification and characterization of specific chemicals of concern are necessary steps in 
identifying and enumerating populations with high-end exposures. For example, a chemical 
classified as a pesticide would prompt assessors to consider populations working in an 
agriculturally related occupation or people who participate in gardening as possible candidates 
for receiving higher exposures to pesticides (further discussed in Sections 1.2.3 and 7.4). 

Because of its prevalence in the environment, lead is another chemical of concern that can be 
associated with various conditions and groups. For example, older houses often have lead-based 
paints (Sutton et al., 1995; Barltrop, 1965) (Section 4.1 and Table 4-3). Soils near roadways 
(Romieu et al., 1995) (Section 3.6) tend to have elevated lead levels from the previous use of 
lead in gasoline. Not only is lead a chemical to which children are biologically more sensitive 
than adults, but it is also a chemical that children are more likely to be exposed to because of the 
prevalence of certain activities in children (ILSI, 1992) such as pica. Pica is defined as the 
intentional ingestion of nonfood items (Bruhn and Pangbom, 1971; Vermeer and Frate, 1979; 
NRC, 1993). Children exhibiting pica may experience exposures to lead from ingestion of paint 
chips and lead-contaminated soils. Thus, children are a population who should be recognized as 
having possibly higher exposures to lead and other chemicals from ingestion. Additional 
examples of populations potentially more exposed to specific environmental agents than the 
general population are presented in Table 1-1. This table is not intended to be comprehensive. 
Rather, it is presented to show possible examples of chemical-specific population exposures. 

1.2.2. Age 

The age of the population should be considered when estimating exposure. For example, 
nursing infants could potentially have more exposure (per unit body weight) to some lipophilic 
contaminants than the general population through ingestion of breastmilk containing these 
contaminants. Lipophilic compounds such as pesticides and dioxins have commonly been 
identified in human milk (NAS, 1991; NRC, 1993). The levels of these compounds in human 
milk vary with duration of lactation, number of children nursed, and the weight of the nursing 
mother (NAS, 1991). 


1-6 


Young children may have an increased potential for exposure to soil contaminants as a 
result of pica and mouthing behaviors. The relatively higher ratio of surface area to body weight 
of fetuses, neonates, and children, as compared to adults, may result in children being exposed to 
higher concentrations of chemical per unit body weight than adults (Wester and Maibach, 1982). 

Age also can be used to identity biologically sensitive individuals. The effect of age 
sensitivity to contaminant exposure will vary with the substance (Calabrese, 1986). For example, 
although sensitivity to skin irritants generally decreases with age, renal function also decreases 
with age, thereby increasing sensitivity to chemicals that affect kidneys (Calabrese, 1986). Thus, 
children tend to be more resistant than adults to the harmful effects of renal toxicants (Calabrese, 
1986). In addition, adults more than 50 years old generally have a decreased capacity to detoxify 
and/or excrete some chemical substances, and also exhibit a functional decline in the immune 
system (Calabrese, 1986). The fetus, in comparison to older individuals, is more sensitive to 
many chemicals. For example, the developing nervous system of the fetus or neonate has 
increased susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of lead (ATSDR, 1992). In addition, children at 
various stages of development are also more sensitive to exposure to chemicals because of the 
immaturity of their enzyme detoxification and immune systems (Calabrese, 1986; Lorenz and 
Kleinman, 1988; NRC, 1993; Gladkte and Heimann, 1975). 

Age demographics for the general U.S. population are presented in Section 2. Age- 
related activities are discussed in Sections 8 and 9. 

1.2.3. Gender 

Gender-related behavior and activity patterns also can increase an individual’s exposure 
to toxic agents (Behrman et al., 1987). For example, during pregnancy some women may have 
increased food consumption because of increased nutritional need and thus can have increased 
exposure to any toxic contaminant present on or in a food sources. Additionally, pica is 
practiced by some women during pregnancy and most often involves the consumption of dirt or 
clay (Neuhauser, 1994). These substances may be contaminated with chemical/toxic compounds. 

Gender-related economic factors, specifically those related to living in low-income 
households, can increase an individual's potential exposure to toxic agents (NRC, 1993; 


1-7 


Starfield, 1982; Mitchell and Dawson, 1973; Starfield and Budetti, 1985; CDHS, 1991). Data 
presented in Table 10-4 of this document show that for each year studied (1966-1994), a greater 
percentage of women than men live in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). 

Participation in certain occupations can also increase an individual's exposure to toxic 
agents. For example, men comprise between 75% and 80% of workers in the farming industry 
(U.S. DOL, 1994); therefore, they may be exposed more frequently than women to agricultural 
pesticides. Women comprise more than 90% of workers in the cleaning industry (U.S. DOL, 

1994); therefore, women have the potential for more frequent exposure than men to chemicals 
contained in cleaning products. Occupational data by gender are presented in Section 7 of this 
document. 

Although sex-linked differences in sensitivities to toxic chemicals have not been 
investigated extensively, the gender differences observed for several toxic substances have been 
attributed to such factors as differential gastrointestinal absorption (Adrian et al., 1986), plasma 
protein binding (Rane et al., 1971; Morselli et al., 1980; Morselli, 1989), biliary excretion 
(Lorenz and Kleinman, 1988; NRC, 1993), tissue distribution (NRC, 1993; Morselli, 1980), and 
enzymatic bioactivation/detoxification activities (NRC, 1993; Greengard, 1977). With regard to 
a sensitive population, neither sex universally can be labeled more sensitive or less sensitive to 
all substances. However, because of the physiological changes (e.g., a marked increase in the 
requirement for calcium and iron, hormonal alterations, respiratory disease susceptibility) that 
occur during pregnancy, pregnant women may be predisposed to the toxic effects of such 
chemicals as beryllium, lead, manganese, and organophosphate insecticides (Romero et al., 1989; 
Neuhauser, 1994). 

1.2.4. Lifestyle, Behavior, and Social Structure 

The fact that exposure to a pollutant may be determined, in part, by the behavior of the 
receptor (i.e., human) is a basic principle of exposure assessment. The risk potential is increased 
by a behavior that may not place a person in direct contact with a particular pollutant, but 
nevertheless makes them more susceptible to the pollutant’s effects when exposure to that 
pollutant does occurs. For example, smoking enhances the toxicity of other chemicals by 


1-8 


restricting airway conductance or making it more difficult to clear volatiles from the lungs 
(Klaassen et al., 1996). Excessive consumption of alcohol appears to interfere with the 
detoxification enzyme system of the liver (Klaassen et ah, 1996). 

Another example of increased risk due to behavioral practices is the use of metallic 
mercury for medicinal and religious practices in Caribbean and Hispanic populations. Mercury 
sprinkled on the floor or carpet could result in potentially increased exposure (dermal, inhalation, 
and ingestion) to mercury for these specific populations (Wendroff, 1990). 

Other activities that may lead to individuals having potentially greater than average 
exposure to pollutants include breastfeeding, normal outdoor play for children, gardening and the 
consumption of homegrown foods, dirt biking, fishing, and hunting. The potentially highly 
exposed populations may include groups defined by ethnic origin, race, geographic region of 
residence, income level, or other demographic factors. Exposure/risk among these populations 
may differ from that of the general population as a result of behavioral or cultural factors (i.e., 
ethnic-related activities/traditions, geographic/regional behaviors, or social activities that may 
contribute to higher risk such as smoking or alcohol or drug use). 

1.2.5. Personal Health 

An individual’s personal health can affect the extent to which they experience adverse 
effects upon exposure to environmental pollutants. Elements of personal health such as 
nutritional status, disease history, body weight, body fat, preexisting medical conditions, or 
genetic predispositions can exacerbate health consequences for individuals exposed to any 
environmental contaminant. For example, a person with asthma may experience respiratory 
problems after exposure to a respiratory irritant. This exposure could lead to a potentially life- 
threatening asthma attack, while a person not afflicted with asthma could experience only minor 
reactions (Calabrese, 1978). The authors note that issues related to personal health are of 
potential concern for the exposure/risk assessor; however, addressing potentially susceptible or 
highly exposed populations based on health concerns is beyond the scope of this document. The 
reader is referred to the following reference sources for information available on this subject: 
Calabrese, 1978; Kuczmarski, 1994; CDC, 1994; Montgomery and Carter-Pokras, 1993; Otten et 


1-9 


al., 1990; Rios et al., 1993; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; and Weiss et al., 1992. Full 
citations are presented in Section 1.6. It should be noted that the references mentioned above are 
not intended to be all-inclusive, but are presented as examples of available sources addressing 
health concerns. 

1.3. ENUMERATION OF VARIOUS HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS 

A major difficulty encountered in the preparation of exposure assessments is the 
enumeration and characterization of specific populations exposed to chemical substances. The 
EPA Office of Toxic Substances 1985 document Methods for Enumerating and Characterizing 
Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances (U.S. EPA, 1985) presents methods and supporting 
information for enumerating and characterizing populations exposed to chemical substances in 
each of several exposure categories. Risk assessors should refer to this document for guidance in 
enumerating populations where site-specific data are not available. The categories of exposed 
populations addressed are as follows: 

• Populations exposed to chemical substances in the ambient environment (all media); 

• Populations exposed to chemical substances in the occupational environment; 

• Populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of foods; 

• Populations exposed to chemical substances via the use of consumer products; and 

• Populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking water. 

All printed census information is available for purchase through the Government Printing 
Office (GPO). Other forms of information such as computer tapes, microfiches, maps, and 
technical documentation can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the 
Census. 

The Census of Population is the major source for the size, distribution, and demographic 
characteristics ot a geographically defined population. These include detailed characteristics 


1-10 


such as age, sex, enumeration of various ethnic groups, and characterization of socioeconomic 
data. 

Not all the population data required to assess highly exposed populations can be obtained 
from census data. For example, enumeration of populations who are potentially sensitive to 
contaminant exposure on the basis of personal health factors (preexisting diseases, allergies, or 
genetic predispositions) cannot be ascertained from census data. These data can sometimes be 
obtained from local government sources, health agencies, or references from medical journals. 
(See Table 11-1 for sources of local data.) Likewise, for enumeration of populations with high- 
risk behavior patterns, such as subsistence fishers, assessors may turn to surveys, State 
government agencies, or ethnographic field techniques (interviews, oral histories, etc.). 

1.3.1. Framework of Methods 

The framework for enumerating and characterizing exposed populations is the same for 
each population of interest and is comprised of three stages (U.S. EPA, 1985): 

1. The identification of the exposed population. 

2. The enumeration of the exposed population. 

3. The characterization of the exposed population according to age, sex, and other 
demographics. 

Figure 1 -3 is a flow diagram of the three-stage framework. The first stage involves determining 
the site locations of the chemical/pollutant of concern from various sources in the environment. 
The people living at or near these locations can be identified via mapping techniques, site visits, 
aerial photographs, etc. These tools also can be used to estimate the number of people exposed 
to various chemicals in the environment. As an example, contaminant concentration isopleths 
can be plotted on a population density map, and the number of people within a given area of 
equal chemical concentration can be determined. The final step is to examine the exposed 
populations to determine the highly exposed populations. The application of this process to 
specific exposure scenarios is discussed as follows. 


1-11 


1.3.2. Contact With Chemicals in the Ambient Environment (All Media) 

Populations potentially exposed to a chemical substance in the ambient environment can 
be identified through an evaluation of the substance's sources, its behavior in the environment, 
location of the source, and applicable monitoring data. Populations may be further defined by 
their participation in specific activities (i.e., occupation, exercise, hobbies, etc.) leading to 
exposure, and by demographics (age and gender). 

1.3.3. Chemical Contact Resulting From Disposal Activities 

Exposures resulting from disposal and transportation-related spills of chemical substances 
are types of exposures occurring in the ambient environment (all media). Populations exposed to 
chemical substances in these categories are identified either by geographic location or by 
occupation if site-specific data are not available. 

1.3.4. Chemical Contact in Occupational Setting 

The enumeration of occupationally exposed populations relies on the direct utilization 
and combination of numerous databases. This information is largely the result of efforts by the 
Federal Government (e.g., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH] and 
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]) to monitor employment and worker 
practices. The age and sex of a worker can affect physiological parameters that determine 
exposure (e.g., breathing rate, skin surface area) in the work environment. In addition, detailed 
exposure assessments may require that populations be described by age and sex distributions. 

1.3.5. Ingestion of Chemicals in Foods 

Foods and food products have geographic distributions and processing patterns that 
fluctuate depending on seasonal demand, availability, and personal preference. The population 
exposed to contaminants found in various foods and other products can be enumerated using 
information on the size of the consuming population in conjunction with information on the 
amount of food contamination. One approach for determining the size of the consuming 


1-12 


population is to divide the total amount of food consumed (for a particular food category or 
subset that is contaminated) by the average per-person or per-household ingestion rate. 

1.3.6. Contact With Contaminants in Consumer Products 

The identification and enumeration of populations exposed to chemical substances via the 
use of consumer products necessitates a listing of all products containing the chemical in 
question. The data needed to compile such a list can be derived from the materials balance for 
the chemical of concern and through literature searches. Other data sources are governmental 
agencies (e.g., Consumer Product Safety Commission [CPSC], industry fact sheets, and product 
labels). The potentially exposed population may be estimated using sources such as consumer 
product use surveys, which indicate what fraction of the total population uses a particular product 
or the characteristics of the population that uses the product (i.e., gender or age). Also, exposed 
population estimates may be made by using total number of products sold divided by the average 
number of products used per household. The age and sex of the exposed consumers affect the 
physiological parameters that determine exposure; they also identify sensitive populations. 
Detailed exposure assessments may require that populations be described by age and sex 
distribution. 

1.3.7. Ingestion of Chemicals in Drinking Water 

Identification of populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking 
water involves examining the sources of the chemical substance. Enumeration involves the use 
of local information or various computerized databases that contain information on drinking 
water, such as the sources of the raw water supply, intake locations, treatment methods, and 
populations served. 

1.4. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT 

This document was prepared to assist risk assessors and other scientists in identifying 
subsets of the general population who might experience more frequent contact with, and greater 
exposures to, environmental contaminants than the general population. The first example 


1-13 


presents a theoretical description of how to use this document. The two scenarios presented at 
the end of this section illustrate how the tables and figures in this document can be used in 
conjunction with the Exposure Factors Handbook to characterize potentially highly exposed 
populations. These examples are not intended to be a complete analysis, but are for illustrative 
purposes only. Reference tables other than ones provided in the example scenarios may be 
appropriate, as determined by the assessor. 

1.4.1. Examples of Exposure Scenarios 

The information presented in this section explains how to use this document. The second 
example is less detailed and only refers the reader to specific tables for analysis. 

1.4.2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of Exposure 
Pathway 

Table 1-2 presents examples of identifying potentially highly exposed population based 
on exposure pathway. The sample exposure pathways presented are included as examples only, 
and are not presented as being the most likely pathways by which populations may be exposed. 

1.4.3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of 
Chemical/Contaminant 

Table 1-3 presents examples of identifying potentially highly exposed population based 
on chemical or contaminant of concern. The 15 contaminants listed in the table are taken from 
the 1997 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)/EPA’s Priority List of 
Hazardous Substances: 1997. The information is from the ATSDR web site, available at the 
following Internet address: http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080Zcxcx3.html. The contaminants 
presented are included as examples only, and are not presented as being the most hazardous 
chemicals to which populations may be exposed. 


1-14 


1.5. DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION 


This document presents a summary of various factors influencing risk for highly exposed 
populations. In addition, data sources are explored that can assist exposure/risk assessors in 
enumerating these highly exposed or susceptible populations. 


• Section 2 presents characteristics of the general U.S. population, including 
sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health-based factors. 

• Section 3 provides population data based on the effects of location of residence. 

• Section 4 provides population data based on residential factors. 

• Section 5 provides population data based on time in nonresidential buildings. 

• Section 6 presents population data for selected recreational activities. 

• Section 7 presents occupational population data. 

• Section 8 examines cultural and behavioral factors. 

• Section 9 provides population data for drinking water and certain food groups. 

• Section 10 evaluates population data associated with socioeconomic factors, such as 
living in poverty. 

• Section 11 provides information on accessing information on the Internet useful for 
identifying potentially highly exposed populations, as well as providing a listing of 
State environmental protection agencies and a reference source for trade 
organizations. 


1-15 



Example 1 - Tetrachloroethylene Contamination at a Superfund Site 

The Problem: 

A Superfund site has caused tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethene) to enter 
groundwater used as a drinking water source for a community of 10,000 people in Ohio. The risk 
assessor is interested in knowing if anyone in the affected area may be highly exposed to this chemical. 

Identifying the Highly Exposed Populations: 

The assessor determines that elevated exposures could occur in two ways: 

• High ingestion rates of contaminated water, and 

• High background exposures due to activities other than drinking water. 

High Ingestion Rate of Contaminated Water: 

Using the exposure pathway paradigm in Table 1-2, the assessor identifies three potentially highly 
exposed populations associated with water consumption: athletes, residents of hot climates, and outdoor 
workers in hot climates. The groups associated with hot climates will not be of concern, because Ohio 
has a moderate climate. Athletes may be a concern; using Chapter 6 and Figures 6-1 and 6-2, the 
assessor learns that approximately 50% of the adult population on a national basis are involved in some 
form of exercise. Table 1-2 also references the assessor to Table 3-30 in the Exposure Factors 
Handbook, which recommends assuming 6 liters per day (L/day) water consumption for active adults 
in temperate climates. Clearly, not all of these people exercise aerobically on a regular basis. However, 
this high percentage suggests that it is reasonable to assume that at least some members of a population 
of 10,000 will engage in such activities. Therefore, the assessor concludes that some members of the 
exposed population could have elevated exposures as a result of high water consumption and uses the 
6 L/day value to estimate this level of exposure. The nationwide statistics in this document are not 
adequate for making quantitative estimates of how many people are exposed at this level. Additional 
sources of information, however, are referenced in Section 11. 

High Background Exposures: 

The possibility of high background exposures is investigated using Table 1-3. The assessor looks 
up tetrachloroethylene in this table and sees that a number of people may have elevated background 
exposures to this chemical (e.g., home repairers or remodelers, house cleaners, painters, and workers at 
dry cleaning establishments). The assessor then refers to Tables 6-22 through 6-24, 7-7, and Appendix 
7B in this document to establish the potentially high background exposed population. Table 6-22 
indicates that 48% of people were involved in home improvement/repair during the last 12 months. 
Table 6-23 indicates that 13 million people paint as a hobby (or X% of population), etc. Accordingly, 
a high percentage of this population could have elevated background exposures. Tables 5-23 
(recommended inhalation rates - select rate based on specific activity level) and 16-13 through 16-18, 
16-22, and 16-23 (duration and frequency data of exposure or product use for some categories) from the 
Exposure Factors Handbook can be used. For example, from Table 5-23, one can assume a mean 
inhalation rate of 1.0 cubic meters per hour (m 3 /hr) for a house cleaner who cleans spots on walls or 
doors based on short-term, light activities. The total exposed time for using specific house cleaning 
products (all-purpose cleaners) is 64 hours/year (Table 16-16). The duration of performing a specific 
task (clean spots on walls or doors) is 50 minutes/event (Table 16-15), and the mean frequency for 
performing this task is 6 times/month. Other tables may be appropriate as determined by the assessor. 


1-16 



Example 2 - Unspecified Soil Contamination in a Residential Community 
The Problem: 

A residential community is under development in Virginia. For the past 100 years, the land to be 
developed has been agricultural. Heavy use of pesticides in the past has led to concerns of soil 
contam ination. The risk assessor is interested in knowing whether any subset of the future residents may 
have high exposures to the soil contaminants. 

Identifying the Highly Exposed Populations by Exposure Pathway: 

The assessor postulates that elevated exposures to soil contaminants could occur in three ways: 

• Inhalation of particulates; 

• Dermal contact with soil; and 

• Ingestion of soil. 

Increased Dermal Contact and Inhalation of Particulates: 

Using Table 1-2, the assessor identifies four potentially highly exposed populations associated with 
dermal contact with soil: children playing outdoors, gardeners, people engaged in sporting activities 
(e.g., baseball, softball, golf, football, and soccer), and outdoor workers who may have increased contact 
with soil (e.g., termite inspectors, highway repairmen, cable repairmen, construction workers, farmers, 
and nursery workers). These same populations would have elevated exposures via inhalation of 
suspended soil particles. To characterize the potentially highly exposed groups, the assessor can then 
use Table 7-7, Appendix 7B, Tables 6-16 and 6-24, and Figure 6-1 in this document. Relevant 
information in Exposure Factors Handbook cm be found in Tables 6-2 through 6-8, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16 
(exposed skin surface area), and 6-12 (soil adherence value). Duration and/or frequency values for some 
categories may be obtained from Tables 15-92, 15-93, 15-107, 15-108, and 15-176. 

Ingestion of Soil: 

Using Table 1-2, the assessor identifies children playing outdoors, pregnant women, migrant 
workers, and participants in outdoor activities (e.g., gardening, golf, baseball, football, hiking, and 
camping) as populations who may be highly exposed as a result of soil ingestion. Turning again to Table 
1-2, the assessor can use Tables 2-1, 8-2, 8-3, 6-16, 6-19, and 6-24 in this document and Tables 4-11, 
4-15,4-16, 4-22, 15-85, and 4-23 and Section 4.5 for soil ingestion in Exposure Factors Handbook as 
tools to characterize the potentially highly exposed groups. Other tables may be appropriate as 
determined by the assessor. 


1-17 



1.6. REFERENCES 


Adrian, TE; Smith, HA; Calvert, SA; Aynsley-Green, A; Bloom, SR. (1986) Elevated plasma 
peptide YY in human neonates and infants. Pediatr Res 20:1225-1227. 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1992) Analysis Paper: Impact of 
lead-contaminated soil on public health. U.S. Department of Human and Health Services. 

Atlanta, GA. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 

Barltrop, D. (1965) The relationship between some parameters employed in the diagnosis of lead 
poisoning in childhood with a special reference to the excretion of delta-aminolaevulinic acid. 
Thesis: University of London. 

Behrman, RE; Vaughan, VC; Nelson, WE. (1987) Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 13th ed. 
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 6-33. 

Bruhn, CM; Pangborn, RM. (1971) Reported incidence of pica among migrant families. J Am 
Diet Assoc 58:417-420. 

Calabrese, EJ. (1978) Pollutants and high risk groups. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 

Calabrese, EJ. (1985) Toxic susceptibility: male/female differences. New York: John Wiley and 
Sons, Inc. 

Calabrese, EJ. (1986) Age and susceptibility to toxic substances. New York: John Wiley and 
Sons, Inc. 

California Department of Health Services (CDHS). (1991) McFarland child health screening 
project: 1989. Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology Branch, California Department of 
Health Services, Emeryville, CA. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1994) Health objectives for the nation: 
prevalence of overweight among adolescents in the United States, 1988-91. Morbidity and 
Mortality Weekly Report, November 11, 1994, pp. 818-821. U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. 
Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 

Gladtke, E.; Heimann, G. (1975) The rate of development of elimination functions in kidney and 
liver of young infants. In: Morselli, PL, Garattini, S; Sereni, F. eds. Basic and therapeutic aspects 
of perinatal pharmacology. New York: Raven Press, pp. 393-403. 

Grassman, J. (1995) Incorporation of information on susceptible population into risk assessments 
(Draft) pp. 1-20. 

Greengard, O. (1977) Enzymic differentiation of human liver: comparison with the rat model. 
Pediatr Res 11:669-676. 


1-18 


Hattis, D; Erdreich, L; Ballew, M. (1987) Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals, 
a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetics data from normal volunteers. Risk Anal 7:415. 

International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). (1992) Similarities and differences between children 
and adults: implications for risk assessment. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences 
Institute. 

Khoury, MJ; Flanders, D; Greenland, S; Adams, MJ. (1989) On the measurement of 
susceptibility in epidemiol studies. Am J Epidemiol 129:183-190. 

Klaassen, CD; Amdur, MO; Doull, J. eds. (1996) Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic 
science of poisons, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Kuczmarski, J. (1994) Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. adults. JAMA 
22(3):205-211. 

Lorenz, JM; Kleinman, LI. (1988) Ontogeny of the kidney. In: Tsang, RC; Nichols, BL, eds. 
Nutrition during infancy. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby, pp. 58-85. 

Mitchell, R; Dawson, B. (1973) Educational and social characteristics of children with asthma. 
Arch Dis Child 48:467-471. 

Montgomery, LE; Carter-Pokras, O. (1993) Health status by social class and/or minority status: 
implications for environmental equity research. Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):729-773. 

Morselli, PL. (1989) Clinical pharmacology of the perinatal period and early infancy. Clin 
Pharmacokinet 17:13-28. 

Morselli, PL; Franco-Morselli, R; Bossi, L. (1980) Clinical pharmacokinetics in newborns and 
Infants: age-related differences and therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 5:485-527. 

National Academy of Science (NAS). (1991) Infant outcomes. In: Nutrition during lactation. 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

National Research Council (NRC). (1993) Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

Neuhauser, MLS. (1994) Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. In: Mahan, KL; and Escott- 
Stump, S.; eds. Food, nutrition and diet therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders 
Company. 


1-19 


Omenn, GS. (1984) Risk assessment, pharmacogenetics, and ecogenetics. In: Omenn, GS; 
Gelboin, HV, eds. Banbury Report: genetic variability in responses to chemical exposures. Cold 
Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 3-13. 

Otten, MW; Teutsch, SM; Williamson, DF; Marks, JS. (1990) The effect of known risk factors 
on the excess mortality of black adults in the United States. JAMA 263(6):845-850. 

Rane, A; Lunde, PKM; Jailing, B; Yaffe, SJ; Sjoqvist, F. (1971) Plasma protein binding of 
diphenylhydantoin in normal and hyperbilirubenemic infants. Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 78:877- 
882. 

Rios, R; Poje, GV; Detels, R. (1993) Susceptibility to environmental pollutants among 
minorities. Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):797-820. 

Romero, P; Barnett, PG; Midtting, JE. (1989) Congenital anomalies associated with maternal 
exposure to oxydemeton-methyl. Environ Res 50(2):256-261. 

Romieu, I; Carreon, T; Lopez, L; Palazuelos, E; Rios, C; Manuel, Y; Hemandez-Avila, M. 

(1995) Environmental urban lead exposure and blood lead levels in children of Mexico City. 
Centro Panamericano de Ecologia Humana y Salud, Organizacion. Panamericana de la Salud, 
Mexico City, Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 103(11): 1036-1040. 

Sexton, K; Olden, K; Johnson, BL. (1993) Environmental justice: the central role of research in 
establishing a credible scientific foundation for informed decision making. Toxicol Ind Health 
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Starfield, B. (1982) Family income, ill-health, and medical care of U.S. children. J Public Health 
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Starfield, B; Budetti, PP. (1985) Child health status and risk factors. Health Serv Res 19:817- 

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1-20 


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1985) Methods for assessing exposure to chemical 
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1989a) Exposure factors handbook. National Center 
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1989b) Populations of potential concern in chemical 
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Weiss, KB; Gergen, PJ; Crain EF. (1992) Inner-city asthma-the epidemiology of an emerging 
U.S. public health concern. Chest 101(6):362S-371S. 

Wendroff, AP. (1990) Domestic mercury pollution. (Scientific letter of correspondence to the 
editor). Nature 347:623. 

Wester, RC; Maibach, HI. (1982) Percutaneous absorption: neonate compared to the adult, pp. 
3-15 in Banbury Report No. 11: Environmental factors in human growth and development. Hunt, 
VR; Smith, MK; Worth, D., eds. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 


1-21 



Figure 1 -1. Risk Assessment Paradigm 


Source: U.S. EPA, 1992. 


1-22 






















Environmental 

Health 

Paradigm 


Risk Assessment 
Process 


Identification and Evaluation of 
Individuals and Groups at Greater 
Risk than the General Population 



Figure 1-2. Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of Subpopulations 

Potentially at Greater Risk 


Source: Sexton et al., 1993 


1-23 




















































Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of Concern 


Population/Activities 

Chemical(s) of Potential Concern 

Infant and Child Activities 

Infant breastfeeding 

BHC-beta, BHC-gamma (lindane), cadmium, carbon disulfide, chlordane, 
DDD, DDE, DDT, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, dieldrin, dioxin, 
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, lead, mercury, 
tetrachloroethene, PCBs 

Normal outdoor play 

Highly to moderately adsorptive substances (e.g., asbestos, beryllium, 
copper, lead, mercury, silver, thallium, zinc) 

Dirt biking 

Highly to moderately adsorptive substances (e.g., asbestos, beryllium, 
copper, lead, mercury, silver, thallium, zinc) 

Adult Activities 

Household activities: 

Gardening 

Arsenic, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, 
cadmium, chrysene, coal tars, creosote, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, dieldrin, 
dioxin, heptachlor, lead, selenium 

Auto care 

Ammonia, benzene, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloromethane, 
nitrobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, zinc 

Home repair/remodeling 

Ammonia, arsenic, bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, bis(chloromethly)ether, coal 
tars, cresol, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate, 
dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, lead, mercury, methyl ethyl 
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, pentachlorophenol, tetrachloroethene, 
toluene, xylene, zinc 


Sports: 

Hunting (deer and waterfowl) Deer: pesticides 



Waterfowl: substances with high to moderate bioaccumulation potential 

Fishing 

Any substance with high to moderate bioaccumulation potential 

Target shooting 

Lead 

Hobbies: 

Arts and crafts 

Ammonia, benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, chloroethene, creosote, 
dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl 
phthalate, lead, mercury, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 
phenol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, toluene, zinc 

Film developing 

Ammonia, cyanide, dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 
trichloroethene, trichlorofluoromethane, toluene, xylene 

Furniture refinishing 

Benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate, 
dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl 
isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylene 


(continued) 


1-24 







Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of Concern 

(continued) 


Population/Activities 

Chemical(s) of Potential Concern 

Occupations 

Agricultural workers 

Blacksmiths 

Pesticides 

Cyanide, PAHs 

Chimney sweeps 

Coal tars 

Commuters 

Domestics/housecleaning 

Particulates, carbon monoxide, benzene, formaldehyde, criteria pollutants 
Ammonia, anthracene, bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, di-n-butyl phthalate, 1,4- 
dioxane, ethylene oxide, mercury, phenol, styrene, tetrahydrofuran, 
tetrachloroethene, toluene, trichloroethane, xylene, zinc 

Electrical equipment repair 

PCBs 

Exterminators 

Pesticides 

Firefighters 

Cyanide 

Jewelers 

Lead, nickel 

Laboratory technicians 

Acrolein, arsenic, asbestos, bis(chloromethyl)ether, benzidine, benzoic 
acid, chloroethene, chloromethane, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 1,4-dioxane, 
mercury, pyrene, silver, trichloroethene, trichloromethane 

Painters/paint store employees 

Benzene, dichloromethane, nickel, tetrachloroethene, toluene, 
trichloromethane 

Road pavers and roofers 

Coal tars, PAHs 

Service station attendants 

Benzene, lead 

Welders 

Chromium, nickel 

Adult Risk-associated Behavior 

Alcohol consumption 

Lead, trichloroethene, trichloromethane, pesticides, PCBs 

Smoking/environmental tobacco 
smoke 

Asbestos, benzene, beryllium, cadmium, chrysene, cyanide, lead, nickel, 
trichloroethene, PAHs 


Substance abuse Pesticides, PCBs 

Residential (housing characteristics) 

Basements Radon 


Kerosene heat 

Inner city location 

Private wells 

Carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide 

Lead, cockroach antigen, benzene, criteria pollutants 

Pesticides, metals, solvents, mocrobials 


Source: U.S. EPA, 1989c; U.S. EPA, 1992. 


1-25 








1 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS 

• Evaluate chemical/physical properties 

• Identify sources & releases 

• Evaluate transport and transformation 

• Gather monitoring data 

in order to identify 

• Media and exposure route 

• Exposure scenarios (i.e., ambient, occupational, consumer, 
food, drinking water) 

• Microenvironments and activities 



2 ENUMERATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS 

Data sources and enumeration methods are used to determine 
numbers of populations exposed to chemical substances in: 

• The ambient environment 

• The occupational environment 

• Food 

• Drinking water 

• Consumer products 


i ... i 



3 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS 

Data sources are used to obtain demographic characteristics of 
exposed populations, e.g., age, sex). Data sources include: 

• Geographic or activity-specific data 

• Generic data 


Figure 1-3. The Three-Stage Framework for Identifying, Enumerating, and 
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances 


Source: U.S. EPA, 1992b. 


1-26 
















Table 1-2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Exposure Pathway 


Exposure 

Pathway 

Potentially Highly Exposed Population 

Tables on 

Sociodemographics 
from this Document 

Tables on Factor Values 
from EFH 

Water Ingestion 

Athletes 

Residents of Hot Climates 

Outdoor Activities in Hot Climates 
Recreational Participants in Hot 
Climates/Weather 

6-24 

2-4 

6-24 

3-30 

3-27, 3-30 

3-27, 3-28 

Soil Ingestion 



4-23 


Children 

Pregnant Women 

Migrant Workers 

Outdoor Activities (e.g., sports, 
work, gardening) 

2-1 

8-2 

8-3 

6-24 

6-16, 6-19 

4-15, 4-22 

Section 4.5 

4-11,4-15, 4-16, 15-85 

Inhalation 



5-23 


Athletes 

Children 

Outdoor Sports Participants (e.g., 
baseball, softball, football, soccer) 

High Activity Level Workers (e.g., 
farmers) 

6-24 

2-1 

6-24 

7-1, 7-3, 7-6, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 

5-25 

5-26, 5-27, 15-85 

Dermal Contact 
with Soil 



6-14, 6-16 


Children 

Home Gardeners 

Outdoor Sports Participants (e.g., golf, 
baseball, football, soccer, hiking, 
camping, running/jogging, softball) 

Outdoor Occupations (e.g., pesticide 
applicators, landscapers, highway 
repairers, farmers, construction 
workers) 

2-1 

6-16 

6-24 

Figure 1 

7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B 

6-12, 15-108 

15-92 

6-2, 6-8, 15-85, 15-93 

15-107 

Fish Ingestion 

Fishers 

Eskimos 

Native Americans 

6-1, 6-3 

2-4, 2-10 

2-4, 2-10 

10-81 thru 10-85 

Dermal Contact 
with Water 



6-14, 6-16 


Fishers, occupational and recreational 
Aquatic Sportsmen (e.g., swimmers, 
boaters, water skiers, jet skiers) 

7-6, 7-7 

6-24 

6-2 thru 6-8, 10-83, 10-84 
6-14, 6-16, 15-176 


1-27 





Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposec I Populati^ 


Hazardous Substance 

Potentially Highly Exposed Population 3 _ 

Relevant Tables in 
this Document 

------- 

Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors 
Handbook_ 

Arsenic 

Activities: 

Children playing outdoors (esp. on wood treated 
structures or near contaminated soil) 

Drinking well water contaminated by natural sources 
Gardeners 

Living near metal smelters 

2-1 

9-3 

6-16 

5-25, 6-14, 15-59, 15-60 

3-30 

4-15, 4-16, 6-16, 15-61 


Occupations: 

Metal smelters, semiconductor manufacturers, pesticide 
manufacturers, farm workers, refinery workers 

7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 

5-23 

Lead 

Activities: 

Children playing outdoors (esp. near roads or freeways) 

Dirt bikers 

Gardeners 

Home repairers/remodelers 

Target shooters 

Arts and crafts hobbyists 

2-1 

6-16 

6-23 

6-23 

6-23 

5-25, 6-14, 15-59, 15-60 

4-23, 5-22, 6-2 thru 6-5, 6-14 
4-15, 4-16, 15-61,6-16 


Occupations: 

House cleaners, service station workers 

7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 

16-2 thru 16-5, 16-23, 16-28 


Behavior Patterns: 

Pica 

8-2, 8-3 

4-23 

Mercury, Metallic 

Activities: 

Children playing indoors (as a result of cultural/religious 
practices) 

2-1 

15-79 


Occupations: 

Chlorine and caustic soda production workers, cosmetic 
producers, dental personnel, electroplators, explosives 
manufacturers, felt makers and leather tanners, grinding 
machine operators, hazardous waste site personnel, ink 
manufacturers, laboratory personnel, manufacturers of 
batteries, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, 
switches, rectifiers, metallurgists, miners and processors 
of cinnabar, gold, silver, copper, zinc, paint and pigment 
manufacturers, painters, paper millers, pesticide/fungicide 
production and application workers, pharmaceutical 
producers, plumbers 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7 
Appendix 7B, 7C 

16-26 


Behavior Patterns: 

Cultural practices (Hispanic population) 

2-1 


Vinyl Chloride 

(Other names: 
chloroethylene, 
chlorethane, 
monochloroethylene, 
ethylene monochloride, 
monochloroethane, VCM, 
vinyl chloride monomer) 

Occupations: 

Plastics manufacturers, vinyl chloride and PVC 
manufacturers, especially autoclave cleaners in PVC 
production plants 

7-7, Appendix 7B, 
7C 

16-26 


1-28 



Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance 
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued) 


Hazardous Substance 


Relevant Tables in 

Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors 

Potentially Highly Exposed Population 3 

this Document 

Handbook 

Benzene 

Activities: 



(Other names: 

Arts and crafts hobbyists 

6-23 

16-26 

benzol, carbon oil, coal tar 

Occupations: 



naphtha, cyclohexatriene, 

Gasoline storage personnel, shipment and retail 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 

16-23, 16-28 

phenyl hydride, 

operations workers, chemical manufacturers, plastics and 

Appendix 7B, 7C 

pyrobenzole) 

rubber manufacturers, shoe manufacturers, printers, 
petroleum refinery personnel, workers in recovery plants 
for coke oven by-products, artists, house cleaners, 
gasoline workers 





Behavior Patterns: 

Smokers 

8-6, 8-7 

15-141 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

Activities: 



(PCBs), including Arochlor 

Hunters 

6-6, 6-7 

11-6 

1254 and 1260 

Fishers 

6-2 

10-83, 10-84, 10-85 


Occupations or Hobbies: 

Electricians, electric cable repairpersons, electroplators, 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 



emergency response workers, firefighters, hazardous 
waste haulers or site repair workers, maintenance 
cleaners, metal finishers, pavers and roofers, 
pipefitters/plumbers, timber products manufacturers, 
transformer/capacitor repairers, and personnel involved in 
waste oil processing 

Appendix 7B, 7C 


Cadmium 

Activities: 

Jewelery hobbyists 

6-23 



Occupations: 

Alloy makers, aluminum solder makers, ammunition 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 



makers, auto mechanics, battery makers, bearing 
makers, braziers and solderers, cable and trolley wire 
makers, cadmium platers, cadmium vapor lamp makers, 
pottery makers, copper-cadmium alloy makers, electrical 
condenser makers, electroplaters, engravers, farm 
workers, glass makers, incandescent lamp makers, 
jewelers, lithographers, lithopone makers, mining and 
refining workers, paint makers, paint sprayers, pesticide 
makers, pharmaceutical workers, photoelectric cell 
makers, pigment makers, plastic products makers, metal 
sculptors, solder makers, textile printers and cadmium 
alloy and cadmium-plate welders 

Appendix 7B, 7C 

15-141 


Behavioral Patterns: 

Smokers 

8-6, 8-7 





1-29 








Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance 
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued) 






Relevant Tables in 

Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors 

Hazardous Substance 

Potentially Highly Exposed Population® 

this Document 

Handbook 

Polycyclic aromatic 

Activities: 


15-34 

hydrocarbon (PAH) 

Charcoal grillers 


compounds 

Fishers 

6-2 

10-83, 10-84, 10-85 


Furniture refinishing hobbyists 

6-23 


(Other names: 
Acenaphthene, 

Occupations: 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 


acenaphthylene, 

Aluminum workers, asphalt workers, carbon black 


anthracene, 

workers, chimney sweeps, coal tar production plant 

Appendix 7B, 7C 


benz(a)anthracene, 

workers, coal-gas workers, coke oven workers, fishermen, 



benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b) 

graphite electrode workers, machinists, auto and diesel 



fluoranthene, 

engine mechanics, municipal trash incinerators, printers, 



benzo(ghi)perylene, 

road workers, roofers, smoke houses, steel foundry 



benzo(k)fluoranthene, 

workers, tire and rubber manufacturing workers, workers 



chrysene, 

exposed to creosote such as carpenters, farmers, railroad 



dibenz(a,h)anthracene, 

workers, tunnel construction workers, and utility workers. 



fluoranthene, fluorene, 
indeno(1,2,2-cd)pyrene, 
phenanthrene, pyrene 
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene) 

workers using high-temperature food fryers and broilers 



Chloroform 

Activities: 

Swimmers 

6-24 

15-18, 15-65, 15-66, 15-67 

(Other names: 

Drinking chlorinated water 


15-19, 15-20, 15-21, 15-22, 15-23 

trichloromethane, 

Showering in enclosed stalls 



methenyl chloride, 
methane trichloride, 

Occupations: 


6-26 

methyl trichloride, formyl 

Chloroform manufacturers, fluorocarbon-22 and ethylene 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 

trichloride) 

dichloride manufacturers, internal combustion engine 
industries, pesticide manufacturers, pulp and paper 
millers, food processing industry and paint store workers, 
pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, sewage treatment 
plants personnel 

Appendix 7B, 7C 

; l 

ij & 

DDT, P'P’ 

Banned in the U.S. in 1972, however residues can still be 
detected on agricultural products and other food products 



(other name: 

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroet 

Occupations: 



hane) 

Farmers, nursery personnel may be exposed to residues 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 



still found in soil 

Appendix 7B, 7C 


Trichloroethylene 

Activities: 

Arts and crafts hobbyists 

6-23 


(other names: 

TCE, trichloroethene, 

Bathing, laundering or cooking with contaminated water 

9-3 

15-18, 15-19 to 15-21, 15-24, 15-8 - 

I jp 

ethylene trichloride, 1- 

Occupations: 



ch loro-2,2- 

Metal degreasing operators, municipal and hazardous 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 

15-99 J. 

dichloroethylene, 1,1- 

waste incinerator workers, manufacturers of adhesive 

Appendix 7B, 7C 


dichloro-2-chloroethylene, 

glues, disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, dyes, perfumes, 



1,1,2-trichloroethylene, 

soaps, paints, and coatings, workers in chemical 



TRI) 

industries that manufacture polyvinyl chloride, 
pentachoroethane, and other polychlorinated aliphatic 
hydrocarbons, flame retardant chemicals and insecticides, 
mechanics, oil processors, printers, resin workers, rubber 
cementers, shoe makers, textile and fabric cleaners, 
tobacco denicotinizers, varnish workers, and some dry 
cleaners 













Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance 
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued) 


Hazardous Substance 

Potentially Highly Exposed Population 3 

Relevant Tables in 
this Document 

Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors 
Handbook 

Chromium (hexavalent) 

Activities: 

Living on landfill derived from chromium-containing soil 
Children playing outdoors (esp. near roadways or 
contaminated landfill) 

2-1 

15-25, 15-59, 15-60, 6-14 


Occupations: 

Welding of alloys and steel, chrome electroplating, paints 
and pigments manufacture, chemical manufacture, 
industrial cooling towers using chromate chemicals as 
rust inhibitors , chrome alloy production, textile 
manufacturing, photoengraving, copier servicing, leather 
tanning, and airborne emissions from incineration facilities 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 


Hexachlorobutadiene 

(Other names: HCBD, 

perchlorobutadiene, 

Dolen-Pur) 

Occupations: 

Manufacturers of rubber compounds and lubricants, and 
manufacturers of chemicals such as tetrachloroethylene, 
trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride. 

7-7 


Chlordane, including 
aldrin, dieldrin, and 
hepachlor 

(Trade names: 
Velsicol-1068, Octachlor, 
Chlorkil, Ortho-chlor, 
Dowchlor, Gold Crest C- 
100, Topiclor 20) 

Activities: 

Living in homes previously treated for termite infestation 
Eating food prepared from plants grown on chlordane- 
treated fields and the fat of meat or milk from animals that 
eat grass from chlordane-treated fields 

Occupations: 

Chlordane pesticide manufacture for export, or chlordane 
cleanup workers (Chlordane has been banned from 
commercial use in the U.S) 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 

16-31, 16-32 

5-23, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5 

Tetrachloroethylene 

(Other names: 
tetrachloroethene) 

Activities: 

House repairers or remodelers 

Use of spot removers, or exposure to recently dry-cleaned 
fabrics 

Possible well water contamination 

Auto repair 

Hobbyists using paint removers and wood cleaners 

6-23 

6-23 

6-23 



Occupations: 

Dry-cleaning workers, machinists, plastic extruders, and 
electronic assemblers, or workers manufacturing 
consumer products containing tetrachlorethylene, house 
cleaners, painters 

7-3, 7-4, 7-7, 
Appendix 7B, 7C 





5-23 


1$fl 


a Potential highly exposed populations may include these groups, but are not limited to these groupings. 

Source: Adapted from Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (1990-1993). 


1-31 


















































2. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 
GENERAL U.S. POPULATION 


This section presents sociodemographic characteristics of the U.S. population that may be 
useful when assessing highly exposed populations. Characteristics included are gender, age, 
race, ethnicity, geographic location, economic factors, and institutionalized populations. Some 
data are included in more than one section because these data may be useful for more than one 
type of assessment. Relevant terms (e.g., race) are defined when available in the sections where 
they are presented. Definitions of relevant terms are presented as they appear in the cited 
reference to avoid misrepresentations. 

Much of the data in this section are adapted or derived from the 1995 U.S. Bureau of the 
Census , Statistical Abstract of the United States. It is a standard summary of statistics on the 
social, political, and economic organizations of the United States. Sources of the information 
presented include Federal statistical bureaus and other organizations that collect and provide 
statistics as a principal activity, government regulatory agencies, private research, trade 
associations, health associations, etc. (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; 1997). Statistics 
presented were obtained and tabulated by various means: (1) complete enumeration or census, 

(2) samples, (3) extraction from records kept for administrative or regulatory purposes, and (4) 
through interviews or mail explicitly for statistical purposes (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; 
1997). The following statistical abstract data presented are based on census data collected from 
the decennial Census of the Population, a monthly population survey, a program of population 
estimates and projections, and a number of other periodic characteristics. The U.S. Constitution 
requires that the U.S. Bureau of the Census collect data every 10 years (U.S. Bureau of the 
Census, 1995). These decennial censuses provide data for many socioeconomic reports on the 
status of the general U.S. population. 

U.S. Census Bureau data are accessible on the World Wide Web via the Internet. The 
Bureau's home page (Internet address: www.census.gov ) contains information on the kinds of 
data available and instructions on how to conduct data searches, extract data, and download data 
files. Information available includes summaries from the most recent census in database format 
and search tools such as Map Stats and US Gazetteer, which generate census data profiles of 
specific U.S. locations. Another option available is the Tiger Mapping Service , which allows the 
generation of national-scale, street-level maps from publicly available data. Questions on the 
U.S. Census Bureau's home page can be sent to webmaster@census.gov (U.S. Census Bureau 


2-1 








Home Page, Dec. 23, 1996). Section 11 contains information on how to access U.S. 

Government data on the Internet. 

2.1. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GENDER AND AGE 

The gender and age distribution of the population in question should be determined to 
identify populations with potentially high exposures. Table 2-1 presents the U.S. general 
population by gender and age for the year 1994 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Figure 2-1 
illustrates the population distribution of the U.S. general population by age and gender for the 
years 1987, 2000, 2010, and 2030 (Spencer, 1989). Gender- and age-related factors resulting 
from varying behavior and activity patterns are discussed in Sections 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 of this 
document. 

Gender- and age-related factors can increase exposure to toxic agents. For example, 
children often exhibit behavior and activity patterns that are different from adults, which may 
potentially increase their exposure to environmental agents. Infants have a greater surface area to 
body weight ratio than adults (Calabrese, 1986); thus, infants potentially may be at greater risk 
from environmental contaminants via dermal exposure. Also, children spend time in outdoor 
play or structured activities. As a result, they can have higher exposure to contaminants found in 
the soils on playgrounds, parks and other outdoor recreational areas, and residential yards. In 
addition, children and infants tend to put objects into their mouths; these objects may contain 
chemical components or include soil particles containing chemical contaminants, which might 
increase their risk of exposure to contaminants by ingestion. Infants have faster respiratory rates 
than adults, resulting in potentially increased risk from contaminants via inhalation. Also, 
individuals who spend most of their time in an indoor environment (e.g., elderly residents of 
nursing homes) may experience higher exposures to indoor air contaminants. 

2.2. RESIDENT POPULATION BY RACE 

The racial composition of a population in question should be determined to ascertain if 
exposure to certain environmental contaminants may be different for that group based on race or 
ethnicity. For example, certain cultural practices (e.g., use of mercury for spiritual purposes) are 
more common in some ethnic groups than in others. The Bureau of the Census is directed by the 
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, under Statistical Policy Directive No. 15, to collect and 
publish statistics of the general population by race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Common 
racial classifications include American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, black. 


2-2 






and white. The concept of race that the U.S. Bureau of the Census uses reflects self- 
identification by survey respondents and is not intended to reflect any biological or 
anthropological definitions. Respondents who do not identify (themselves) with a specific racial 
group on the questionnaire are included in the "other race" category. Hispanic is defined, by 
directive, as an ethnicity, not a race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). A self-identification 
question is used in the census questionnaire to identify Hispanic origin, and Hispanic persons 
may be of any race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Persons classified as Hispanic include 
those who reported their race as Mexican-American, Chicano, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, 
Central or South American (Spanish countries), or other Hispanic origin (U.S. Bureau of the 
Census, 1995). Table 2-2 presents total numbers and percent distribution of the general 
population by racial categories not of Hispanic origin (white; black; American Indian, Eskimo, 
Aleutian; and Asian and Pacific Islander) and persons of Hispanic origin for years 1980, 1985, 
1990, and 1994. 

2.3. RESIDENT POPULATION BY AGE, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN 

Table 2-3 presents the resident general U.S. population by age, race, and Hispanic origin 
from 1980 to 1994. Race and Hispanic origin are defined in Section 2.2. 

2.4. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION 

The risk assessor may be concerned with the geographic location of the population of 
concern. Examples of geographic factors that may be relevant for determining exposure of 
populations include amount of time spent outdoors and length of growing season (potentially 
greater in areas of warmer climates), and amount of time spent indoors exposed to indoor air 
contaminants (potentially greater in colder climate areas). The Bureau of the Census subdivides 
the United States into four geographic regions of Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. These 
regions are further divided into divisions containing different States. The regions, divisions, and 
their corresponding States (using standard U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for States) are 
shown below. Table 2-4 presents the resident general population by these geographic regions, 
race, and Hispanic origin, for the year 1990. 


2-3 











Region 


Division and Abbreviation 


States 


Northeast 

New England (NE) 

Middle Atlantic (MA) 

CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT 

NJ, NY, PA 

Midwest 

East North Central (ENC) 

West North Central (WNC) 

IL, IN, MI, OH, WI 

IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD 

South 

South Atlantic (SA) 

East South Central (ESC) 

West South Central (WSC) 

DE, DC, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV 

AL, KY, MS, TN 

AR, LA, OK, TX 

West 

Mountain (M) 

Pacific (P) 

AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY 

AK, CA, HI, OR, WA 


2.5. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL U.S. 

POPULATION 

Socioeconomic characteristics of a population may affect exposure to certain 
environmental contaminants. Living in poverty could potentially contribute to increased 
exposure. For example, populations living in older housing units, and especially those with 
limited funds available for regular repairs and maintenance, may have lead-based paint and 
inadequate ventilation systems; both may contribute to increased risk for exposure to 
environmental contaminants. Various socioeconomic data were available from the U.S. Bureau 
of the Census (1995) describing the general population. For convenience and consistency, these 
data are presented by racial categories as provided in the reference cited. Table 2-5 presents 
socioeconomic data for U.S. white and black populations, and Table 2-6 presents socioeconomic 
data for the American Indian population. Figure 2-2 presents the Native American populations 
in thousands residing in the 10 EPA regions by State for 1995. Table 2-7 presents 
socioeconomic data for the Asian and Pacific Islander population, and Table 2-8 presents 
socioeconomic data for the Hispanic population. 


2-4 












2.6. RESIDENT POPULATION BY HOUSEHOLD 

Many risk assessments are based on exposure to individuals or groups of individuals 
living in a household or residence. For example, an assessor may wish to determine the 
percentage of households in a given area with young children who spend time outdoors playing. 
These children may subsequently be exposed to soil contaminants resulting from deposition of 
airborne particulates. 

A household is described by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as composed of all persons 
who occupy a housing unit (a house, apartment, etc.) that constitutes separate living quarters 
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). A household includes related family members and all the 
unrelated persons (lodgers, foster children, employees, etc.) who share a housing unit. A family 
is defined by the Census Bureau as a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or 
adoption and residing together in a household (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Table 2-9 
presents the numbers (in thousands) of household units in regions, divisions, and States from 
1980 to 1994. Table 2-10 presents the numbers (in thousands) of family and nonfamily 
households by race, Hispanic origin, and type. 

2.7. URBAN AND RURAL U.S. POPULATION BY REGION, DIVISION, AND 

STATE 

A risk assessor may wish to enumerate the population residing specifically in urban or 
rural areas of a State or in a metropolitan area. For example, a risk assessor considering the 
population exposed to a pesticide as a result of application for agricultural use would choose an 
appropriate percentage of the nearby rural population. Likewise, living in a rural area that is 
known to have certain contaminants in its water supply (i.e., groundwater) also can increase risk. 
Living in urban areas with increased vehicle traffic and the resulting increase in air pollution 
from auto exhaust can increase risk to certain air contaminants, such as benzene. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census defines urban populations as persons living in 
incorporated or unincorporated cities or towns of 2,500 or more inhabitants or in urbanized areas 
defined as adjacent densely settled surrounding areas with a minimum of 50,000 persons (U.S. 
Bureau of the Census, 1995). Populations not classified as urban are classified as rural (U.S. 
Bureau of the Census, 1995). Table 2-11 presents the total populations of each region, division, 
and State, as well as the numbers and percent distribution of urban and rural populations by 
region, division, and State. The composition of the regions and divisions is provided in 
Section 2.4. 


2-5 







2.8. RESIDENT POPULATION WITH WORK DISABILITIES 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) considers a disability to be reduced ability to 
perform tasks one would normally do at a certain stage in life. Table 2-12 presents numbers of 
disabled persons, ages 21-64 years old, for the total population and by percent employed for 
1991, 1993, and 1994. 

2.9. NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENT POPULATIONS 

Table 2-13 presents the numbers of persons in the general population who were bom in 
the United States and those bom in foreign countries. Data are presented for years 1920 to 1990. 
These data are presented as an additional population characterization. 

2.10. RESIDENT POPULATION ON ACTIVE DUTY IN THE MILITARY 

Table 2-14 presents the numbers of individuals serving on active duty in the armed 
forces, by service, for the years 1950 to 1993. Services included are Army, Navy, Marine Corps, 
Air Force, and Coast Guard. This population is included not necessarily because they are 
potentially highly exposed, but as another characterization breakdown of the general population. 
If an exposure is related to the population of a specific military organization due to some job- 
related activity, the population potentially exposed can be enumerated. For example, if a 
contaminant in the insulation (such as asbestos) of a ship is a potential problem. Navy and Coast 
Guard personnel could potentially have greater exposures than the general population. 

2.11. RESIDENT INSTITUTIONALIZED POPULATIONS AND THOSE LIVING IN 
GROUP QUARTERS 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) classifies a person as living in group quarters if 
that person is not living in a household. Household is defined in Section 2.6. Persons living in 
group quarters include those who are institutionalized (e.g., under care or custody in juvenile 
facilities, jails, correctional centers, or hospitals, or residents in college dormitories, rooming 
houses, military barracks, etc.). Data pertaining to these specific populations may be useful 
when a potential exposure is limited to a selected microenvironment. For example, patients in a 
hospital potentially could be exposed through the dermal or inhalation pathways to chemicals 
used for sterilization procedures, such as antiseptics in hospital rooms or as sterilization agents 
for bed linens. Table 2-15 presents numbers for the general population living in institutions by 
type of group quarters (nursing homes, college dormitories), region, and State. Note: because 


2-6 






group quarters include military barracks, there may be some overlap with data presented in 
Section 2.10. Table 2-16 presents numbers of the general population living in jails by race and 
detention status for the years 1978 to 1994. Table 2-17 presents numbers of the general 
population living in Federal and State prisons for the years 1970 to 1993. 

2.12. TRENDS IN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL 

U.S. POPULATION 

Population trends are useful if an assessor is estimating an exposed population across 
time. For example, if the risk for increased exposure is specific to a specific population (e.g., 
race, gender) the estimated exposed population may be determined in some instances up to 1995 
and projected for the years from 2000 to 2050, in increments of 10 years. 

2.12.1. Trends in Gender and Age Characteristics of the General U.S. Population 

Table 2-18 shows trends in the ratio of males to females for all age groups from 1950, 
with projections for 2025 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Data indicate that there are slightly 
more males than females under the age of 14 years. Between ages 14 to 24 years, the numbers of 
males to females are nearly equal; however, after the age of 24 years, the ratio of males to 
females shows a fairly consistent decrease. The ratio of males to females is lowest at age 65 
years and over. The average male-to-female ratio (for all ages) has dropped slightly from 98.6 in 
1950 to 95.4 in 1994, and is projected to increase slightly to 96.3 by 2025. 

2.12.2. Trends in Demographics of Race and Ethnic Characteristics of the General 
U.S. Population 

Trends in demographics of race/ethnicity are presented in Table 2-19. The percent 
distribution is provided for the resident population by race from 1980 to 1995, with projections 
to 2050. Data in this table are adapted from Table 19 in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 
1995 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). These data indicate an increase in the general 
population for persons of Hispanic origin since 1980. The percent distribution (of the total 
distribution of 100 percent) for the Hispanic origin population was 6.54 percent in 1980 and 
increased to a projected distribution of 22.46 percent for the year 2050. 


2-7 








2.12.3. Trends in Regional Distribution of the General U.S. Population 

Table 2-20 presents changes in location of primary residence of the general population. 
Data in this table are adapted from Table 30 in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995 
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Census data indicate that percentage increases in population 
from 1960 to 1994 were highest in the West and South regions. The greatest population 
decreases occurred in the Midwest and Northeast regions. 

2.12.4. Trends in Demographics of Social and Economic Characteristics of the General 
U.S. Population 

Tables 2-5 through 2-8, discussed previously in Section 2.5, indicate changes in the 
socioeconomic characteristics of the general population. The trends from these tables are 
summarized as follows: 


• White population in 1994, relative to 1980 (Table 2-5): 

Total population increased by 12.5%; 

- Number of high school graduates dropped by 3%; 

- Number of college graduates increased by 5%; 

- Number employed increased by 3.5%; 

Relative to 1980, the median income rose by $2,000 in 1990, then dropped to $600 
below the 1980 value by 1994; 

- Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 3.2%; and 
Consistent family types and housing tenure. 

• Black population in 1994, relative to 1980 (Table 2-5): 

Total population increased by 27%; 

Number of high school graduates increased by 5.4%; 

- Number of college graduates increased by 11.3%; 

- Number employed increased by 3.9%; 

- Number of families headed by women increased by 7.6%; 

Relative to 1980, the median income rose by $949 in 1990, then dropped to $1,053 
below the 1980 value by 1994; and 

Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 2%. 




American Indian population (Table 2-6): Data from past years were not readily available; 
therefore, trends could not be evaluated. Data on socioeconomic status of the American 
Indian population should be available from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, 


DC. 


2-8 







• Asian and Pacific Islander population in 1994, relative to 1990 (Table 2-7): 

Total population increased by 11.5%; 

Number of high school graduates decreased by 1.7%; 

Number of college graduates decreased by 1.3%; 

- Number employed decreased by 2.6%; 

Relative to 1990, the median income dropped by $2565; 

- Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 1.2%; and 
Consistent family types and housing tenure. 


• Hispanic population data trend summary (Note: All tables by number listed for the 
Hispanic population as data sources are the table numbers presented in the Statistical 
Abstract of the United States [U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995]): 

- Total population increased by 83% from 1980 to 1995 (data from Table 19); 

- Number of high school graduates increased by 9.3% from 1980 to 1994 (data from 
Table 238); 

- Number of college graduates increased by 1.5% from 1980 to 1994 (data from Table 
238); 

Number employed increased by 2.1% from 1980 to 1994 (data from Table 627); 
Relative to 1980, the median income dropped by $1,082 by 1993 (data from Table 
723); 

Percentage of persons below the poverty level increased by 8.8% from 1979 to 1993 
(data from Table 744); and 

Homeowner-occupied housing increased by 46% from 1980 to 1990 (data from Table 
1226). 


2.12.5. Trends in Demographics of Distribution by Households of the General U.S. 

Population 

Table 2-9, shown in Section 2.6, presents percent change in numbers of households by 
State. Trends generally parallel those of regional distribution of the general population, in that 
the greatest increases occurred in the West and South regions, with slight increases in the North 
and Midwest regions. Table 2-9 also indicates that the number of persons per household 
nationwide has dropped slightly, from 2.75 persons in 1980 to 2.64 persons in 1994. 


2-9 






2.12.6. Trends in Demographics of Urban and Rural U.S. Population 

Table 2-21 indicates that, since 1960, the percent of the general U.S. population residing 
in urban areas has increased. The population percentage residing in rural areas has decreased. 

2.12.7. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population With Disabilities 

Trends for persons with disabilities may be inferred from economic data containing the 
number of persons receiving public assistance. The assumption is that persons with disabilities 
often are not able to work to fully support themselves. Table 2-22 presents numbers of persons 
receiving public assistance in the United States from 1980 to 1993. Table 2-23 in this document 
is a summary of data presented in table number 611 in the 1995 U.S. Bureau of the Census 
Statistical Abstract of the United States, and it indicates that the percentage of persons receiving 
public assistance increased from 6.5% in 1990 to 7.7% in 1993. 

2.12.8. Trends in Demographics of Native and Foreign-Born Resident Populations 

Table 2-13, Section 2.9, indicates that the percentage of the general U.S. population 
bom in foreign countries has decreased over the past 70 years from 13.2% in 1920 to 7.9% in 
1990. Immigration rates from 1901 to 1993 are presented in Table 2-24 (U.S. Bureau of the 
Census, 1995). These data show that the rate of immigration was 10.4% between 1901 and 1910, 
dropped to 0.7% between 1941 and 1950, and since that time has risen to a current rate of 4.8%. 
The U.S. Bureau of the Census defines immigrants as aliens admitted for legal permanent 
residence in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). The category "immigrant" 
includes persons who may have entered the United States as nonimmigrants or refugees but who 
subsequently changed status to permanent resident. 

2.12.9. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population on Active Duty in the Military 

Table 2-25 presents the numbers and percent distribution of the general U.S. population 
on active duty in the military. Data for this table were adapted from the U.S. Bureau of the 
Census, 1995. These data indicate that the percent of the general population serving in the 
military was approximately 0.9% in 1950, increased to about 1.6% between 1955 and 1970, then 
dropped to approximately 0.8% from 1975 to 1993. 


2-10 



2.12.10. Trends in Demographics of Resident Populations Living in Institutions 
and Group Quarters 

Trends for persons residing in group quarters (college dormitories, rooming houses, etc.) 
could not be evaluated because data from past years are not readily available. Trends in numbers 
of persons living in institutions (e.g., under care or custody in juvenile facilities, jails, 
correctional centers, or hospitals) are summarized as follows (note: numbers of total U.S. 
population are from Table 2 in the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995): 

• The number of persons in jails has increased since 1978 (Table 348, U.S. Bureau 
of the Census, 1995), from 158,394 persons (0.07% of total population) in 1978 to 
490,442 persons (0.19% of total population) in 1994. 

• The rate (per 100,000 persons of the general population) of persons in Federal and 
State prisons (Table 2-17) has increased from 96.7 in 1970 to 352.9 in 1993. 




2-11 




2.13. REFERENCES 


Calabrese, EJ. (1986) Age and susceptibility to toxic substances. New York: John Wiley and 
Sons, Inc. 

Day, JC. (1996) Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic 
origin: 1995 to 2050. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population 
Reports, series P-25, no. 1130. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

Spencer, G. (1989) Projections of the population of the United States, by age, sex, and race: 
1988 to 2080. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population 
Reports, series P-29, no. 1018. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstract of the United States: 117th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 


2-12 


Table 2-1. Resident Population by Gender and Age: 1994 
[In thousands, except as indicated. As of July 1.] 


Age 

Total 

Male 

Female 

Age 

Total 

Male 

Female 

Total 

260,341 

127,076 

133,265 

43 yrs 

3,716 

1,825 

1,891 

Median age 

34.0 

32.9 

35.2 

44 yrs 

3,825 

1,897 

1,927 

Under 5 yrs 

19,727 

10,094 

9,633 

45-49 yrs 

16,679 

8,181 

8,498 

<1 yr 

3,870 

1,981 

1,889 

45 yrs 

3,659 

1,801 

1,858 

1 yrs 

3,878 

1,985 

1,893 

46 yrs 

3,550 

1,743 

1,807 

2 yrs 

3,956 

2,023 

1,933 

47 yrs 

3,843 

1,886 

1,957 

3 yrs 

3,990 

2,041 

1,949 

48 yrs 

2,652 

1,292 

1,360 

4 yrs 

4,032 

2,064 

1,968 

49 yrs 

2,974 

1,458 

1,517 

5-9 yrs 

18,859 

9,657 

9,201 

50-54 yrs 

13,191 

6,410 

6,781 

5 yrs 

3,884 

1,989 

1,894 

50 yrs 

2,890 

1,409 

1,481 

6 yrs 

3,792 

1,940 

1,852 

51 yrs 

2,931 

1,430 

1,502 

7 yrs 

3,747 

1,917 

1,830 

52 yrs 

2,549 

1,238 

1,312 

8 yrs 

3,595 

1,841 

1,754 

53 yrs 

2,440 

1,182 

1,258 

9 yrs 

3,841 

1,969 

1,872 

54 yrs 

2,381 

1,152 

1,229 

10-14 yrs 

18,753 

9,602 

9,150 

55-59 yrs 

10,936 

5,244 

5,692 

10 yrs 

3,744 

1,920 

1,824 

55 yrs 

2,283 

1,099 

1,184 

11 yrs 

3,770 

1,931 

1,840 

56 yrs 

2,281 

1,095 

1,185 

12 yrs 

3,768 

1,927 

1,841 

57 yrs 

2,178 

1,043 

1,134 

13 yrs 

3,722 

1,903 

1,818 

58 yrs 

2,021 

966 

1,055 

14 yrs 

3,748 

1,921 

1,828 

59 yrs 

2,173 

1,041 

1,132 

15-19 yrs 

17,616 

9,036 

8,580 

60-64 yrs 

10,082 

4,740 

5,342 

15 yrs 

3,602 

1,848 

1,754 

60 yrs 

1,981 

934 

1,046 

16 yrs 

3,515 

1,808 

1,707 

61 yrs 

1,953 

923 

1,030 

17 yrs 

3,562 

1,836 

1,727 

62 yrs 

1,965 

921 

1,044 

18 yrs 

3,349 

1,714 

1,635 

63 yrs 

2,065 

971 

1,094 

1 9 yrs 

3,588 

1,831 

1,757 

64 yrs 

2,118 

990 

1,128 

20-24 yrs 

18,326 

9,311 

9,015 

65-69 yrs 

9,970 

4,500 

5,471 

20 yrs 

3,480 

1,776 

1,704 

65 yrs 

2,059 

948 

1,111 

21 yrs 

3,492 

1,782 

1,710 

66 yrs 

2,071 

948 

1,124 

22 yrs 

3,605 

1,835 

1,770 

67 yrs 

2,003 

905 

1,098 

23 yrs 

3,839 

1,943 

1,897 

68 yrs 

1,897 

845 

1,052 

24 yrs 

3,910 

1,976 

1,934 

69 yrs 

1,940 

854 

1,086 

25-29 yrs 

19,177 

9,619 

9,558 

70-74 yrs 

8,741 

3,790 

4,951 

25 yrs 

3,756 

1,894 

1,862 

70 yrs 

1,875 

824 

1,051 

26 yrs 

3,680 

1,846 

1,834 

71 yrs 

1,801 

786 

1,015 

27 yrs 

3,778 

1,894 

1,884 

72 yrs 

1,811 

791 

1,020 

28 yrs 

3,674 

1,837 

1,837 

73 yrs 

1,695 

729 

966 

29 yrs 

4,289 

2,147 

2,142 

74 yrs 

1,559 

659 

899 

30-34 yrs 

22,177 

11,058 

11,119 

75-79 yrs 

6,574 

2,655 

3,919 

30 yrs 

4,354 

2,173 

2,181 

75 yrs 

1,473 

614 

859 

31 yrs 

4,332 

2,160 

2,172 

76 yrs 

1,369 

563 

806 

32 yrs 

4,431 

2,209 

2,222 

77 yrs 

1,294 

524 

770 

33 yrs 

4,433 

2,201 

2,232 

78 yrs 

1,254 

496 

758 

34 yrs 

4,626 

2,315 

2,311 

79 yrs 

1,184 

459 

725 

35-39 yrs 

21,961 

10,920 

11,040 

80-84 yrs 

4,351 

1,550 

2,801 

35 yrs 

4,523 

2,253 

2,270 

80 yrs 

1,048 

393 

655 

36 yrs 

4,439 

2,208 

2,231 

81 yrs 

966 

352 

614 

37 yrs 

4,472 

2,223 

2,248 

82 yrs 

855 

306 

549 

38 yrs 

4,055 

2,007 

2,048 

83 yrs 

784 

268 

516 

39 yrs 

4,472 

2,229 

2,243 

84 yrs 

699 

232 

467 

40-44 yrs 

19,699 

9,728 

9,970 

85-89 yrs 

2,274 

686 

1,588 

40 yrs 

4,223 

2,090 

2,133 

90-94 yrs 

948 

235 

713 

41 yrs 

4,013 

1,979 

2,033 

95-99 yrs 

249 

50 

199 

42 yrs 

3,922 

1,936 

1,986 

>100 yrs 

50 

9 

41 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-13 








1987 


100 + 

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85-89 

80-84 

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70-74 

65-69 

60-64 

55-59 

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40-44 

35-39 


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65-69 
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15-19 
10-14 
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2000 


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90-94 
85-89 
80-84 
75-79 
70-74 
65-69 
60-64 
55-59 
50-54 
45-49 
40-44 
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Under 5 


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I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I 


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2030 


Female 



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Percent 


Figure 2-1. Projected Age Distribution of the U S. Population: 1987, 2000, 2010, and 2030 


Source: Spencer, 1989. 


2-14 

















































































































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2-15 









Table 2-3. Resident Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1994 

(In thousands, except percent. As of April, except 1994 as of July. Hispanic persons may be of any race.) 




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2-16 









Table 2-4. Resident U.S. Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 
[As of April 1. For composition of regions, see text section 2.4 ] 


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2-17 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 






Table 2-5. Social and Economic Characteristics of the White and Black Populations: 1980 to 1994 
[As of March. Excludes members of Armed Forces except those living off post or with their families on post. Data for 1990 are base on 
census population controls; 1994 data are based on 1990 census population controls. Based on Current Population Survey.] 


Characteristic 

1980 

White 

1990 

Number (1,000) 

1994 1980 

Black 

1990 

1994 

Percent Distribution 

White Black 

1980 1994 1980 1994 

_ ■ . .-X- - a.A K -VAA Tv 

Total persons 

'191” 905 

206,983'“ 

215,221 

26,623 

30,392 

33,64c - 

100.0 

100.0 

1UU.U 

9.4 

10.2 

Under 5 yrs old 

13,307 

15,161 

16,055 

2,444 

2,932 

3,357 

6.9 

7.5 

5-14 yrs old 

28,828 

28,405 

30,391 

5,190 

5,546 

6,183 

15.0 

14.1 

19.9 

18.7 

15-44 yrs old 

88,570 

96,656 

97,917 

12,247 

14,660 

15,907 

46.2 

45.5 

47.0 

48.1 

45 - 64 yrs old 

39,302 

40,282 

43,278 

4,112 

4,766 

5,082 

20.5 

20.1 

15.8 

1 5.4 

65 yrs old and older 

21,898 

26,479 

27,580 

2,040 

2,487 

2,510 

11.4 

12.8 

7.8 

7.6 

Educational attainment 

Persons 25 yrs old and 

114,763 

134,687 

139,760 

12,927 

16,751 

18,103 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

1UU.U 

older 

Elementary; 0 - 8 yrs 

18,739 

14,131 

11,796 

3,559 

2.701 

1,860 

16.3 

8.4 

27.5 

1U.S 

High school: 1 - 3 yrs 

15,064 

14,080 

13,340* 

2,748 

2,969 

3,048* 

13.1 

9.5* 

21.3 

1 6.8* 

4 yrs 

43,149 

52,449 

48,236 b 

3,980 

6,239 

6,549 b 

37.6 

34.5 b 

30.8 

36.2 b 

College: 1 - 3 yrs 

17,350 

24,350 

34,331 e 

1,618 

2,952 

4,310 c 

15.1 

24.6 C 

12.5 

23.8“ 

4 yrs or more 

20,460 

29,677 

32,057“ 

1,024 

1,890 

2,337“ 

17.8 

22.9“ 

7.9 

12.9“ 

Labor force status* 

Civilians 16 yrs old and 

146,122 

160,415 

165,555 

17,824 

21,300 

22,879 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

older 

Civilian labor force 

93,600 

107,177 

111,082 

10,865 

13,493 

14,502 

64.1 

67.1 

61.0 

63.4 

Employed 

87,715 

102,087 

105,190 

9,313 

11,966 

12,835 

60.0 

63.5 

52.2 

56.1 

Unemployed 

5,884 

5,091 

5,892 

1,553 

1,527 

1,666 

4.0 

3.6 

8.7 

7.3 

Unemployment rate f 

6.3 

4.7 

5.3 

14.3 

11.3 

11.5 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Not in labor force 

52,523 

53,237 

54,473 

6,959 

7,808 

8,377 

35.9 

32.9 

39.0 

36.6 

Family type 

Total families 

52,243 

56,590 

57,870 

6,184 

7,470 

7,989 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

With own children 0 

26,474 

26,718 

2,624 

3,810 

4,378 

4,794 

50.7 

47.7 

61.8 

60.0 

Married couple 

44,751 

46,981 

47,443 

3,433 

3,750 

3,714 

85.7 

82.0 

55.5 

46.5 

With own children 0 

22,415 

21,579 

21,874 

1,927 

1,972 

1,925 

42.9 

37.8 

31.2 

24.1 

Female head of household, 

6,052 

7,306 

8,130 

2,495 

3,275 

3,825 

11.6 

14.0 

40.3 

47.9 

no spouse present 

With own children 0 

3,558 

4,199 

4,742 

1,793 

2,232 

2,630 

6.8 

8.2 

29.0 

32.9 

Male head of household, no 

1,441 

2,303 

2,297 

256 

446 

450 

2.8 

4.0 

4.1 

5.6 

spouse present 

With own children 0 

500 

939 

1,008 

99 

173 

238 

1.0 

1.7 

1.6 

3.0 

Family income in previous 
year in constant (1993) 
dollars 

Total families 

52,243 

56,590 

57,870 

6,184 

7,470 

7,989 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Less than $5,000 

908 

1,188 

1,432 

405 

665 

856 

1.7 

2.5 

6.5 

10.7 

$5,000 - $9,999 

2,110 

2,264 

2,765 

872 

964 

1,205 

4.0 

4.8 

14.1 

15.1 

$10,000 - $14,999 

3,097 

3,339 

3,818 

787 

896 

911 

5.9 

6.6 

12.7 

11.4 

$15,000 - $24,999 

7,906 

7,923 

8,756 

1,326 

1,389 

1,485 

15.1 

15.1 

21.4 

18.6 

$25,000 - $34,999 

7,963 

8,262 

8,719 

871 

1,031 

1,093 

15.2 

15.1 

14.1 

13.7 

$35,000 - $49,999 

12,244 

11,318 

10,865 

972 

1,091 

1,035 

23.4 

18.8 

15.7 

13.0 

$50,000 or more 

18,015 

22,296 

21,515 

952 

1,434 

1,404 

34.5 

37.2 

15.3 

17.6 

Median income (dol.) 

39,911 

41,922 

39,308 

22,601 

23,550 

21,548 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Families below poverty 

3,581 

4,409 

5,452 

1,722 

2,077 

2,499 

6.9 

9.4 

27.8 

31.3 

ievel h 

Persons below poverty 

17,214 

20,785 

26,226 

8,050 

9,302 

10,877 

9.0 

12.2 

31.0 

33.1 

level h 

Housing tenure 

Total occupied units 

70,766 

80,163 

82,387 

8,586 

10,486 

11,281 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Owner-occupied 

49,913 

54,094 

55,879 

4,173 

4,445 

4,791 

70.5 

67.8 

48.6 

42.5 

Renter-occupied 

19,581 

24,685 

24,955 

4,257 

5,862 

6,268 

27.7 

30.3 

49.6 

55.6 

No cash rent 

1,272 

1,384 

1,553 

156 

178 

222 

1.8 

1.9 

1.8 

2.0 


NA = Not available. 

X = Not applicable. 

“ Represents those who completed ninth to twelfth grade, but have no high school diploma. 
b High school graduate. 
c Some college or associate degree. 
d Bachelor's or advanced degree. 

* Data beginning 1994 not directly comparable with earlier years. 

1 Total unemployment as percent of civilian labor force. 

0 Children under 18 years old. 

h Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using the poverty index originated at the Social Security 
Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal Interagency Committees in 1969 end 1980. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-18 










Table 2-6. Social and Economic Characteristics of the American Indian Population: 1990 

{As of April 1. Based on a sample and subject to sampling variability.] 


Characteristic 

American 

Indian, 

total* 

Cherokee 

Navajo 

Sioux 6 

Chippewa 

Choctaw 

Pueblo 

Apache 

lroquois c 

Lumbee 

Total persons 

1,937,391 

369,035 

225,298 

107,321 

105,988 

86,231 

55,330 

53,330 

52,557 

50,888 

Percent under 5 yrs old 

9.7 

6.3 

13.6 

12.3 

10.3 

8.2 

10.3 

10.2 

8.1 

8.3 

Percent 18 yrs old and older 

65.8 

73.3 

57.7 

60.0 

64.0 

68.8 

64.2 

64.7 

71.1 

66.2 

Percent 65 yrs old and older 

5.9 

7.2 

4.6 

4.4 

4.7 

8.0 

5.8 

3.4 

6.7 

5.6 

Educational attainment 

Persons 25 yrs old and older 

1,040,955 

229,231 

100,594 

51,014 

54,804 

49,128 

28,597 

27,717 

30,882 

27,343 

Percent high school 

65.6 

68.2 

51.0 

69.7 

69.7 

70.3 

71.5 

63.8 

71.9 

51.6 

graduates or higher 

Percent bachelor's degree or 

9.4 

11.1 

4.5 

8.9 

8.2 

13.3 

7.3 

6.9 

11.3 

9.4 

higher 

Family type 

Total families 

449,281 

98,610 

44,845 

22,669 

25,077 

21,856 

11,825 

12,314 

12,988 

12,650 

5 ercent distribution 

Married couple 

85.8 

73.1 

61.1 

54.2 

58.4 

75.2 

61.2 

66.9 

67.5 

68.5 

Female head of household, 

26.2 

20.8 

28.6 

36.0 

33.1 

20.0 

29.2 

24.7 

25.5 

23.9 

no spouse present 

Male head of household, no 

8.0 

6.1 

10.3 

9.8 

8.5 

4.8 

9.6 

8.4 

7.0 

7.6 

spouse present 

Income In 1989 

Median income (dol.) 

21,619 

24,907 

13,940 

16,525 

20,249 

24,467 

19,845 

19,690 

27,025 

23,934 

Median household (dol.) 

19,900 

21,922 

12,817 

15.611 

18,801 

21,640 

19,097 

18,484 

23,460 

21,708 

’er capita (dol.) 

8,284 

10,469 

4,788 

6,508 

7,777 

9,463 

6,679 

7,271 

10,568 

8,625 

amilies below poverty level* 

122,237 

19,100 

21,204 

8,939 

7,814 

4,347 

3,691 

3,913 

2,249 

2,554 

Percent below poverty level 

27.2 

19.4 

47.3 

39.4 

31.2 

19.9 

31.2 

31.8 

17.3 

20.2 

‘erson6 below poverty level* 

585,273 

79,271 

107,526 

45,658 

35,231 

19,453 

17,981 

19,246 

10,253 

10,966 

Percent below poverty level 

31.2 

22.0 

48.8 

44.4 

34.3 

23.0 

33.2 

37.5 

20.1 

22.1 


Includes other American Indian tribes not shown separately. 

Any entry with the spelling "Siouan" was miscoded to Sioux in North Carolina. 

Reporting and/or processing problems have affected data for this tribe. 

Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using the poverty index originated at the Social Security 
Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal Interagency Committees in 1969 and 1980. 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 









Population Totals by EPA Region 



2-20 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 
































Table 2-7. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Asian and Pacific Islander Population: 

1990 and 1994 

[As of March. Excludes members of Armed Forces except those living off post or with their families on post. Data for 1 990 are based on 1 980 

census population controls; 1994 data are based on 1990 census population controls.] 


Number (1,000) Percent Distribution 


Characteristic 

1990 

1994 

1990 

1994 

Total persons 

6,679 

7,444 

100.0 

100.0 

Under 5 yrs old 

602 

584 

9.0 

7.8 

5-14 yrs old 

1,112 

1,165 

16.6 

15.7 

15-44 yrs old 

3,345 

3,838 

50.1 

51.6 

45 - 64 yrs old 

1,155 

1,355 

17.3 

18.2 

65 yrs old and older 

465 

503 

7.0 

6.8 

Educational attainment 

Persons 25 yrs old and older 

3,961 

4,545 

100.0 

100.0 

Elementary: 0 - 8 yrs 

543 

444 

13.7 

9.8 

High school: 1 - 3 yrs 

234 

248 a 

5.9 

5.5 a 

4 yrs 

1,038 

1,115 b 

26.2 

24.5 b 

College: 1 - 3 yrs 

568 

866 c 

14.3 

19.1 c 

4 yrs or more 

1,578 

1,872 d 

39.9 

41.2 d 

Labor force status 6 

Civilians 16 yrs old and older 

4,849 

5,562 

100.0 

100.0 

Civilian labor force 

3,216 

3,540 

66.3 

63.7 

Employed 

3,079 

3,310 

63.5 

59.5 

Unemployed 

136 

230 

2.8 

4.1 

Unemployment rate* 

4.2 

6.5 

X 

X 

Not in labor force 

1,634 

2,022 

33.7 

36.3 

Family type 

Total families 

1,531 

1,737 

100.0 

100.0 

Married couple 

1,256 

1,426 

82.1 

82.1 

Female head of household, no spouse present 

188 

232 

12.3 

13.1 

Male head of household, no spouse present 

86 

79 

5.6 

4.6 

Family income in previous year in constant 

(1993) dollars 

Total families 

1,531 

1,737 

100.0 

100.0 

Less than $5,000 

NA 

72 

NA 

4.2 

$5,000 - $9,999 

NA 

107 

NA 

6.1 

$10,000 - $14,999 

NA 

114 

NA 

6.6 

$15,000 - $24,999 

NA 

220 

NA 

12.7 

$25,000 - $34,999 

NA 

195 

NA 

11.3 

$35,000 - $49,999 

NA 

243 

NA 

14.0 

$50,000 or more 

NA 

784 

NA 

45.2 

Median income 

47,021 

44,456 

X 

X 

Families below poverty level 

182 

235 

11.9 

13.5 

Persons below poverty level 

939 

1,134 

14.1 

15.3 

Housing tenure 

Total occupied units 

1,988 

2,233 

100.0 

100.0 

Owner-occupied 

977 

1,154 

49.1 

51.7 

Renter-occupied 

982 

1,055 

49.4 

47.2 

No cash rent 

30 

25 

1.5 

1.1 


NA = Not available. 

X = Not applicable. 

a Represents those who completed 9 to 12 grade, but have no high school diploma. 
b High school graduate. 
c Some college or associate degree. 
d Bachelor’s or advanced degree. 

e Data beginning 1994 not directly comparable with earlier years. 
f Total unemployment as percent of civilian labor force. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-21 









Table 2-8. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Hispanic Population: 1993 

[As of March, except labor force status, annual average. Excludes Armed Forces members except those living off post or with families on post.] 


Number (1,000) 


Percent Distribution 


Characteristic 


His- 


Puer- 


Central/ 

panic, 

Mexican 

to 

Cuban 

South 

total 


Rican 


American 


Other 

His- 


Puer- 


Central/ 

Other 

His- 

panic, 

Mexican 

to 

Cuban 

South 

His- 

panic 

total 


Rican 


American 

panic 


Total persons 

22,752 

14,628 

2,402 

1,071 

3,052 

Under 5 yrs old 

2,523 

1,787 

251 

49 

304 

5 - 14 yrs old 

4,207 

2,939 

496 

85 

461 

15-44 yrs old 

11,529 

7,447 

1,162 

429 

1,732 

45 - 64 yrs old 

3,271 

1,844 

355 

291 

438 

65 yrs old and older 

1,222 

612 

138 

218 

119 

Educational attainment 

Persons 25 yrs old 1 2,100 

7,198 

1,280 

818 

1,776 

and older 

High school graduate 

6,424 

3,324 

766 

508 

1,117 

or higher 

Bachelor’s degree or 

1,090 

428 

103 

135 

269 

higher 

Labor force status" 

Civilians 16 yrs old 

15,753 

9,693 

1,676 

927 

NA 

and older 

Civilian labor force 

10,377 

6,499 

950 

554 

NA 

Employed 

9,272 

5,805 

828 

511 

NA 

Unemployed 

1,104 

693 

122 

43 

NA 

Unemployment 

10.6 

10.7 

12.8 

7.8 

NA 

rate 6 

Not in labor force 

5,377 

3,194 

725 

373 

NA 

Family type 

Total families 

5,318 

3,210 

653 

309 

751 

Married couple 

3,674 

2,320 

349 

235 

510 

Female head of 

1,238 

622 

264 

56 

186 

household, no 

spouse present 

Male head of 

407 

269 

40 

18 

56 


household, no 


1,598 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

133 

11.1 

12.2 

10.4 

4.6 

10.0 

8.3 

226 

18.5 

20.1 

20.6 

7.9 

15.1 

14.1 

759 

50.7 

50.9 

48.4 

40.1 

56.7 

47.5 

344 

14.4 

12.6 

14.8 

27.2 

14.3 

21.5 

135 

5.4 

4.2 

5.7 

20.3 

3.9 

8.4 

1,029 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

709 

53.1 

46.2 

59.8 

62.1 

62.9 

68.9 

155 

9.0 

5.9 

8.0 

16.5 

15.1 

15.1 


NA 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

NA 

NA 

NA 

65.9 

67.0 

56.7 

59.8 

NA 

NA 

NA 

58.9 

59.9 

49.4 

55.1 

NA 

NA 

NA 

7.0 

7.1 

7.3 

4.6 

NA 

NA 

NA 

X 

X 

X 

X 

NA 

NA 

NA 

34.1 

33.0 

43.3 

40.2 

NA 

NA 

395 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

261 

69.1 

72.3 

53.4 

76.1 

67.9 

66.0 

110 

23.3 

19.4 

40.5 

18.2 

24.7 

27.7 

25 

7.7 

8.4 

6.2 

5.7 

7.4 

6.3 


spouse present 


Family income in 1992 


Total families 

5,318 

3,210 

653 

309 

751 

395 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100 

Less than $5,000 

320 

178 

60 

14 

45 

23 

6.0 

5.5 

9.2 

4.5 

6.0 

5.8 

$5,000 - $9,999 

620 

338 

123 

23 

85 

50 

11.7 

10.5 

18.8 

7.4 

11.3 

12.7 

$10,000 - $14,999 

671 

423 

70 

29 

116 

32 

12.6 

13.2 

10.7 

9.4 

15.4 

8.1 

$15,000 - $24,999 

1,152 

740 

140 

61 

142 

71 

21.7 

23.1 

21.4 

19.7 

18.9 

18.0 

$25,000 - $34,999 

865 

550 

89 

47 

124 

53 

16.3 

17.1 

13.6 

15.2 

16.5 

13.4 

$35,000- $49,999 

802 

503 

77 

50 

104 

66 

15.1 

15.7 

11.8 

16.2 

13.8 

16.7 

$50,000 or more 

889 

478 

96 

85 

133 

98 

16.7 

14.9 

14.7 

27.5 

17.7 

24.8 

Median income (dol.) 

23,912 

23,714 

20,301 

31,015 

23,649 

28,562 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Families below 

1,395 

847 

212 

47 ‘ 

203 

86 

26.2 

26.4 

32.5 

15.4 

27.0 

21.7 

poverty level c 

Persons below 

6,655 

4,404 

874 

194 

815 

368 

29.3 

30.1 

36.5 

18.1 

26.7 

23.1 

poverty level 0 

Housing tenure 

Total occupied units 

6,626 

3,869 

841 

405 

937 

574 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Owner-occupied 

2,654 

1,708 

197 

215 

239 

294 

40.0 

44.2 

23.4 

53.0 

25.6 

51.2 

Renter-occupied 

3,973 

2,160 

644 

191 

697 

280 

60.0 

55.8 

76.6 

47.2 

74.4 

48.8 


NA = Not available. 


X = Not applicable. 

a Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, Jan. 1994. 
b Total unemployment as percent of civilian labor force. 

c Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using the poverty index originated at the Social Security 
Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal Interagency Committees in 1969 and 1980. 


Note: Median income is median of yearly total income. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-22 






I able 2-9. Resident Population by Households and by State: 1980 to 1994 

[Prior to 1991, as of April 1; after 1991, as of July 1. Minus sign {-) indicates decrease. Division names presented in text section 2.4.] 





NUMBER (1,000) 



PERCENT 

CHANGE 

PERSONS PER 
HOUSEHOLD 

REGION, 

DIVISION, 






19? 

J4 






AND STATE 

1980 

1990 

1991 

1992 

> 

1993 

Total 

House¬ 
holder 
65 yrs. 
and 
over 

1980- 

90 

1990- 

94 

1980 

1990 

1994 

U.S_ 

80,390 

91,946 

93,183 

94,652 

95,335 

95,946 

20,876 

14.4 

4.4 

2.75 

2.63 

2.64 

Northeast .. 

17,471 

18,873 

18,964 

19,092 

19,067 

19,045 

4,506 

8.0 

0.9 

2.74 

2.61 

2.62 

N.E. 

4,362 

4,943 

4,961 

4,987 

4,980 

4,980 

1,142 

13.3 

0.8 

2.74 

2.58 

2.58 

ME.... 

395 

465 

471 

474 

475 

474 

108 

17.7 

2.0 

2.75 

2.56 

2.54 

NH.... 

323 

411 

413 

417 

419 

424 

83 

27.1 

3.0 

2.75 

2.62 

2.61 

VT . . . . 

178 

211 

214 

217 

219 

220 

44 

18.1 

4.6 

2.75 

2.57 

2.54 

MA.... 

2,033 

2,247 

2,250 

2,263 

2,262 

2,265 

528 

10.5 

0.8 

2.72 

2.58 

2.57 

Rl .... 

339 

378 

379 

380 

377 

374 

96 

11.6 

-1.1 

2.70 

2.55 

2.57 

CT . . . . 

1,094 

1.230 

1,234 

1,235 

1,228 

1,222 

283 

12.5 

-0.7 

2.76 

2.59 

2.60 

M.A. 

13,109 

13,930 

14,003 

14,106 

14,087 

14,065 

3,364 

6.3 

1.0 

2.74 

2.62 

2.64 

NY ... . 

6,340 

6.639 

6,662 

6,703 

6,689 

6,669 

1,494 

4.7 

0.4 

2.70 

2.63 

2.64 

NJ . . . . 

2,549 

2,795 

2,812 

2,839 

2,839 

2,845 

659 

9.7 

1.8 

2.84 

2.70 

2.72 

PA ... . 

4,220 

4,496 

4,529 

4,564 

4,559 

4,551 

1,211 

6.5 

1.2 

2.74 

2.57 

2.57 

Midwest .. . 

20,859 

22,317 

22,543 

22,818 

22,893 

22,937 

5,156 

7.0 

2.8 

2.75 

2.60 

2.61 

E.N.C_ 

14,654 

15,597 

15,776 

15,970 

16,021 

16,051 

3,539 

6.4 

2.9 

2.78 

2.63 

2.62 

OH... . 

IN .... 

3,834 

1,927 

4,088 

2,065 

4,135 

2,102 

4,181 

2,133 

4,189 

2,149 

4,190 

2,161 

949 

470 

6.6 

7.2 

2.5 

4.6 

2.76 

2.77 

2.59 

2.61 

2.59 

2.59 

IL. 

4,045 

4,202 

4.243 

4,291 

4,301 

4,308 

936 

3.9 

2.5 

2.76 

2.65 

2.66 

Ml ... . 

3,195 

3,419 

3,454 

3.496 

3,498 

3,502 

754 

7.0 

2.4 

2.84 

2.66 

2.65 

Wl . . . . 

1,652 

1,822 

1,842 

1,869 

1,883 

1,890 

430 

10.3 

3.7 

2.77 

2.61 

2.62 

W.N.C . . . 

6,205 

6,720 

6,767 

6,848 

6,872 

6,886 

1,617 

8.3 

2.5 

2.68 

2.55 

2.57 

MN. . . . 

1,445 

1.648 

1,667 

1,689 

1,702 

1,711 

362 

14.0 

3.8 

2.74 

2.58 

2.60 

IA. 

1,053 

1,064 

1,069 

1,083 

1,084 

1,082 

277 

1.1 

1.6 

2.68 

2.52 

2.52 

MO. . . . 

1,793 

1,961 

1,976 

1,996 

2,002 

2,008 

478 

9.4 

2.4 

2.67 

2.53 

2.56 

ND. . . . 

228 

241 

240 

242 

242 

241 

60 

5.8 

0.2 

2.75 

2.55 

2.54 

SD. . . . 

243 

259 

260 

263 

264 

265 

68 

6.8 

2.1 

2.74 

2.59 

2.63 

NE . .. . 

571 

602 

606 

614 

614 

614 

147 

5.4 

2.0 

2.66 

2.54 

2.56 

KS . . . . 

872 

945 

948 

961 

964 

966 

225 

8.3 

2.2 

2.62 

2.53 

2.56 

South. 

26,486 

31,821 

32,376 

32,976 

33,342 

33,713 

7,325 

20.1 

5.9 

2.77 

2.61 

2.62 

S.A. 

13,160 

16,502 

16,826 

17,149 

17,331 

17,530 

3,970 

25.4 

6.2 

2.73 

2.56 

2.58 

DE . . . . 

207 

247 

253 

258 

262 

264 

56 

19.5 

6.8 

2.79 

2.61 

2.59 

MD. . . . 

1,461 

1,749 

1,778 

1,807 

1,818 

1,831 

344 

19.7 

4.7 

2.82 

2.67 

2.67 

DC.... 

253 

250 

247 

245 

242 

237 

51 

-1.4 

-5.2 

2.40 

2.26 

2.24 

VA . . . . 

1,863 

2,292 

2,333 

2,384 

2,413 

2,439 

453 

23.0 

6.4 

2.77 

2.61 

2.60 

WV. . . . 

686 

689 

696 

703 

705 

705 

188 

0.3 

2.4 

2.79 

2.55 

2.53 

NC. . . . 

2.043 

2,517 

2.566 

2.608 

2,641 

2,679 

566 

23.2 

6.4 

2.78 

2.54 

2.55 

SC ... . 

1,030 

1,258 

1,292 

1,313 

1,325 

1,337 

280 

22.1 

6.3 

2.93 

2.68 

2.66 

GA.... 

1,872 

2.366 

2,425 

2,488 

2,531 

2,581 

451 

26.4 

9.1 

2.84 

2.66 

2.67 

FL . . . . 

3,744 

5,135 

5,236 

5,341 

5,393 

5,456 

1,581 

37.1 

6.3 

2.55 

2.46 

2.50 

E.S.C_ 

5,051 

5,652 

5,743 

5,832 

5,886 

5,938 

1,328 

11.9 

5.1 

2.83 

2.62 

2.61 

KY . . . . 

1,263 

1,380 

1,398 

1,418 

1,431 

1,440 

321 

9.2 

4.3 

2.82 

2.60 

2.59 

TN . . . . 

1,619 

1,854 

1,887 

1,921 

1,942 

1,966 

424 

14.5 

6.0 

2.77 

2.56 

2.57 

AL . . . . 

1,342 

1,507 

1,533 

1,558 

1,573 

1,583 

363 

12.3 

5.1 

2.84 

2.62 

2.61 

MS. . . . 

827 

911 

925 

934 

941 

949 

221 

10.2 

4.2 

2.97 

2.75 

2.74 

w.s.c . . . 

8,276 

9,667 

9,807 

9,996 

10,124 

10,245 

2,027 

16.8 

6.0 

2.80 

2.69 

2.71 

AR . . . . 

816 

891 

899 

910 

919 

927 

235 

9.2 

4.0 

2.74 

2.57 

2.58 

LA_ 

1,412 

1,499 

1,514 

1,534 

1,538 

1,543 

321 

6.2 

2.9 

2.91 

2.74 

2.72 

OK ... . 

1,119 

1,206 

1,211 

1,229 

1,234 

1,236 

288 

7.8 

2.5 

2.62 

2.53 

2.56 

TX . . . . 

4,929 

6,071 

18,935 

6,183 

19,300 

6,322 

19,765 

6,433 

20,033 

6,539 

20,251 

1,184 

23.2 

7.7 

2.82 

2.73 

2.75 

West. 

15,574 

3,889 

21.6 

6.9 

2.71 

2.72 

2.74 

Mountain . 

3,986 

5,033 

5,151 

5,303 

5,433 

5,574 

1,092 

26.3 

10.7 

2.79 

2.65 

2.68 

MT. . . . 

284 

306 

309 

315 

321 

325 

73 

7.9 

6.1 

2.70 

2.53 

2.56 

ID .... 

324 

361 

372 

384 

395 

405 

84 

11.3 

12.2 

2.85 

2.73 

2.75 

WY. . . . 

166 

169 

170 

174 

176 

178 

34 

1.9 

5.3 

2.78 

2.63 

2.62 

CO.. . . 

1,061 

1.282 

1,306 

1,348 

1,386 

1,417 

234 

20.8 

10.5 

2.65 

2.51 

2.52 

NM . . . . 

441 

543 

553 

568 

577 

587 

116 

22.9 

8.1 

2.90 

2.74 

2.77 

AZ . . . . 

957 

1,369 

1,390 

1,429 

1,461 

1,503 

340 

43.0 

9.8 

2.79 

2.62 

2.66 

UT . . . . 

449 

537 

553 

571 

585 

599 

107 

19.8 

11.6 

3.20 

3.15 

3.13 

NV . . . . 

304 

466 

496 

516 

532 

560 

102 

53.2 

20.1 

2.59 

2.53 

2.56 

Pacific. . . 

11,587 

13,902 

14,149 

14,462 

14,600 

14,677 

2,798 

20.0 

5.6 

2.68 

2.74 

2.77 

WA. . . . 

1,541 

1,872 

1,922 

1,977 

2,018 

2,042 

391 

21.5 

9.1 

2.61 

2.53 

2.56 

OR... . 

992 

1,103 

1,130 

.1,156 

1,178 

1,195 

267 

11.3 

8.3 

2.60 

2.52 

2.53 

CA . . . . 

8.630 

10,381 

10.536 

10,752 

10,821 

10,850 

2,042 

20.3 

4.5 

2.68 

2.79 

2.83 

AK . . . . 

131 

189 

194 

202 

206 

208 

17 

43.7 

10.3 

2.93 

2.80 

2.81 

HI ... . 

294 

356 

367 

375 

378 

381 

81 

21.2 

7.1 

3.15 

3.01 

2.99 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-23 


















































Table 2-10. Family and Nonfamily Households by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Type: 

1970 to 1994 

[As of March, except as noted] 


RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN 
AND TYPE 

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 

Total 1 . 

White. 

Black.i ’ ’ ’' ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ 

Hispanic 2 . 

FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS 

White, total. 

Married couple .. 

Male householder 3 . 

Female householder 3 . 

Black, total. 

Married couple .. 

Male householder 3 . 

Female householder 3 . 

Asian or Pacific Islander, total 

Married couple .. 

Male householder 3 . 

Female householder 3 . 

Hispanic, total 2 . 

Married couple .. 

Male householder 3 . 

Female householder 3 . 

NONFAMILY HOUSEHOLDS 

White, total. 

Male householder. 

Female householder. 

Black, total. 

Male householder. 

Female householder. 

Hispanic, total 2 . 

Male householder. 

Female householder. 


NUMBER (1,000) 


PERCENT DISTRIBUTION 


1970 

1980 

1985 

1990 

1994 

1970 

1980 

1985 

1990 

1994 

63,401 

80,776 

86,789 

93,347 

97,107 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

56,602 

70,766 

75,328 

80,163 

82,387 

89 

88 

87 

86 

85 

6,223 

8,586 

9,480 

10,486 

11,281 

10 

11 

11 

11 

12 

2,303 

3,684 

4,883 

5,933 

7,362 

4 

5 

6 

6 

8 

46,166 

52,243 

54,400 

56,590 

57,870 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

41,029 

44,751 

45,643 

46,981 

47,443 

89 

86 

84 

83 

82 

1,038 

1,441 

1,816 

2,303 

2,297 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4,099 

6,052 

6,941 

7,306 

8,130 

9 

12 

13 

13 

14 

4,856 

6,184 

6,778 

7,470 

7,989 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

3,317 

3,433 

3,469 

3,750 

3,714 

68 

56 

51 

50 

46 

181 

256 

344 

446 

450 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

1,358 

2,495 

2,964 

3,275 

3,825 

28 

40 

44 

44 

48 

(NA) 

818 

(NA) 

1,531 

1,737 

(NA) 

100 

(NA) 

100 

100 

(NA) 

691 

(NA) 

1,256 

1,426 

(NA) 

84 

(NA) 

82 

82 

(NA) 

39 

(NA) 

86 

79 

(NA) 

5 

(NA) 

6 

5 

(NA) 

88 

(NA) 

188 

232 

(NA) 

11 

(NA) 

12 

13 

2,004 

3,029 

3,939 

4,840 

5,940 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.615 

2,282 

2,824 

3,395 

4,033 

81 

75 

72 

70 

68 

82 

138 

210 

329 

410 

4 

5 

5 

7 

7 

307 

610 

905 

1,116 

1,498 

15 

20 

23 

23 

25 

10,436 

18,522 

20,928 

23,573 

24,518 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

3,406 

7,499 

8,608 

9,951 

10,602 

33 

40 

41 

42 

43 

7,030 

11,023 

12,320 

13,622 

13,916 

67 

60 

59 

58 

57 

1,367 

2,402 

2,703 

3,015 

3,292 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

564 

1,146 

1,244 

1,313 

1,452 

41 

48 

46 

44 

44 

803 

1,256 

1,459 

1,702 

1,840 

59 

52 

54 

56 

56 

299 

654 

944 

1,093 

1,423 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

150 

365 

509 

587 

747 

50 

56 

54 

54 

52 

148 

289 

435 

506 

676 

49 

44 

46 

46 

48 


NA = Not available. 

’ Includes other races not shown separately. 

Hispanic persons may be of any race. 1970 data as of April. 

4 No spouse present. 

1980 data as of April and are from 1980 Census of Population. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-24 















































Table 2-11. Urban and Rural Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State, 1990 

[In thousands, except percent. As of April 1. Resident population.] 


REGION, 
DIVISION, 
AND STATE 


Total 

URBAN 

Rural 

REGION, 
DIVISION, 
AND STATE 

Total 

URBAN 

Rural 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

179,323 

125.269 

69.9 

54,054 

MD. 

4,781 

3,888 

81.3 

893 

203,212 

149,647 

73.6 

53,565 

DC. 

607 

607 

100.0 

- 

226,546 

167,051 

73.7 

59,495 

VA. 

6,187 

4,293 

69.4 

1,894 

248,710 

187,053 

75.2 

61,656 

WV. 

1,793 

648 

36.1 

1,145 

50,809 

40,092 

78.9 

10,717 

NC. 

6.629 

3,338 

50.4 

3,291 

13,207 

9,829 

74.4 

3,378 

SC. 

3,487 

1,905 

54.6 

1.581 

1,228 

548 

44.6 

680 

GA. 

6,478 

4,097 

63.2 

2,381 

1,109 

566 

51.0 

544 

FL. 

12.938 

10,967 

84.8 

1,971 

563 

181 

32.2 

382 

E.S.C. 

15,176 

8,531 

56.2 

6,646 

6,016 

5,070 

84.3 

947 

KY. 

3,685 

1,910 

51.8 

1,775 

1,003 

863 

86.0 

140 

TN. 

4.877 

2,970 

60.9 

1,907 

3,287 

2,602 

79.1 

686 

AL. 

4.041 

2,440 

60.4 

1,601 

37,602 

30,263 

80.5 

7,340 

MS. 

2.573 

1,211 

47.1 

1,362 

17,990 

15,164 

84.3 

2,826 

w.s.c. 

26,703 

19,894 

74.5 

6,808 

7,730 

6,910 

89.4 

820 

AR. 

2.351 

1,258 

53.5 

1,093 

11.882 

8.188 

68.9 

3,693 

LA. 

4.220 

2,872 

68.1 

1,348 

59,669 

42,774 

71.7 

16,894 

OK. 

3.146 

2,130 

67.7 

1,015 

42,009 

31,074 

74.0 

10,935 

TX. 

16.987 

13,635 

80.3 

3,352 

10,847 

8,039 

74.1 

2,808 

West. 

52,786 

45,531 

86.3 

7,255 

5,544 

3,598 

64.9 

1,946 

Mountain . . . 

13,659 

10,881 

79.7 

2,777 

11,431 

9,669 

84.6 

1,762 

MT. 

799 

420 

52.5 

379 

9,295 

6,556 

70.5 

2,739 

ID. 

1,007 

578 

57.4 

429 

4,892 

3,212 

65.7 

1,680 

WY. 

454 

295 

65.0 

159 

17,660 

11,700 

66.3 

5,959 

CO. 

3,294 

2,716 

82.4 

579 

4,375 

3,056 

69.9 

1,319 

NM. 

1,515 

1,106 

73.0 

409 

2,777 

1,683 

60.6 

1,094 

AZ. 

3,665 

3,207 

87.5 

458 

5,117 

3,516 

68.7 

1,601 

UT. 

1,723 

1,499 

87.0 

224 

639 

340 

53.3 

298 

NV. 

1.202 

1,061 

88.3 

140 

696 

348 

50.0 

348 

Pacific. 

39,127 

34,650 

88.6 

4,477 

1,578 

1,044 

66.1 

534 

WA. 

4.867 

3,718 

76.4 

1,149 

2,478 

1,713 

69.1 

765 

OR. 

2.842 

2,003 

70.5 

839 

85,446 

58,656 

68.6 

26,790 

CA. 

29.760 

27,571 

92.6 

2,189 

43,567 

30,231 

69.4 

13,336 

AK. 

550 

371 

67.5 

179 

666 

487 

73.0 

180 

HI. 

1.108 

986 

89.0 

122 


M. 


1960 . 

1970 . 

1980 . 

1990, total 
Northeast. 

N.E. 

ME. 

NH. 

VT. 

MA. 

Rl. 

CT. 

.A. 

NY. 

NJ. 

PA. 

Midwest.. 

E.N.C. 

OH. 

IN. 

IL. 

Ml. 

Wl. 

W.N.C. 

MN. 

IA. 

MO. 

ND. 

SD. 

NE. 

KS. 

South. 

S.A. 

DE. 


Represents zero. 

a The revised 1970 resident population count is 203,302,031, which incorporates changes due to errors 
found after tabulations were completed. 

b Total population count has been revised since the 1980 census publications to 226,542,203. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-25 













































































Table 2-12. Disability Status of Persons 21-64 Years Old: 1991 to 1994 


Disability Status 

1991 

Number Percent 

(1,000) Employed 

1993 

Number Percent 

(1,000) Employed 

1994 

Number Percent 

(1,000) Employed 

Persons 21 to 64 years old, total 

144,075 

75.1 

148,244 

75.1 

149,369 

76.2 

With no disability 

116,641 

80.5 

119,414 

80.6 

119,960 

82.1 

With a disability 

27,434 

52.0 

28,830 

52.4 

29,409 

52.3 

Severe 

12,494 

23.3 

13,819 

25.0 

14,219 

26.1 

Not severe 

14,940 

76.0 

15,011 

77.7 

15,190 

76.9 

With a functional limitation 

18,012 

48.6 

19,400 

49.7 

17,797 

48.6 

Severe 

6,352 

27.6 

7,232 

29.7 

6,841 

32.2 

With difficulty- 

Seeing words and letters 

4,567 

45.5 

5,155 

45.5 

4,002 

43.7 

Hearing normal conversation 

5,222 

63.7 

5,650 

65.4 

4,489 

64.4 

Lifting and carrying 

7,548 

32.1 

8,149 

34.5 

8,026 

34.8 

Climbing stairs 

7,803 

30.1 

8,584 

31.6 

8,517 

33.9 

Walking three city blocks 

7,672 

31.5 

8,600 

31.9 

8,697 

33.5 

With an ADL 1 limitation 

3,313 

25.3 

3,820 

26.8 

3,640 

27.2 

With an IADL 2 limitation 

4,811 

22.9 

5,375 

25.4 

5,434 

27.1 

Needs personal assistanc with and ADL or IADL 

3,704 

21.2 

4,021 

23.1 

4,065 

24.6 

Uses a wheelchair 

495 

18.4 

582 

20.9 

685 

22.0 

Does not use a wheelchair but uses a cane,crutches, 

or a walker 

1,484 

25.2 

1,841 

29.2 

1,609 

27.5 


1 ADL's are activities of daily living and include getting around inside the home, getting in or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or 
shower, dressing, eating, and using the toilet. 

2 lADL's are instrumental activities of daily living and include going outside the home, keepingtrack of money and bills, preparing 
meals, doing light housework, and using the telephone. 

Note: For period September through December of year shown. Covers civilian noninstitutional population and members of the 

Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1997. 


2-26 






Table 2-13. Native and Foreign-Born Population by Place of Birth: 1920 to 1990 

[In thousands, except percent. Beginning 1950, data are based on a sample from the census.] 


YEAR 

Total 

popula¬ 

tion 

NATIVE POPULATION 

FOREIGN BORN 

Total 

Bom in 
State of 
resi¬ 
dence 

Bom in 
other 
States 

State of 
birth not 
reported 

Bom in 
outlyina 
areas T 

Bom 
abroad 
or at sea 
of 

American 

parents 

Number 

Percent of 
total 

population 

1920 . 

105,711 

91,790 

71,071 

20,274 

314 

38 

93 

13,921 

13.2 

1930 . 

122,775 

108,571 

82,678 

25,388 

238 

136 

131 

14,204 

11.6 

1940 . 

131,669 

120,074 

92,610 

26,906 

280 

157 

122 

11,595 

8.8 

1950 . 

150,216 

139,869 

102,788 

35,284 

1,370 

330 

96 

10,347 

6.9 

1960 . 

178,467 

168,806 

118,802 

44,264 

4.526 

817 

397 

9,661 

5.4 

1970 . 

203,194 

193,454 

131,296 

51,659 

8,882 

873 

744 

9,740 

4.8 

1980 . 

226,546 

212,466 

144,871 

65,452 

(NA) 

1,088 

1,055 

14,080 

6.2 

1990 . 

248,710 

228,943 

153,685 

72,011 

(NA 

1,382 

1,864 

19,767 

7.9 


NA = Not available. 

1 

1920 to 1950, includes Alaska and Hawaii. Includes Puerto Rico. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-27 



























Table 2-14. Active Duty Personnel by Service and Year: 1950 to 1993 
[In thousands. As of end of fiscal year; includes National Guard, Reserve, and Retired regular personnel on 
extended or continuous active duty. Other officer candidates are included under enlisted personnel.] 


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2-28 






Table 2-15. Populations in Institutions and Other Group Quarters by Type of 

Group Quarters and State: 1990 

' [As of April 1] 


REGION, 
DIVISION, 
AND STATE 

Group 
quarters 
popula- 
tion, 
total 1 

INSTITUTIONALIZED 

PERSONS 

College 

dormito¬ 

ries 

REGION. 
DIVISION, 
AND STATE 

Group 
quarters 
popula¬ 
tion, 
total 1 

INSTITUTIONALIZED 

PERSONS 

College 

dormito- 

ries 

Total 2 

Nursing 

homes 

Total 2 

Nursing 

homes 

U.S. . . 

6,697,744 

3,334,018 

1,772,032 

1,953,558 

DC . . . 

41,717 

14,070 

7,008 

16,126 

Northeast. . 





VA . . . 

209,300 

84.292 

37,762 

61,943 

1,510,088 

713,335 

399,329 

540,689 

WV. . . 

36,911 

19,469 

12,591 

15,083 

N.E .... 

445,031 

179,333 

119,646 

198,866 

NC . . . 

224,470 

83,400 

47,014 

71,266 

ME . . . 

37,169 

14,136 

9,855 

14,118 

SC . . . 

116,543 

44,134 

18,228 

35.488 

NH . . . 

32,151 

11,466 

8,202 

17,025 

GA . . . 

173,633 

87,266 

36,549 

39,723 

VT . . . 

21,642 

6,161 

4,809 

13,435 

FL . . . 

307,461 

173.637 

80,298 

42,972 

MA . . . 

214,307 

84,345 

55,662 

100,487 

E.S.C . . . 

392,424 

194,314 

102,900 

131,846 

Rl. . . . 

38,595 

14,801 

10,156 

18,898 

KY . . . 

101,176 

47,609 

27,874 

30,600 

CT . . . 

101,167 

48,424 

30,962 

34,903 

TN . . . 

129,129 

65.389 

35,192 

43.683 

M.A_ 

1,065,057 

534,002 

279,683 

341,823 

AL . . . 

92,402 

51,583 

24,031 

28,859 

NY . . . 

545,265 

267,122 

126,175 

165,925 

MS . . . 

69,717 

29,733 

15,803 

28,704 

NJ . . . 

171,368 

92.670 

47,054 

43,711 

w.s.c. . . 

658,034 

373,982 

184,552 

161,646 

PA . . . 

348,424 

174,210 

106,454 

132,187 

AR . . . 

58,332 

34,223 

21,809 

16,775 

Midwest. . . 





LA . . . 

112,578 

67,276 

32,072 

27,990 

1,598,620 

852,419 

544,650 

557,270 

OK . . . 

93,677 

51,211 

29,666 

24,924 

E.N.C . . . 

1,055,689 

568,050 

346,243 

369,009 

TX . . . 

393,447 

221.272 

101,005 

91,957 

OH . . . 

261.451 

152,331 

93,769 

88,785 






IN. . . . 

161,992 

81,686 

50,845 

70,873 

West. 

1,294,616 

622,278 

269,671 

239,808 

IL . . . . 

286,956 

149,842 

93,662 

86,777 

Mountain 

297,687 

144,834 

65,842 

77,782 

Ml. . . . 

211,692 

112,903 

57,622 

73,093 

MT . . . 

23,747 

11,125 

7,764 

6,195 

Wl . . . 

133,598 

71,288 

50,345 

49,481 

ID. . . . 

21,490 

10.478 

6,318 

6,676 

W.N.C. . . 

542,931 

284,369 

198,407 

188,261 

WY. . . 

10,240 

5,434 

2,679 

3,414 

MN . . . 

117,621 

63,279 

47,051 

39,280 

CO . . . 

79,472 

35,976 

18,506 

22.749 

IA. . . . 

99.520 

47,841 

36,455 

43,093 

NM . . . 

28,807 

14,024 

6,276 

8,333 

MO. . . 

145,397 

80,854 

52,060 

44,033 

AZ . . . 

80,683 

41.508 

14,472 

18,459 

ND . . . 

24.234 

10,574 

8,159 

10,377 

UT . . . 

29.048 

12,739 

6,222 

10,156 

SD . . . 

25,841 

13,305 

9,356 

9,306 

NV . . . 

24,200 

13,550 

3,605 

1,800 

NE . . . 

47,553 

25,620 

19,171 

16,692 

Pacific . . 

996,929 

477,444 

203,829 

162,026 

KS . . . 

82,765 

42,896 

26,155 

25,480 

WA . . . 

120,531 

55.313 

32,840 

27,908 






OR . . . 

66,205 

33.378 

18,200 

18.970 

South .... 

2,294,420 

1,145,986 

558,382 

615,791 

CA . . . 

751,860 

376.374 

148,362 

108,880 

S.A_ 

1,243,962 

577,690 

270,930 

322,299 

AK . . . 

20.701 

4,574 

1,202 

1,310 

DE . . . 

20,071 

8,662 

4,596 

8,806 

HI_ 

37,632 

7,805 

3,225 

4.958 

MD . . . 

113,856 

62.760 

26,884 

30,892 







2 ,nclud es persons in other types of group quarters not shown separately. 
Includes other institutionalized persons not shown separately. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-29 





















Table 2-16. Populations in Jail by Race and Detention Status: 1978 to 1994 

[Excludes Federal and State prisons or other correctional institutions; institutions exclusively for juveniles; State-operated jails in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, 
Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and other facilities that retain persons for less than 48 hours. As of June 30. For 1978 and 1988, data based on National 
Jail Census; for other years, based on sample survey and subject to sampling variability.) 


CHARACTERISTIC 

1978 

1985 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

Total inmates 3 

158,394 

256,615 

343,569 

395,553 

405,320 

426,479 

444,584 

459,804 

490,442 

Total U.S. population (in thousands) 1 * 

222,585 

238,466 

245,021 

247,342 

249,911 

252,643 

255,407 

258,120 

260,651 

Percent of total U.S. population 

0.070 

0.100 

0.140 

0.145 

0.162 

0.169 

0.174 

0.178 

0.188 

Male 

148,839 

235,909 

313,158 

356,050 

368,002 

386,865 

403,768 

415,700 

441,219 

Female 

9,555 

19,077 

30,411 

37,253 

37,318 

39,614 

40,816 

44,100 

49,223 

White 0 

89,418 

151,403 

166,302 

201,732 

186,989 

190,333 

191,362 

239,500 

255,800 

Black 0 

65,104 

102,646 

141,979 

185,910 

174,335 

187,618 

195,156 

214,100 

227,000 

Other races 0 

3,872 

2,566 

3,932 

7,911 

5,321 

5,391 

5,831 

6,200 

7,600 

Hispanic d 

16,349 

35,926 

51,455 

55,377 

57,449 

60,129 

62,961 

69,200 

75,500 

Non-Hispanic 

142,045 

220,689 

292,114 

340,176 

347,871 

366,350 

381,623 

390,600 

414,942 

Adult 6 

156,783 

254,986 

341,893 

393,303 

403,019 

424,129 

441,781 

455,500 

NA 

Awaiting arraignment or trial 

77,453 

127,059 

175,669 

204,291 

207,358 

217,671 

223,840 

228,900 

NA 

Convicted 

Juvenile* 

75,438 

123,409 

166,224 

189,012 

195,661 

206,458 

217,940 

226,600 

NA 

1,611 

1,629 

1,676 

2,250 

2,301 

2,350 

2,804 

4,300 

NA 


NA = Not available. 

For 1985, 1989-1994, includes juveniles not shown separately by sex, and for 1988 and 1990-1994 includes 31,356; 38,675; 43,138; 52,235; 66,249; and 90,058 
persons, respectively, of unknown race not shown separately. 

Source: Table 2, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 

Q 

For 1993 and 1994, data are estimated and rounded to nearest 100. 

Hispanic persons may be of any race. Data for 1993 and 1994 are estimated and rounded to nearest 100. 

0 

Includes inmates not classified by conviction status. 

Juveniles are persons whose age makes them initially subject to juvenile court authority although they are sometimes tried as adults in criminal court. In 1 993, included 
juveniles who were tried as adults. In 1994, includes all persons under age 18. 


Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 





Table 2-17. Populations in Federal and State Prisons: 1970 to 1993 


YEAR 

PRESENT AT END OF YEAR 

RECEIVED FROM COURTS 

All institutions 

Federal 

State 

All institutions 

Federal 

State 

Number 

Rate 1 

Number 

Rate 1 

Number 

Rate 1 

Number 

Rate 1 

Number 

Rate 1 

Number 

Rate 1 

1970 . . . 

196,429 

96.7 

20,038 

9.8 

176,391 

86.8 

79,351 

39.1 

12,047 

5.9 

67,304 

33.1 

1975 . . . 

240,593 

113.3 

24,131 

11.4 

216,462 

102.0 

129,573 

61.0 

16,770 

7.9 

112,803 

53.1 

1980 . . . 

315,974 

139.2 

20,611 

9.1 

295,363 

130.1 

142,122 

62.7 

10,907 

4.8 

131,215 

57.9 

1985 . . . 

480.568 

216.5 

32,695 

13.6 

447,873 

187.6 

198,499 

82.7 

15,368 

6.4 

183,131 

76.3 

1986 . . . 

522,084 

230.4 

36,531 

15.0 

485,553 

201.4 

219,382 

91.0 

16,067 

7.0 

203,315 

84.0 

1987 . . . 

560,812 

229.0 

39,523 

16.0 

521,289 

214.2 

241,887 

99.0 

16,260 

7.0 

225,627 

92.0 

1988 . . . 

603,732 

244.0 

42,738 

17.0 

560,994 

227.0 

261,242 

106.0 

15,932 

6.4 

245,310 

99.3 

1989 . . . 

680,907 

274.3 

47.168 

19.0 

633,739 

255.3 

316,215 

127.4 

18,388 

7.4 

297,827 

120.0 

1990 . . . 

739.980 

295.0 

50,403 

20.1 

689,577 

274.9 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

323,069 

128.8 

1991 . . . 

789,610 

309.6 

56,696 

22.2 

732,914 

287.3 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

317,237 

124 4 

1992 . . . 

846.277 

331.8 

65,706 

25.8 

780,571 

306.0 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

(NA) 

334.301 

130.3 

1993 . . . 

910,080 

352.9 

74,399 

28.8 

835,681 

324.0 

341.722 

132.5 

23.653 

9.2 

318.069 

123.3 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-31 


























Table 2-18 Trends in Ratio of Males to Females by Age Group, 1 950 to 1994, and Projections, 

2000 and 2025 

[Number of males per 100 females. Total resident population.] 




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2-33 





Table 2-20. Trends in Resident Population by Region and Division: 1960 to 1994[For composition of divisions, see text section 

2.4.J 


Region 

Division 

1960 

1970 

Percent Distribution 

1980 1985 

1990 

1994 

Change in % 
Distribution 

Northeast 

New England 

5.9 

5.8 

5.5 

5.4 

5.3 

5.1 

-0.8 


Middle Atlantic 

19.1 

18.3 

16.2 

15.6 

15.1 

14.6 

-4.5 

Midwest 

East North Central 

20.2 

19.8 

18.4 

17.4 

16.9 

16.6 

-3.6 


West North Central 

8.6 

8.0 

7.6 

7.3 

7.1 

7.0 

-1.6 

South 

South Atlantic 

14.5 

15.1 

16.3 

16.9 

17.5 

17.8 

+ 3.3 


East South Central 

6.7 

6.3 

6.5 

6.3 

6.1 

6.1 

-0.6 


West South Central 

9.5 

9.5 

10.5 

11.0 

10.7 

10.9 

+ 1.4 

West 

Mountain 

3.8 

4.1 

5.0 

5.4 

5.5 

5.8 

+ 2.0 


Pacific 

11.8 

13.1 

14.0 

14.7 

15.7 

16.0 

+ 4.2 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-34 





Table 2-21. Trends in Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population Residing in Urban and Rural Areas: 1960 to 1990 


Place of Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population 


Residence 

1960 

1970 

1980 

1990 

Urban 3 

69.9 

73.6 

73.7 

75.2 

Rural 3 

30.1 

27.4 

27.3 

24.8 


Definitions of urban and rural are provided in section 2.6. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-35 





Table 2-22. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients and Average Monthly Cash Payments Under Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 

and Public Assistance: 1980 to 1993 

[As of December, except as noted. Public assistance data for all years include Puerto Rico, Guam, and Virgin Islands; SSI data are for 

federally administered payments. Excludes payments made to suppliers of medical care.) 


Proqram 

1980 

Recipients (1,000) 

1990 1991 

1992 

1993 

1980 

Avg. Monthly Payments (dol.) 

1990 1991 1992 

1993 

SSI, total 

4,142 

4,817 

5,118 

5,566 

5,984 

168 

299 

321 

358 

345 

Aged 

1,808 

1,454 

1,465 

1,471 

1,475 

128 

213 

221 

227 

237 

Blind 

78 

84 

85 

85 

85 

213 

342 

351 

362 

359 

Disabled 

2,256 

3,279 

3,569 

4,010 

4,424 

198 

337 

361 

407 

381 

Old-age assistance 3 

19 

17 

17 

17 

16 

39 

45 

55 

41 

45 

Aid to the blind 3 

Z 

Z 

Z 

Z 

Z 

36 

42 

56 

37 

40 

Aid to permanently, totally 

21 

26 

27 

28 

28 

35 

40 

58 

40 

41 

disabled 3 

AFDC: Families 

3,843 

4,218 

4,708 

4,936 

5,050 

288 

392 

388 

382 

377 

Recipients 0 

11,101 

12,159 

13,489 

14,035 

14,257 

100 

136 

135 

134 

133 

Children 

7,599 

8,208 

9,104 

9,471 

9,598 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

General assistance cases 

796 

1,060 

1,078 

979 

971 

161 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 


NA = Not available. 

Z = Fewer than 500. 

3 Average monthly recipients and payments for the year. 

Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. 

Includes the children and one or both parents, or one caretaker relative other than a parent, in families where the needs of such adults were considered in determining the 
amount of assistance. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-36 





Table 2-23. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients as Percent of Total U.S. Population 

by State: 1990 to 1993 

[Total recipients as of June of Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Federal Supplemental Security Income as percent 
resident population. Based on resident population as of April 1 for 1990 and as of July 1 for 1993.] 


Division and State 

1990 

1993 

Division and State 

1990 

1993 

Total in US 

6.5 

7.7 




New England 

5.6 

6.9 

WV 

8.9 

9.6 

ME 

6.6 

7.6 

NC 

5.6 

7.3 

NH 

2.2 

3.4 

SC 

5.8 

6.8 

VT 

5.7 

7.0 

GA 

7.1 

8.4 

MA 

6.4 

7.7 

FL 

4.6 

7.0 

FSI 

6.4 

8.3 

East South Central 

7.9 

9.1 

CT 

4.7 

6.2 

KY 

7.9 

9.5 

Middle Atlantic 

6.7 

8.0 

TN 

7.2 

9.4 

NY 

7.7 

9.6 

AL 

6.5 

7.0 

NJ 

5.3 

6.1 

MS 

11.4 

11.3 

PA 

6.0 

7.0 

West South Central 

6.2 

6.9 

East North Central 

7.0 

7.8 

AR 

6.3 

6.6 

OH 

7.3 

8.3 

LA 

9.8 

9.9 

IN 

3.9 

5.1 

OK 

5.6 

6.2 

IL 

7.1 

7.9 

TX 

5.4 

6.3 

Ml 

8.6 

9.3 

Mountain 

4.2 

5.3 

Wl 

6.6 

6.7 

MT 

4.9 

5.6 

West North Central 

4.8 

5.5 

ID 

2.7 

3.2 

MN 

4.9 

5.5 

WY 

3.8 

5.0 

IA 

4.7 

4.9 

CO 

4.3 

4.8 

MO 

5.8 

6.9 

NM 

5.8 

8.3 

ND 

3.6 

4.2 

AZ 

4.7 

6.5 

SD 

4.2 

4.5 

UT 

3.3 

3.7 

NE 

3.7 

4.2 

NV 

2.9 

3.7 

KS 

4.1 

4.7 

Pacific 

8.4 

10.0 

South Atlantic 

5.4 

7.0 

WA 

6.0 

7.1 

DE 

4.4 

5.3 

OR 

4.3 

5.3 

MD 

5.1 

5.9 

CA 

9.4 

11.2 

DC 

10.9 

15.0 

AK 

4.6 

7.2 

VA 

3.9 

4.8 

HI 

5.2 

6.3 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 






Table 2-24. Trends in Immigration Rates: 1901 to 1993 

[In thousands, except rate. For fiscal years ending in year shown. For definition of immigrants see text section 2.9. Data represent immigrants 
admitted. Rates based on U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates as of July 1 for resident population through 1929, and for total population 

thereafter (excluding Alaska and Hawaii prior to 1959).] 


Period 

Number of Immigrants 

(1.000) 

Rate 3 

1901 to 1910 

8,795 

10.4 

1911 to 1920 

5,736 

5.7 

1921 to 1930 

4,107 

3.5 

1931 to 1940 

528 

0.4 

1941 to 1950 

1,035 

0.7 

1951 to 1960 

2,515 

1.5 

1961 to 1970 

3,322 

1.7 

1971 to 1980 

4,493 

2.1 

1981 to 1990 

7,338 

3.1 

1991 to 1993 

3,705 

4.8 


Annual rate per 1,000 U.S. population. Rate computed by dividing sum of annual immigration totals for same number of years. 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-38 





Table 2-25. Trends in Percent Distribution of Active Duty Personnel by Year: 1950 to 1993 

[In thousands] 


Year 

Total U.S. Population 

U.S. Population on Active Duty 

Percent Distribution 

1950 

152,271 

1,459 

0.958 

1955 

165,931 

2,935 

1.769 

1960 

180,671 

2,475 

1.370 

1965 

194,303 

2,654 

1.366 

1970 

205,052 

3,065 

1.495 

1975 

215,973 

2,128 

0.985 

1980 

227,726 

2,051 

0.900 

1985 

238,466 

2,151 

0.902 

1990 

249,911 

2,044 

0.818 

1993 

258,120 

1,705 

0.661 


Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


2-39 























































































3. LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AS A FACTOR LEADING TO HIGHLY 

EXPOSED POPULATIONS 


Some populations may experience greater potential exposures due to either the location or 
condition of their residence, or the ambient environment surrounding their residence. This 
chapter presents the issues that may effect populations living in or near: 

• Waste management facilities, 

• Inner cities, 

• Urban areas, 

• Coastal areas, 

• Native American reservations or trust areas, and 

• Major highways. 

3.1. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES 

Populations residing or working near a variety of waste management facilities may 
experience exposures higher than those of the general population. Types of waste management 
facilities include solid waste disposal landfills, municipal waste incinerators, medical waste 
incinerators, and Superfund or Brownfields sites. 

Exposure assessors are reminded that factors such as age, cumulative number of years an 
individual has lived in his or her residence, hours per day spent at one's residence, daily 
activities, and proximity to waste management facilities can influence the type, duration, and 
degree of contact with hazardous chemicals (ATSDR, 1996). Data quantifying populations 
living near waste management facilities may not be readily available; however, data can be 
generated on a case-by-case or site-specific basis. Information on solid waste landfills, 
municipal waste incinerators, medical waste incinerators, and other types of waste management 
facilities can be obtained from Envirofacts. (See Section 11 for a description.) 

Information on hazardous waste sites may be obtained from EPA information gathered 
under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 
and its 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). Especially useful is the 
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Information System 
(CERCLIS) database that lists the approximately 40,000 hazardous waste sites to be screened by 
EPA for possible placement on the National Priorities List (NPL). The NPL lists inactive 


3-1 



hazardous waste sites eligible for federally funded cleanup. Data on the number of NPL sites per 
State in 1994 have been reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) and are presented in 
Table 3-1. Information on locations of major industrial facilities (e.g., manufacturers/processors 
of steel, chemicals, concrete) is most readily available from trade associations concerned with the 
specific type of product. Estimates of emissions/releases of many hazardous pollutants to water, 
air, etc., are available from EPA-maintained databases, such as the Toxics Release Inventory 
(TRI). The Chemical Information System (CIS) contains information on specific chemical 
substances, including toxicological, carcinogenic, and environmental data. It also includes other 
EPA databases, such as ACQUIRE, CERCLIS, and RCRIS. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census is a major population database on size, distribution, and 
demographic characteristics of the Nation’s population. These data can be used to help 
characterize populations near waste management facilities and other facilities that release 
chemicals into the environment. Population characteristics, such as sex, race, ethnicity, and 
household income can be determined from the census data. Population density within a selected 
proximity to a specific waste management facility can be estimated using the 1990 census data 
and tools such as a Geographic Information System (GIS). GIS maps can be produced that 
indicate the proximity of waste management facilities to nearby populations. Another source of 
demographic/economic information that can be used to characterize population groups are 
commercial marketing companies, which usually require a fee to provide information. For 
additional information sources in electronic format or on the Internet, please refer to information 
on accessing U.S. Bureau of the Census data in Section 11. 

The following studies offer data that characterize the populations living near hazardous 
waste sites according to race/ethnicity and/or income. Some of the studies support the theory 
that hazardous waste sites are located in predominantly minority or low-income communities, 
while some do not. Table 3-2 provides a list of studies that evaluate populations living near 
hazardous waste sites. This table does not provide a complete listing of all sources available, but 
is presented to provide data sources with examples of various methodologies used to identify or 
quantify populations around hazardous waste sites. Most of the studies were developed or 
conducted to address issues of environmental justice. However, an assessor may find that the 
methodologies used may be useful for addressing population issues other than those related to 
environmental justice. It should be noted that studies that have been used to examine the 
residential proximity to a limited number of environmental hazards by race/ethnicity and 
socioeconomic status should be used with caution. The reader is directed to local, regional, 


3-2 


State, and/or Federal agencies maintaining the types of data needed for a site-specific study. No 
overall conclusion is presented in this document. Two key studies on this issue are described 
below in terms of their methodology, data source, conclusions, and limitations. The others are 
summarized in Table 3-2. 

3.1.1. ATSDR Biennial Report to Congress 1991 and 1992 (ATSDR, 1996) 

The National Research Council (NRC), using data from EPA, has estimated that 
approximately 41 million people live less than 4 miles from one or more of the Nation's 1,134 
NPL sites. NRC also estimated that an average of 3,325 persons live within 1 mile of any given 
NPL site. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) conducted public 
health assessments in 1991 and 1992, and results showed that the number of people who are 
actually or potentially exposed to hazardous waste at a site can range from 0 to 735,000 people. 
The exposure of people living near hazardous waste sites can be affected by certain activities. 

For instance, activities such as children playing near the site and people eating fish and game 
animals exposed to site contaminants have been associated with an increased potential for 
exposure to certain contaminants. People living near hazardous waste sites are potentially 
exposed to multiple substances. 

ATSDR, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 
provides information on effects of public health of hazardous substances in the environment. 
ATSDR data, documents, and toxicity information are accessible on the World Wide Web via the 
Internet. (See Section 11.) 

3.1.2. Distribution of Industrial Air Emissions by Income and Race in the United States: 

An Approach Using the Toxics Release Inventory (Perlin et al., 1995) 

This study examines several methodological approaches important in the planning and 
decision-making process relevant to facility emissions and their impact on health and risk to 
populations in the surrounding communities. 

Perlin et al. (1995) conducted a national and regional comparison study to investigate the 
differences by ethnicity/race and household income using county-level air emissions of 
chemicals from certain industrial operations in the United States. This study made national and 
regional comparisons using emission estimates from the 1990 TRI, demographic data from the 
1990 census, and 1990 income data from the Donnelley Marketing Information Services (DMIS). 
The 1990 census data (Public Law 94-171) were employed to enumerate the populations of all 


3-3 


U.S. counties by race and ethnicity. The races were categorized as white, black, Native 
American, Asian or Pacific Islander (A/P), and "other" races, while Hispanic was categorized as 
an ethnic group. The 1990 DMIS estimates were based on projections from the 1980 Census, 
adjusting the values whenever necessary using income data from the Internal Revenue Service 
and inflation data from the Consumer Price Index. 

Table 3-3 presents the distribution of TRI facilities and racial/ethnic populations among 
EPA regions in 1990. Region 5 had the highest percentage of the Nation's white population 
(20%); Region 4 had the highest percentage of the black population (30%); Region 6 had the 
highest percentage of Native Americans (25%); and Region 9 had the highest percentage of 
Asian and Pacific Islanders (50%) and other races (44%), as well as the highest percentage of the 
Hispanic population (38%). 

Perlin et al. (1995) stressed that residing in a county, Zip Code, or census tract with one 
or more potential sources of pollution (e.g., hazardous waste site, chemical plant) or with above- 
average pollutant emissions does not necessarily imply that residents are exposed to higher than 
average ambient concentrations of environmental agents. The study further states there may, in 
fact, be no direct relationship within a particular geographic unit of analysis between (1) the 
presence of potential sources and/or estimated contaminant releases to the environment and (2) 
actual ambient levels of pollution encountered by people living there (Perlin et al., 1995). 

3.2. POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE INNER CITIES OF LARGE 

METROPOLITAN AREAS 

The inner city is defined by researchers as the most densely populated, often older areas 
of a large metropolitan area, usually geographically located in the central part of the city. 

Tables 3-4 and 3-5 provide population data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) for large 
metropolitan areas nationwide. The population data are also available from the U.S. Bureau of 
the Census on the Internet. (See Section 11.) If more specific local data are needed, readers are 
referred to their State, local, and regional governmental agencies or to the U.S. Bureau of the 
Census population data for the specific study/assessment area. (See Section 11, Table 11-1.) 
Residing in the densely populated centers of metropolitan areas potentially may increase an 
individual's exposure to certain toxic agents. Residents of inner cities may have higher 
exposures to certain air pollutants that are more commonly found in large metropolitan areas. 
These problem air pollutants may include, for example, carbon monoxide and lead from 
automobile exhaust, ozone, particulates, and volatile organic compounds. 


3-4 


In addition, for economic reasons, the inner cities of large metropolitan areas may have a 
higher percentage of housing that generally is older and less well maintained. Individuals living 
in older homes (especially those in poor repair) may be more exposed to peeling paint, older and 
less efficient heating systems, lead water pipes, etc. 

Inner cities, along with coastal, urban, rural, and Native American reservation or trust 
land areas, may each experience unique exposures related to the culture, resources, land use 
practices, or activities associated with that setting. 

3.3. POPULATIONS LIVING IN URBAN AREAS 

An urban area is defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as a place (city, town, village, 
borough, etc.) having more than 2,500 inhabitants, and an urbanized area is one or more places 
and the adjacent densely populated surrounding territory that together have a minimum 
population of 50,000 persons (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Any area not classified as 
urban is considered rural. If a specific contaminant is known to occur at higher levels in an urban 
environment (e.g., dioxins in air), these data can be used to obtain an estimation of the size of the 
urban population that potentially may be exposed. Table 3-6 presents the urban and rural 
population of the United States from 1960 to 1990 by region, division, and State. Full 
descriptions of divisions and regions are provided in Section 2.4 of this report. 

3.4. POPULATIONS LIVING IN COASTAL AREAS 

Populations living in coastal areas are defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as 
persons living in counties or equivalent areas with at least 15% of their total land in a coastal 
drainage area (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Information on coastal drainage areas is 
obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Total coastal 
land area in the United States is more than 3.5 million square miles (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 
1995), with major coastal areas existing in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, and Pacific 
regions. Populations living very near or in coastal areas may experience higher exposures to 
contaminants in air and water resulting from industries typically located there, such as petroleum 
refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and import/export facilities. Table 3-7 presents the 
population living in the coastal counties of the United States from 1960 to 1994, along with the 
total land area of the coastal regions. 


3-5 


3.5. POPULATIONS LIVING ON NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS OR 


TRUST LANDS 

Based on 1990 census data, the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) reports that a total of 
more than 800,000 persons either live on reservations and trust lands with 5,000 or more 
residents, or identify themselves as members of a Native American Tribe with 10,000 or more 
members. Table 3-8 presents these data by Tribe. The total Native American population 
numbers include those not living on reservations or trust lands. 

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), through the Indian Health 
Service (IHS) of the Public Health Service, provides federally funded health services to Native 
Americans and Alaska Natives (U.S. DHHS, 1993). IHS estimates its service population by 
counting those individuals who have identified themselves in the previous official U.S. census as 
American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut and reside on or near reservations or trust lands. IHS's 
estimates of current and projected service population numbers by area are provided in Figure 3-1. 
The IHS population, estimated at 1.33 million for 1994, increases at a rate of about 2.35% per 
year (U.S. DHHS, 1993). 

As cited by IHS (U.S. DHHS, 1993), numerous factors contribute to increased risk for 
individuals living on Native American reservations or trust lands. Some factors increasing risk 
for this population are as follows: 

• Lower median household income; 

• High percentage living below the poverty level; 

• Higher birth rate; and 

• High mortality rate from tuberculosis, alcoholism, diabetes, accidents, homicide, 
suicide, and pneumonia and influenza. 

3.6. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR MAJOR HIGHWAYS 

Data are not readily available on the numbers of individuals living near major (interstate) 
highways. The most likely sources of data are State and/or local transportation offices or 
regional/local governmental organizations. For instance, in the Washington, DC, metropolitan 
area, the Council of Governments (COG) suggested that population numbers of persons living in 
the DC area near major highways could be determined from information available at its 
information office. COG uses census data to determine population numbers of small geographic 
units (subdivisions of counties) within its jurisdiction, maps produced from these data, and maps 
indicating locations of major highways to determine the numbers of persons living in the DC 


3-6 


area near major highways. An assessor could use the same approach as COG to estimate the 
specific population of concern. 

Data are available from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) on highway mileage for 
interstates and other roadways by State. These data are presented in Table 3-9. Information is 
also available for motor vehicle registrations and vehicle miles of travel by State as shown in 
Table 3-10. If an average population per highway mile or vehicle mile can be estimated or 
assumed, a potential highly exposed population could be determined. Readers are again referred 
to their State, local, and regional governmental agencies. 








3.7. REFERENCES 


Anderton, DL; Anderson, AB; Oakes, JM; Fraser, MR. (1994) Environmental equity: the 
demographics of dumping. Demography 31 (2):229-248. [Note: A partial summary version ot 
these results appeared as Anderson et al., 1994, April. Evaluation review 18(2): 123-140. 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1996) Biennial report to 
Congress (1991 and 1992). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry. 
(Internet address: www.dhhs.gov). 

Geschwind, SA; Stolwijk, JAJ; Bracken, M; Fitzgerald, E; Stark, A; Olsen, C; Melius, J. (1992) 
Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity with hazardous waste sites. Am J 
Epidemiol 135(11):1197-1207. 

Glickman, TS; Golding, D; Hersh, R. (1994) GIS-based environmental equity analysis. A case 
study of TRI facilities in the Pittsburgh area. Center for Risk Management, Resources for the 
Future. Washington, DC. [to be published in Wallace, WA; Beroggi, EG, eds. Computer 
supported risk management.] 

Nieves, AL; Nieves, LA. (1992) Race, ethnicity, and noxious facilities: environmental racism 
re-examined. Authors from Argonne National Lab., Argonne, IL. Draft copy of submittal to 
Social Problems provided to Dr. C. DeRosa, ATSDR (cc: S. Perlin, EPA) in letter dated 
Oct. 2, 1992, from authors to DeRosa. 

Perlin, SA; Setzer, RW; Creason, J; Sexton, K. (1995) Distribution of industrial air emissions 
by income and race in the United States: an approach using the Toxics Release Inventory. 
Environ Sci Technol 28(l):69-80. 

Sosniak, WA; Kaye, WE; Gomez, TM. (1994) Data linkage to explore the risk of low 
birthweight associated with maternal proximity to hazardous waste sites from the national 
priorities list. Arch Environ Health 49(4):251-255. 

Stockwell, JR; Sorensen, JW; Eckert, JW, Jr.; Carreras, EM. (1993) The U.S. EPA geographic 
information system for mapping environmental releases of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) 
Chemicals. Risk Anal 13(2): 155-164. 

United Church of Christ, Commission for Racial Justice. (1987) Toxic wastes and race in the 
United States: a national report on the racial and socioeconomic characteristics of communities 
with hazardous waste sites. New York: United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice 
and Public Data Access, Inc. 


3-8 


U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of Energy. (1991) Environmental restoration and waste management five year 
plan, fiscal years 1992-1996, June 1990. (DOE/S-0078P). 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services Indian Health Service, Washington, DC. 

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1983) Siting of hazardous waste landfills and their correlation 
with racial and economic status of surrounding communities. GAO/RCED-83-168. 

June 1, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. 

Zimmerman, R. (1993) Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Anal 13(6): 649-666. 



3-9 





Table 3-1. Hazardous Waste Sites on the National Priority List by State: 1 994 


State 

Total Sites 

Rank PerC6nt 

hanK Distribution 

Federal 

Non- 

Federal 

Total 

1,296 

NA 

NA 

160 

1,136 

United States 

1,283 

NA 

100.0 

158 

1,125 

Alabama 

13 

28 

1.0 

3 

10 

Alaska 

8 

42 

0.6 

6 

2 

Arizona 

10 

36 

0.8 

3 

7 

Arkansas 

12 

32 

0.9 

0 

12 

California 

96 

3 

7.5 

23 

73 

Colorado 

18 

22 

1.4 

3 

15 

Connecticut 

16 

25 

1.2 

1 

15 

Delaware 

19 

20 

1.5 

1 

18 

District of Columbia 

0 

NA 

NA 

0 

0 

Florida 

58 

6 

4.5 

5 

53 

Georgia 

13 

28 

1.0 

2 

11 

Hawaii 

4 

46 

0.3 

3 

1 

Idaho 

10 

37 

0.8 

2 

8 

Illinois 

37 

11 

2.9 

4 

33 

Indiana 

33 

12 

2.6 

0 

33 

Iowa 

19 

20 

1.5 

1 

18 

Kansas 

10 

37 

0.8 

1 

9 

Kentucky 

20 

19 

1.6 

1 

19 

Louisiana 

14 

27 

1.1 

1 

13 

Maine 

10 

37 

0.8 

3 

7 

Maryland 

13 

28 

1.0 

4 

9 

Massachusetts 

30 

13 

2.3 

8 

22 

Michigan 

77 

5 

6.0 

1 

76 

Minnesota 

41 

8 

3.2 

3 

38 

Mississippi 

5 

45 

0.4 

0 

5 

Missouri 

23 

17 

1.8 

3 

20 

Montana 

9 

41 

0.7 

0 

9 

Nebraska 

10 

37 

0.8 

1 

9 

Nevada 

1 

50 

0.1 

0 

1 

New Hampshire 

17 

24 

1.3 

1 

16 

New Jersey 

108 

1 

8.4 

6 

102 

New Mexico 

11 

34 

0.9 

2 

9 

New York 

85 

4 

6.6 

4 

81 

North Carolina 

23 

17 

1.8 

2 

21 

North Dakota 

2 

49 

0.2 

0 

2 

Ohio 

38 

10 

3.0 

5 

33 

Oklahoma 

11 

35 

0.9 

1 

10 

Oregon 

13 

28 

1.0 

2 

11 

Pennsylvania 

102 

2 

8.0 

6 

96 

Rhode Island 

12 

32 

0.9 

2 

10 

South Carolina 

26 

15 

2.0 

2 

24 

South Dakota 

4 

46 

0.3 

1 

3 

Tennessee 

18 

22 

1.4 

4 

14 

Texas 

30 

13 

2.3 

4 

26 

Utah 

16 

25 

1.2 

4 

12 

Vermont 

8 

42 

0.6 

0 

8 

Virginia 

25 

16 

1.9 

6 

19 

Washington 

56 

7 

4.4 

20 

36 

West Virginia 

6 

44 

0.5 

2 

4 

Wisconsin 

40 

9 

3.1 

0 

40 

Wyoming 

Other areas 

3 

48 

0.2 

1 

2 

Guam 

2 

NA 

NA 

1 

1 

Puerto Rico 

9 

NA 

NA 

1 

8 

Virgin Islands 

2 

NA 

NA 

0 

2 


NA = Not applicable. 

Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


3-10 





1 able 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning Populations Living Near Hazardous Waste Sites 


Study a 

Study Focus 

Hazardous Waste Site b 

Data Source 

Population Data Source 

Anderton et al., 1994 
(study conducted at 

Univ. of Mass., 
sponsored by grant 
from Waste 

Management Institute) 

Census tracts nationwide 

454 privately owned/operated 
TSDFs in 48 contiguous States 
that opened before 1990, were 
operating in census tract during 
1980, and still in operation at time 
of study. "Surrounding area" = 

2.5 mile radius from center of 
tract. 

Environmental Institute's 1992 
"Environmental Services 

Directory" 

Census data; census tract level 
(authors define tract as ~ 4,000 
persons) 

U.S. General 

Accounting Office, 

1983 

U.S. Congress requested local 
study of four hazardous waste 
facilities in EPA Region 4. 

Four off-site landfills (not 
industrial facilities) in AL, NC, SC 

Census data 

Geschwind et al., 1992 

Authors evaluated possible 
correlations between congenital 
malformations in newborns with 
mother's proximity to hazardous 
waste sites in NY State. 

New York State's Hazardous 

Waste Site Inspection Program - 
917 waste sites in 62 counties of 

NY State 

New York State Dept, of Health's 
Congenital Malformations 

Registry for 1983 and 1984, 
which listed 34,411 cases of 
congenital malformations 

Glickman et al., 1994 

Evaluates relationship between 
location of manufacturing 
facilities releasing air toxins with 
socioecon. char, of communities 
for both communities with and 
without these facilities in 
Allegheny Co., PA (including 
Pittsburgh). 

U.S. EPA's Toxic Release 

Inventory (TRI), 1990 emissions 
data 

Socioeconomic and demographic 
data: 1990 census 

Nieves and Nieves, 

1992 (Authors from 
Argonne National Lab., 
Argonne, IL) 

Facility types include: 
manufacturers of chemicals, 
petroleum products, plastics, 
rubber; pulp mills; smelters; 
incinerators; chemical weapons; 
radioactive waste disposal. 

Potential air pollutants - 1985 
National Acid Precipitation 
Assessment Program Inventory 
Commercial haz. waste - EPA's 

NPL list. Chemical weapon site 
data - Rouse, 1988. Radioactive 
waste sites - DOE 1991 Annual 
Report 

1980 U.S. census data - 1983 
County and City Data Book 
(county-level data; 3,109 
counties in contiguous U.S.) 

Perlin et al., 1995 
(Authors with U.S. 

EPA) 

Concerns environmental justice 
studies, discusses issues to 
address to strengthen scientific 
foundation of data. Evaluates 
nationwide TRI releases, Census 
data, income data 

U.S. EPA's TRI, 1990 emissions 
estimates 

Demographic data: 1990 Census 
Economic data: Donnelley 
Marketing Information 

Services c 

Sosniak et al., 1994 
(Authors from ATSDR 
and CDC, Atlanta, GA) 

Evaluates possible correlation 
between low birth weight and 
mother's proximity to NPL sites. 
Mothers residing <1 mi of NPL 
were considered "exposed." 
Authors concluded merging large 
population data bases with 
environmental data is not an 
efficient method of evaluating 
low birth weight risks. 

U.S. EPA's NPL list, 1990 

Lat/Long of NPL site determined 
using EPA's 1987 Geographic Data 
File 

Nationwide survey - 1988 

National Maternal and Infant 
Health Survey (funded by 

ATSDR, National Center for 
Health Statistics) 

Postal Zip Codes determined for 
17,407 mothers 


3-11 











Table 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning 
Populations Living Near Hazardous Waste Sites (continued) 


Study a 

Study Focus 

Hazardous Waste Site b 

Data Source 

Population Data Source 

Stockwell et al., 1993 

Characterizes releases of toxic 
chemicals using TRI data in 
southeastern U.S., by using 
geographic information system 
(GIS) mapping. 

U.S. EPA's TRI, 1987 emissions 
data 

Demographic data: 1980 census 
data 

United Church of 

Christ, 1987 
(Sponsored by United 
Church of Christ 
Commission for Racial 
Justice) 

Nationwide study of 530 facilities 
and Zip Code areas. Facility site 
(vs. business address) identified 
with U.S. EPA's online Right to 
Know Network Facility Index 

Data System (FINDS). 

U.S. EPA data compiled in "1992 
Environmental Information 
Services Directory" by 
Environmental Information Ltd. 

1990 census data updated to 

1993 by marketing firm 
(Claritas, Inc.); 5-digit Zip code¬ 
level population data 

Zimmerman, 1993 

Distribution of NPL sites and 
socioeconomic characteristics of 
areas surrounding NPL sites are 
compared with national 
distribution/socioeconomic 
characteristics. 

More than 800 inactive waste 
disposal sites on NPL 

1990 census data; census tracts 
nationwide 


a Complete citations are provided in the reference listing for this section. 

Facilities for treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes. 
c Donnelley Marketing Information Services used 1980 census data, adjusting values using income data from the Internal Revenue 
Service and inflation data from the Consumer Price Index. 


3-12 









Table 3-3. Distribution of TRI Facilities and Racial/Ethnic Populations Among EPA Regions in 1990 


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Table 3-4. Number and Population of Metropolitan Areas by Population Size-Class in 1990: 1980 to 1990 


8 

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Table 3-5. Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Population by States: 1980 to 1992 

IAs of April 1, except 1992, as of July. Metropolitan refers to 251 MSAs (metropolitan statistical areas) and 18 CMS As 
(consolidated metropolitan statistical areas) as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, July 1, 1994. 
Nonmetropolitan is the area outside metropolitan areas. Minus sign (-) indicates decrease.] 


REGION. 

DIVISION, 

AND 

STATE 

METROPOLITAN POPULATION 

NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION 

Total 

(1.000) 

Percent 

change, 

1980-92 

Percent of 
State 

Total 

(1.000) 

Percent 

change, 

1980-92 

Percent of 
State 

1980 

1990 

1992 

1980 

1992 

1980 

1990 

1992 

1980 

1992 

U.S_ 

176,983 

197,824 

203,273 

14.9 

78.1 

79.7 

49,560 

50,886 

51,804 

4.5 

21.9 

20.3 

Northeast . . 

44,047 

45,455 

45,698 

3.7 

89.6 

89.4 

5,090 

5,354 

5,423 

6.5 

10.4 

10.6 

N.E. 

10,470 

11,127 

11,095 

6.0 

84.8 

84.1 

1,878 

2,080 

2,101 

11.8 

15.2 

15.9 

ME. . . . 

405 

443 

441 

9.0 

36.0 

35.7 

721 

785 

795 

10.4 

64.0 

64.3 

NH ... 

535 

659 

662 

23.8 

58.1 

59.4 

386 

450 

453 

17.4 

41.9 

40.6 

VT . . . . 

133 

152 

154 

15.9 

26.0 

27.0 

378 

411 

417 

10.2 

74.0 

73.0 

MA. . . . 

5.530 

5,788 

5,763 

4.2 

96.4 

96.2 

207 

229 

230 

11.2 

3.6 

3.8 

Rl .... 

886 

938 

937 

5.8 

93.5 

93.6 

61 

65 

64 

5.1 

6.5 

6.4 

CT . . . . 

2.982 

3,148 

3,138 

5.2 

96.0 

95.7 

126 

140 

141 

12.1 

4.0 

4.3 

M.A. 

33,576 

34,328 

34,603 

3.1 

91.3 

91.2 

3,212 

3,274 

3,322 

3.4 

8.7 

8.8 

NY ... . 

16,144 

16,515 

16,613 

2.9 

91.9 

91.7 

1,414 

1,475 

1,497 

5.9 

8.1 

8.3 

NJ . . .. 

7.365 

7,730 

7,820 

6.2 

100.0 

100.0 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

PA ... . 

10,067 

10,083 

10,170 

1.0 

84.8 

84.8 

1,798 

1,799 

1,825 

1.5 

15.2 

15.2 

Midwest . . . 

42,557 

43,691 

44,522 

4.6 

72.3 

73.4 

16,310 

15,978 

16,117 

-1.2 

27.7 

26.6 

E.N.C_ 

33,031 

33,391 

33,976 

2.9 

79.2 

79.5 

8,652 

8,618 

8,743 

1.1 

20.8 

20.5 

OH... . 

8,791 

8,826 

8,966 

2.0 

81.4 

81.3 

2,007 

2,021 

2,056 

2.4 

18.6 

18.7 

IN .... 

3.885 

3,962 

4,052 

4.3 

70.8 

71.6 

1,605 

1,582 

1,606 

(Z) 

29.2 

28.4 

IL. 

9,461 

9,574 

9,757 

3.1 

82.8 

84.0 

1,967 

1,857 

1,856 

-5.6 

17.2 

16.0 

Ml .... 

7.719 

7,698 

7.799 

1.0 

83.3 

82.7 

1,543 

1,598 

1,635 

5.9 

16.7 

17.3 

Wl . . . . 

3,176 

3,331 

3,402 

7.1 

67.5 

68.1 

1,530 

1,561 

1.591 

4.0 

32.5 

31.9 

W.N.C . . . 

9,526 

10,300 

10,546 

10.7 

55.4 

58.8 

7,658 

7,360 

7,374 

-3.7 

44.6 

41.2 

MN . . . . 

2,674 

3,011 

3,096 

15.8 

65.6 

69.3 

1,402 

1,364 

1,372 

-2.2 

34.4 

30.7 

IA. . 

1,198 

1,200 

1,228 

2.5 

41.1 

43.8 

1,716 

1,577 

1,575 

-8.2 

58.9 

56.2 

MO . . . . 

3,314 

3,491 

3,543 

6.9 

67.4 

68.3 

1,603 

1,626 

1,647 

2.8 

32.6 

31.7 

ND . . . 

234 

257 

263 

12.4 

35.9 

41.6 

418 

381 

371 

-11.4 

64.1 

58 4 

SD . . . . 

194 

221 

231 

19.1 

28.0 

32.6 

497 

475 

478 

-3.9 

72.0 

67.4 

NE . . . . 

728 

787 

809 

11.1 

46.4 

50.6 

842 

791 

791 

-6.0 

53.6 

49.4 

KS . . 

1,184 

1,333 

1,374 

16.1 

50.1 

54.6 

1,180 

1,145 

1,141 

-3.3 

49.9 

45.4 

South . 

53,724 

63,190 

65,564 

22.0 

71.3 

74.3 

21,643 

22,256 

22,621 

4.5 

28.7 

25.7 

S.A . 

28,226 

34,294 

35,599 

26.1 

76.4 

78.9 

8,732 

9,273 

9,493 

8.7 

23.6 

21.1 

DE . . . . 

496 

553 

571 

15.1 

83.5 

82.7 

98 

113 

120 

22.3 

16.5 

17.3 

MD . . . . 

3,920 

4,439 

4,563 

16.4 

93.0 

92.8 

297 

343 

354 

19.1 

7.0 

7.2 

DC ... . 

638 

607 

585 

-8.3 

100.0 

100.0 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

(X) 

VA . . . . 

3,966 

4,773 

4,954 

24.9 

74.2 

77.5 

1,381 

1,414 

1,440 

4.3 

25.8 

22.5 

WV. . . . 

796 

748 

756 

-5.0 

40.8 

41.8 

1,155 

1,045 

1,053 

-8.8 

59.2 

58.2 

NC .... 

3.749 

4,376 

4.535 

21.0 

63.8 

66.3 

2,131 

2.253 

2,301 

8.0 

36.2 

33.7 

SC ... . 

2,114 

2,423 

2,514 

18.9 

67.8 

69.8 

1,006 

1,064 

1,089 

8.2 

32.2 

30.2 

GA . . . 

3,507 

4,352 

4,587 

30.8 

64.2 

67.7 

1,956 

2,127 

2,186 

11.8 

35.8 

32.3 

FL . . . . 

9,039 

12,023 

12.532 

38.7 

92.7 

93.0 

708 

915 

950 

34.2 

7.3 

7.0 

E.S.C_ 

8,147 

8,662 

8,916 

9.4 

55.5 

57.4 

6,519 

6,515 

6,615 

1.5 

44.5 

42.6 

KY . . . 

1,735 

1,780 

1,820 

4.9 

47.4 

48.5 

1,925 

1,906 

1,934 

0.5 

52.6 

51.5 

TN . . . . 

3.045 

3,298 

3,404 

11.8 

66.3 

67.7 

1,546 

1,579 

1,621 

4.9 

33.7 

32.3 

AL . . . . 

2,560 

2,710 

2,788 

8.9 

65.7 

67.4 

1,334 

1,331 

1,349 

1.1 

34.3 

32.6 

MS.... 

806 

874 

904 

12.2 

32.0 

34.6 

1,715 

1,699 

1,711 

-0.2 

68.0 

65.4 

w.s.c . . . 

17,351 

20,235 

21,048 

21.3 

73.1 

76.4 

6,392 

6,468 

6,513 

1.9 

26.9 

23.6 

AR . . . . 

963 

1,040 

1,071 

11.2 

42.1 

44.7 

1,323 

1,311 

1,323 

(Z) 

57.9 

55.3 

LA ... . 

3,125 

3,160 

3,210 

2.7 

74.3 

75.0 

1,082 

1,060 

1,069 

-1.2 

25.7 

25.0 

OK ... . 

1,724 

1,870 

1,927 

11.7 

57.0 

60.1 

1,301 

1,276 

1,278 

-1.8 

43.0 

39.9 

TX . . . 

11,539 

14,166 

14.840 

28.6 

81.1 

83.9 

2,686 

2,821 

2,842 

5.8 

18.9 

16.1 

West . 

36,655 

45,487 

47,490 

29.6 

84.9 

86.1 

6,516 

7,299 

7,643 

17.3 

15.1 

13.9 

Mountain . 

7,645 

9,605 

10,155 

32.8 

67.2 

70.6 

3,726 

4,054 

4,225 

13.4 

32.8 

29.4 

MT . . 

189 

191 

197 

4.6 

24.0 

24.0 

598 

608 

625 

4.5 

76.0 

76.0 

ID ... 

257 

296 

320 

24 4 

27.2 

30.0 

687 

711 

746 

8.6 

72.8 

70.0 

WY . . . 

141 

134 

138 

-1.8 

29.9 

29.7 

329 

319 

327 

-0.7 

70.1 

70.3 

CO... . 

2,326 

2,686 

2.832 

21.7 

80.5 

81.8 

563 

608 

632 

12.3 

19.5 

18.2 

NM ... 

675 

842 

886 

31.3 

51.8 

56.0 

628 

673 

696 

10.7 

48.2 

44.0 

AZ . 

2,264 

3,106 

3.244 

43.3 

83.3 

84.7 

453 

559 

588 

29.9 

16.7 

15.3 

UT . . . . 

1,128 

1,336 

1,403 

24.4 

77.2 

77.5 

333 

387 

408 

22.6 

22.8 

22.5 

NV .... 

666 

1,014 

1,134 

70.3 

83.2 

84.8 

135 

188 

203 

50.5 

16.8 

15.2 

Pacific . . . 

29,010 

35,882 

37,335 

28.7 

91.2 

91.6 

2,790 

3,245 

3,418 

22.5 

8.6 

8.4 

WA . . 

3,366 

4,036 

4.270 

26.8 

81.5 

83.0 

766 

830 

873 

14.0 

18.5 

17.0 

OR... . 

1,799 

1,985 

2.081 

15.7 

68.3 

70.0 

834 

858 

890 

6.7 

31.7 

30.0 

CA .... 

22,907 

28,799 

29,875 

30.4 

96.8 

96.7 

760 

961 

1,021 

34.3 

3.2 

3.3 

AK 

174 

226 

246 

41.0 

43.4 

41.8 

227 

324 

342 

50.3 

56.6 

58.2 

HI .... 

763 

836 

863 

13.2 

79.0 

74.7 

202 

272 

293 

44.8 

21.0 

25.3 


X Not applicable. Z Less than 0.05 percent. 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


3-15 





































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3-16 






Table 3-7. U.S. Population Living in Coastal Counties: 1960 to 1994 


Year 

Total Land 
Area 

Total 

Coastal Regions Populations (Millions) 

. . . Gulf of Great 

Atlantic ... . , 

Mexico Lakes 

Pacific 

Remainder of 
U.S. 

Land area in 1990 

Unit = 1,000 sq. mi. 

3,536 

888 

148 

114 

115 

510 

2,649 

1960 

179.3 

94.5 

44.5 

8.4 

23.7 

17.9 

84.8 

1970 

203.3 

110.0 

51.1 

10.0 

26.0 

22.8 

93.3 

1980 

226.5 

119.8 

53.7 

13.1 

26.0 

27.0 

106.7 

1990 

248.7 

133.4 

59.0 

15.2 

25.9 

33.2 

115.3 

1994 (July) 

260.3 

138.5 

60.7 

16.3 

26.4 

35.1 

121.8 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 







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Portland 
Pop: 139,338 


California 
Pop: 116,588 


Billings 
Pop: 52,406 


Aberdeen 
Pop: 139,338 



Albuquerque 
Pop: 139,338 


Phoenix 
Pop: 127,660 


Tucson 
Pop: 27,541 



Alaska 
Pop: 96,967 


Bemidji 
Pop: 67,364 



Nashville 
Pop: 56,973 



Figure 3-1. Indian Health Service Population: Area Offices and Populations 

Administered by Each Office. 


LEGEND 


^ IHS Area Office 

NOTE: Texas is administered by the Nashville, 
Oklahoma City, and Albuquerque Area Offices 

Source: U S. DHHS, 1993. 


3-19 























Table 3-9. Highway Mileage-Functional Systems and Urban/Rural: 1993 

[As of Dec. 31. For definition of urban, rural, see text section 2.4.] 


- FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS 


STATE 

Total 

Interstate 

Other 

arterial 

Collector 

Local 

Urban 

Rural 

U.S. 

3,904,721 

45,530 

381,643 

800,414 

2,677,134 

803,078 

3,101,643 

AL. 

92,209 

899 

8,721 

20,317 

62,272 

19,381 

72,828 

AK. 

13,849 

1,087 

1,516 

2,487 

8,759 

1,742 

12,107 

A2. 

55,763 

1,189 

4,813 

8,974 

40.787 

16,340 

39,423 

AR. 

77,192 

543 

6,821 

20,202 

49,626 

7,595 

69,597 

CA. 

169,201 

2.423 

28,157 

32,531 

106,090 

81,061 

88,140 

CO. 

78,721 

954 

8,286 

16,286 

53,195 

12,903 

65,818 

CT. 

20,357 

343 

2,969 

3,145 

13,900 

11,543 

8,814 

DE. 

5,544 

41 

620 

938 

3.945 

1,869 

3,675 

DC. 

1,107 

14 

280 

157 

656 

1,107 

“ 

FL. 

112,808 

1,443 

11,028 

14,988 

85,349 

49,178 

63,630 

GA. 

110,879 

1,243 

13,109 

23,084 

73,443 

26,274 

84,605 

HI. 

4,106 

44 

666 

749 

2,647 

1,799 

2,307 

ID. 

58,835 

611 

3.539 

9,695 

44.990 

3,416 

55,419 

IL. 

136,965 

2,051 

13,967 

21,220 

99,727 

35,181 

101,784 

IN. 

92,374 

1,138 

8,059 

22,605 

60,572 

19,262 

73,112 

IA. 

112,708 

783 

9,396 

31,513 

71,016 

9,218 

103,490 

KS. 

133,256 

871 

9,282 

33.006 

90,097 

9,580 

123,676 

KY. 

72,632 

761 

5,412 

17,619 

48,840 

10,139 

62,493 

LA. 

59,599 

871 

5,331 

12,524 

40,873 

13,766 

45,833 

ME. 

22,510 

366 

2,285 

5,987 

13,872 

2,583 

19,927 

MD. 

29,313 

482 

3,778 

4,980 

20,073 

13,671 

15,642 

MA. 

30,563 

565 

5,821 

5,452 

18,725 

19,636 

10,927 

Ml. 

117,659 

1,240 

12,250 

26,033 

78,136 

28,174 

89,485 

MN. 

129,959 

914 

12,408 

29,321 

87,316 

14,886 

115.073 

MS. 

72,834 

685 

7,007 

15,519 

49,623 

7,904 

64,930 

MO. 

121,787 

1,178 

9,514 

25,099 

85,996 

16,150 

105,637 

MT. 

69,768 

1,190 

6,014 

16,459 

46,105 

2,380 

67,388 

NE. 

92,702 

481 

7,888 

20,737 

63,596 

5,054 

87.648 

NV. 

45,778 

545 

2,784 

4,899 

37,550 

4,597 

41,181 

NH. 

14,938 

224 

1,596 

2,702 

10,416 

2,869 

12,069 

NJ. 

35,097 

413 

5,452 

4,736 

24,496 

24,029 

11,068 

NM. 

60,812 

998 

4,524 

6,758 

48,532 

5,851 

54,961 

NY. 

111,882 

1,500 

14,207 

20,820 

75.355 

39,293 

72.589 

NC. 

96,028 

970 

9,125 

17,905 

68.028 

21,723 

74,305 

ND. 

86,727 

571 

5,872 

18,784 

61,500 

1,818 

84,909 

OH. 

113,823 

1,573 

10,323 

23,062 

78,865 

31.568 

82,255 

OK. 

112,467 

929 

7,995 

25,357 

78,186 

12.794 

99,673 

OR. 

96,036 

727 

6,820 

18,385 

70,104 

10,028 

86,008 

PA. 

117,038 

1,588 

13,708 

19,646 

82,096 

32,616 

84,422 

Rl. 

6,057 

70 

929 

864 

4,194 

4.723 

1,334 

SC. 

64,158 

810 

6,877 

13,393 

43.078 

10,521 

53,637 

SD. 

83,305 

678 

6,084 

19,482 

57,061 

1,860 

81,445 

TN. 

85,037 

1,062 

8,636 

17,756 

57,583 

16,521 

68,516 

TX. 

294,142 

3,234 

28,883 

61,741 

200,284 

79,132 

215,010 

UT. 

40,508 

937 

3,337 

7,689 

28,545 

6,106 

34,402 

VT. 

14,166 

320 

1,320 

3,111 

9,415 

1,324 

12,842 

VA. 

68,429 

1,106 

7,895 

14,008 

45.420 

15,581 

52,848 

WA. 

79,428 

763 

7,574 

16,778 

54,313 

17,218 

62,210 

WV. 

35,045 

550 

3,173 

8,849 

22.473 

3,137 

31,908 

Wl. 

110,978 

638 

11,925 

21,458 

76.957 

15,591 

95.387 

WY. 

37,642 

914 

3,667 

10,604 

22.457 

2,386 

35,256 


- Represents zero. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


3-20 








































































Table 3-10. Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1990 to 1993, Vehicle Miles of Travel, 1993, and Drivers 

Licenses, 1993, by State 

lln thousands, except as indicated. Motor vehicle registrations cover publicly, privately, and commercially owned vehicles. 
For uniformity, data have been adjusted to a calendar-year basis as registration years in States differ; figures represent net 
numbers where possible, excluding re-registrations and nonresident registrations.] 



AUTOMOBILES. TRUCKS. AND BUSES 1 

1993 

STATE 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

Motor¬ 
cycle 1 
regis¬ 
tration 
(incl. 
official) 

Public 
road and 

Vehicle miles of 
travel 

Drivers 

licenses 

Total 

Auto 

mobiles 

(incl. 

taxis) 

street 
mileage 
(1,000 
mi.) 

Total 
(bit. mi.) 

Per mile 
of road 
(1,000) 

U.S_ 

188,798 

188,136 

190,362 

194,063 

146,314 

3,978 

3,905 

2,297 

588 

173,149 

AL. 

3.744 

3,484 

3,304 

3,390 

2,136 

40 

92 

47.3 

513 

3,009 

AK. 

477 

471 

486 

489 

310 

12 

14 

3.9 

283 

438 

AZ. 

2.825 

2,849 

2,801 

2,892 

2,068 

73 

56 

39.2 

702 

2,624 

AR. 

1.448 

1,480 

1,501 

1,528 

987 

14 

77 

24.0 

311 

1,751 

CA. 

21.926 

22,253 

22,202 

22,824 

17,301 

587 

169 

266.4 

1,575 

20,123 

CO. 

3.155 

3,045 

2,915 

3,032 

2,254 

88 

79 

32.7 

416 

2,591 

CT. 

2.623 

2.589 

2,569 

2,594 

2,456 

37 

20 

27.0 

1,326 

2,180 

DE. 

526 

534 

545 

555 

429 

10 

6 

6.9 

1,244 

506 

DC. 

262 

246 

256 

264 

250 

2 

1 

3.5 

3,148 

361 

FL. 

10,950 

9,980 

10,232 

10,170 

8,072 

189 

113 

120.5 

1,068 

10,762 

GA. 

5.489 

5,714 

5,899 

5,632 

3,960 

55 

111 

78.4 

707 

4,613 

HI. 

771 

785 

774 

763 

659 

24 

4 

8.1 

1,966 

734 

ID. 

1,054 

1,055 

1,034 

1,023 

636 

32 

59 

11.5 

195 

770 

IL. 

7,873 

8,193 

7,982 

8,070 

6,650 

201 

137 

89.7 

655 

7,462 

IN. 

4,366 

4,414 

4,516 

4,670 

3,414 

96 

92 

60.5 

655 

3,791 

IA. 

2.632 

2,668 

2,706 

2,738 

1,948 

149 

113 

25.1 

223 

1,899 

KS. 

2.012 

1,879 

1,921 

1,922 

1,264 

53 

133 

24.1 

181 

1,774 

KV. 

2.909 

2,942 

2,983 

2,629 

1,713 

32 

73 

39.6 

545 

2,469 

LA. 

2.995 

3,046 

3,094 

3,166 

2,010 

35 

60 

36.4 

610 

2.577 

ME. 

977 

979 

978 

1,028 

793 

31 

23 

12.2 

541 

906 

MD. 

3,607 

3,630 

3,689 

3,560 

2,957 

41 

29 

43.3 

1,478 

3,274 

MA. 

3,726 

3,664 

3,663 

3,837 

3,327 

68 

31 

46.7 

1,527 

4,161 

Ml. 

7,209 

7,245 

7,311 

7,399 

5,731 

137 

118 

85.7 

728 

6,527 

MN. 

3.508 

3,273 

3,484 

3,716 

2,906 

126 

130 

42.2 

325 

2,637 

MS. 

1.875 

1,887 

1,954 

2,000 

1,526 

28 

73 

26.9 

369 

1,640 

MO. 

3,905 

3,950 

4,004 

4,066 

2,858 

57 

122 

54.8 

450 

3,472 

MT. 

783 

766 

907 

939 

555 

22 

70 

8.7 

125 

531 

NE. 

1,384 

1,404 

1,355 

1,439 

942 

19 

93 

14.8 

159 

1,141 

NV. 

853 

881 

921 

937 

632 

20 

46 

11.6 

254 

976 

NH. 

946 

906 

894 

959 

743 

36 

15 

10.3 

692 

869 

NJ. 

5.652 

5,519 

5,591 

5,641 

5,180 

89 

35 

59.7 

1,702 

5,459 

NM. 

1.301 

1,320 

1,352 

1,421 

856 

31 

61 

18.9 

312 

1,148 

NY. 

10,196 

9,771 

9,780 

10,163 

8,747 

195 

112 

112.2 

1,003 

10,327 

NC. 

5.162 

5,216 

5,307 

5,365 

3,841 

64 

96 

69.5 

724 

4,725 

ND. 

630 

629 

655 

662 

397 

18 

87 

6.2 

71 

438 

OH. 

8.410 

8,685 

9,030 

9,279 

7,483 

233 

114 

97.0 

852 

7,635 

OK. 

2,649 

2,669 

2,737 

2,771 

1,759 

56 

112 

35.5 

316 

2,336 

OR. 

2,445 

2,507 

2,583 

2,624 

2.001 

61 

96 

28.4 

295 

2,373 

PA. 

7,971 

8,038 

8,179 

8,282 

6,599 

172 

117 

90.7 

775 

8,055 

Rl. 

672 

628 

622 

695 

589 

20 

6 

7.2 

1,193 

675 

SC. 

2,521 

2,471 

2,601 

2,684 

1,997 

34 

64 

36.1 

563 

2,431 

SD. 

704 

702 

720 

808 

485 

26 

83 

7.4 

89 

507 

TN. 

4,444 

4,542 

4,645 

4,964 

3,989 

84 

85 

52.1 

613 

3,543 

TX. 

12,800 

12,697 

12,767 

13,118 

8,881 

144 

294 

167.6 

570 

11,876 

UT. 

1,206 

1,230 

1,252 

1,335 

840 

23 

41 

17.1 

421 

1,190 

VT. 

462 

447 

465 

483 

362 

17 

14 

6.0 

422 

431 

VA. 

4,938 

5,022 

5,239 

5,408 

4,126 

62 

68 

64.2 

938 

4,580 

WA. 

4,257 

4,404 

4,466 

4,413 

3,123 

109 

79 

46.1 

581 

3,699 

WV. 

1,225 

1,273 

1,273 

1,345 

829 

19 

35 

16.8 

479 

1,302 

Wl. 

3,815 

3,685 

3,735 

3,815 

2,460 

197 

111 

49.2 

443 

3.502 

WY. 

528 

469 

483 

558 

283 

12 

38 

6.8 

180 

350 


' Excludes vehicles owned by military services. 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


3-21 








































































































































































































































































































































4. RESIDENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE 


Many characteristics of a person's primary residence can contribute to increased 
exposures to environmental contaminants. This section presents population data for persons 
residing in homes that have varying characteristics, including the following: age of home; 
resident's tenure (renter, owner, etc.); housing type (public housing, multiple unit, single-family, 
mobile home, etc.); type of heating and cooking fuel used; presence of attached garage; use of 
chemicals for pest control, lawn care, etc.; and presence of recreational pools or spas. Data on 
these housing characteristics are useful for conducting indoor air risk assessments. For example, 
in areas with high levels of radon in the soils, build-up of radon gas may become a problem in 
homes with basements. For homes with attached garages, carbon monoxide from automobile 
exhaust may be an exposure concern. In addition, chemicals used for pest prevention can pose 
an indoor air exposure risk to persons living in the homes. Persons living in dilapidated, older 
housing (built prior to the 1978 lead-based paint ban) or persons renovating such a home may be 
at increased risk of exposure to lead by deteriorating lead-based paint and the dust it generates. 
The housing characteristics addressed in this section are presented as useful supplemental data 
for conducting many types of indoor air quality risk assessments. Other useful data may be 
found in U.S. EPA (1997), the Exposure Factors Handbook , Chapter 11. 

4.1. POPULATIONS IN HOMES WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS 

This section presents population data on persons residing in homes with the varying 
characteristics listed above. 

4.1.1. American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

1993); Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997) 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census conducted the American Housing Survey from July 
through December 1993. About 55,000 personal interviews were conducted nationally. 
Household information was obtained from occupants of the homes; landlords, rental agents, or 
knowledgeable neighbors provided information on vacant homes. Results obtained from this 


4-1 



national survey are presented in Tables 4-1 through 4-4. Table 4-1 presents the household 
composition of occupied housing units. Table 4-2 presents the income characteristics of 
occupied units. Table 4-3 presents data on construction of housing units and location of units. 
Table 4-4 presents the number of housing units that use various types of fuels for cooking and 
heating, which may affect indoor air. Table 4-5 presents housing characteristics (e.g., basements, 
year built, heating equipment) by tenure and region. Figure 4-1 illustrates the percentage of 
housing units that are occupied and vacant. Figure 4-2 presents a variety of selected features of 
occupied housing units. 

4.1.2. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997) 

The guidance on childhood lead screening was developed by CDC in consultation with 
the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Lead-based paint in homes 
is the most important remaining source of lead exposure for U.S. children. Of all homes built in 
the United States before 1978, a large amount (83%) still contain some lead-based paint (CDC, 
1997). The older the house, the more likely it is to contain lead-based paint and to have a higher 
concentration of lead in the paint. Housing built before 1950 poses the greatest risk of exposure 
to children (CDC, 1997). Such housing is present in every State as shown in Table 4-6. The 
following Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) calculation is used to 
determine the number of affordable housing units that are likely to contain lead-based paint 
(HUD, 1990): 

[(# units <1940 * 0.88) + (# units 1940-1960 * 0.92) + (# units 1961-1980 * 0.76)]. 

4.1.3. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996) 

The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), conducted by EPA, is the largest 
and most current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data for 
9,386 respondents in the 48 contiguous States were collected via minute-by-minute 24-hour 
diaries between October 1992 and September 1994. The survey collected information on 
duration and frequency of selected activities. Demographic information was collected for each 
respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be generated according to specific subgroups of 


4-2 


the U.S. population (e.g., by gender, age, race, employment status, census region, season). The 
participants' responses were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and 
other demographic factors to ensure that results were representative of the U.S. population. The 
weighted sample matches the 1990 census population for each gender, age group, and census 
region. In addition, the day-of-week and seasonal responses are distributed equally. 

NHAPS data on the time spent in selected activities and the corresponding population 
participating in these activities are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 14, 
Tables 14-19 through 14-92. For example, data are included on the number of persons who 
spend time either running, walking, standing, or in a vehicle; time spent in indoor and outdoor 
parking lots and garages; and number of persons working in circumstances where one may come 
in contact with soil, such as gardening. The reader is referred to the Handbook for further 
information obtained from NHAPS. Advantages of the NHAPS data set are that it is 
representative of the U.S. population for all ages, genders, and races, and it has been adjusted to 
be balanced geographically, seasonally, and for day /time. Table 4-7 presents the percentage of 
the general population living in homes with attached garages. The advantage of NHAPS is that 
the data were collected for a large number of individuals and are representative of the U.S. 
general population. 

4.2. POPULATIONS WHO USE PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS FOR 

LAWN/GARDEN AND POOL/SPA MAINTENANCE 

Section 4.2.1 presents the available information on populations using home and garden 
pesticides and chemicals for lawn/garden and pool/spa maintenance. This information is useful 
in estimating number of people receiving residential exposure to certain household chemicals, 
such as insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides. Section 4.2.2 presents data that can be used to 
estimate the number of people who might have residential exposure to chlorinated compounds 
used to treat and disinfect household pools and spas. 


4-3 





4.2.1. National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (Whitmore et al., 1992) 

The National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (NHGPUS) was conducted for 
EPA during August and September 1990. The purpose was to collect data on the use of 
pesticides in and around homes in the United States. The study was designed as a national 
probability-based sample of households, with personal interviews conducted at the participants' 
residence. The target population in the survey was housing units in the conterminous United 
States occupied as primary residences (home where a person lives for half the year or more), 
excluding institutions, group quarters, military reservations, and Native American reservations 
(Whitmore et al., 1992). NHGPUS used the U.S. Bureau of the Census definition of a housing 
unit as a room or groups of rooms occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters 
in which the occupants (1) live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and (2) 
have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. A sample of 2,674 
housing units was selected, and 2,447 housing units were eligible for the survey. Individuals 
representing a total of 2,078 housing units participated in the survey (a response rate of 84.9 
percent) and provided information on frequency and types of pesticide use and where and how 
they were used. Because of the high response rate, the potential for nonresponse bias is low 
(Whitmore, et al., 1992). NHGPUS is based on a sample of 29 States and 60 counties. Tables 4- 
8, 4-9, and 4-10 present data collected in NHGPUS. An assessor can develop numerical 
estimates of potential exposed populations by multiplying the number of households presented 
in Tables 4-8 thru 4-12 by 2.65 persons/household as provided in the Bureau of Census (1997). 
Table 4-8 presents the selected characteristics of households in the target population, including 
urbanization, type of housing, private lawn and swimming pool present, and hot tub present. 
Table 4-9 presents the number of households that used pest control services and received written 
precautions in the year preceding the survey. Table 4-10 presents the number of households 
reporting major pest problems or experiencing pest problems that were treated by a household 
member in the previous year. Table 4-11 also presents number of households where pesticides 
were not stored securely and had children <5 years old living there. Table 4-12 provides 
information on the number of households using pesticides by type of pesticide and site of 


4-4 


application. Table 4-13 presents estimated percentage of households using pesticides by type of 
pesticide and site of application. 

4.2.2. 1993 Pool and Spa Market Study (National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993) 

The National Spa and Pool Institute (NSPI) is a trade association that provides market 
data to its members. The statistical information provided by NSPI in Tables 4-14 and 4-15 is an 
overview and was extrapolated from the National Spa and Pool Institute Pool and Spa Market 
Study. This publication is available from NSPI Publications (703) 838-0083 for $250. 

The overview data are based on a household consumer survey. NSPI maintains a data 
base of households in selected U.S. geographic regions. Households were randomly selected, 
and the data were collected through mail surveys. From a total of 90,000 surveys mailed, 65,000 
individuals responded: a response rate of 72%. Table 4-14 presents data for owners of 
residential pools, and Table 4-15 presents data for owners of residential spas. These data are 
presented by pool ownership. However, populations using pools/spas may be estimated 
conservatively by assuming one pool/spa per household and multiplying by the average number 
of persons per household using the U.S. Bureau of the Census data (2.65 persons/household in 
1996) or by multiplying by number of persons per State, presented in Table 2-9. 


4-5 


4.3. REFERENCES 


CDC. (1997) Screening young children for lead poisoning: Guidance for state and local health 
officials. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

HUD. (1990) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive work plan 
for the abatement of lead-based paint in privately-owned housing: a Report to Congress, 
Washington, D.C. December 7, 1990. 

National Spa and Pool Institute. (1993) 1993 Pool and spa market study. National Spa and Pool 
Institute, Alexandria, VA. (703) 838-0083. 

Tsang, AM; Klepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human 
Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockhead Martin, for the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA Contract no. 68-W6-001 
delivery order no. 13. Draft report. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993) American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. Doc. no. HI 50/93. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstracts of the United States. 117thed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. EPA. (1997) Exposure factors handbook. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, 
Washington, DC. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa,b,c. 

Whitmore, RW; Kelly, JE; Reading, PL. (1992) National Home and Garden Pesticide Use 
Survey. Final report, volume 1. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office 
of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, by Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC. 
Contract no. 68-WO-0032. Doc. no. RTI/5100/17-0IF. 


4-6 


54 1993 


Table 4-1 . Household Composition - Occupied Units 


[Numbers in thousands. Consistent with the 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. - means zero or rounds to zero.] 



Characteristics 

Total 

occupied 

units 

Tenure 

Housing unit characteristics 

Household characteristics 

Owner 

Renter 

New 

con¬ 

struction 

4 yrs 

Mobile 

homes 

Physical problems 

Black 

Hispanic 

Elderly 
(65t ) 

Moved in 
past year 

Below 

poverty 

level 

Severe 

Moderate 

1 

Population in housing units_ 

246 395 

166 725 

79 670 

14 099 

14 142 

5 058 

11 604 

29 884 

22 117 

35 396 

40 482 

36 899 

2 

Total..... 

94 724 

61 252 

33 472 

4 990 

5 655 

1 901 

4 225 

11 128 

6 614 

20 438 

16 102 

13 787 


Persons 













3 

1 person_ 

22 989 

11 353 

11 636 

759 

1 403 

590 

1 145 

3 024 

985 

8 984 

4 165 

4 550 

4 

2 persons_ 

31 304 

21 954 

9 351 

1 677 

1 980 

515 

1 148 

2 832 

1 496 

9 340 

5 310 

3 074 

5 

3 persons...... 

16 306 

10 651 

5 655 

1 023 

995 

266 

701 

2 242 

1 357 

1 368 

3 007 

2 291 

6 

4 persons..... 

14 396 

10 583 

3 813 

990 

796 

272 

596 

1 665 

1 166 

395 

2 240 

1 810 

7 

5 persons_____ 

6 272 

4 432 

1 840 

381 

327 

139 

367 

801 

863 

202 

884 

1 093 

8 

6 persons_ 

2 176 

1 481 

695 

118 

118 

55 

139 

320 

416 

76 

319 

520 

9 

7 persons or more_ 

1 280 

798 

482 

42 

36 

64 

129 

244 

331 

73 

176 

448 

10 

Median.._______ 

2.3 

2.4 

2.0 

2.6 

2.2 

2.2 

2.3 

2.4 

3.1 

1.6 

2.2 

2.3 


Number of Single Children Under 18 














Years Old 













11 

None_ 

59 295 

38 448 

20 848 

2 651 

3 462 

1 200 

2 404 

5 861 

2 833 

19 558 

9 400 

7 302 

12 

1 .... 

14 780 

9 357 

5 423 

933 

1 007 

237 

674 

2 273 

1 356 

558 

2 931 

2 169 

13 

2 ...... 

13 194 

8 903 

4 291 

959 

758 

255 

587 

1 759 

1 226 

206 

2 396 

2 118 

14 

3. 

5 210 

3 344 

1 865 

341 

323 

115 

341 

777 

747 

78 

937 

1 305 

15 

4.. 

1 578 

876 

703 

90 

91 

54 

136 

279 

305 

19 

316 

564 

16 

5. 

454 

230 

225 

11 

16 

23 

50 

119 

99 

14 

88 

212 

17 

6 or more_ 

212 

95 

118 

5 

- 

18 

33 

60 

46 

6 

33 

116 

18 

Median . .... 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.8 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 


Persons 65 Years Old and Over 













19 

None__ 

72 395 

43 976 

28 419 

4 333 

4 290 

1 430 

3 373 

9 076 

5 720 


15 052 

10 214 

20 

1 person_ 

14 924 

10 680 

4 244 

394 

922 

315 

648 

1 637 

679 

13 164 

782 

3 022 

21 

2 persons or more_ 

7 405 

6 596 

809 

263 

442 

155 

204 

415 

215 

7 274 

268 

551 


Age of Householder 













22 

Under 25 years_ 

4 789 

605 

4 184 

234 

385 

101 

343 

738 

521 


2 997 

1 418 

23 

25 to 29... 

8 215 

2 863 

5 351 

695 

667 

182 

414 

1 100 

901 


3 252 

1 341 

24 

30 to 34 . 

10 984 

5 658 

5 326 

844 

693 

215 

531 

1 396 

984 


2 779 

1 446 

25 

35 to 44. 

21 797 

14 224 

7 573 

1 437 

1 147 

415 

1 047 

2 767 

1 733 


3 596 

2 718 

26 

45 to 54. 

16 376 

12 368 

4 008 

759 

837 

285 

641 

1 844 

1 016 


1 778 

1 729 

27 

55 to 64... 

12 125 

9 766 

2 359 

447 

660 

272 

464 

1 459 

764 


817 

1 805 

28 

65 to 74.. 

11 456 

9 264 

2 193 

350 

689 

223 

452 

1 071 

411 

11 456 

529 

1 566 

29 

75 years and over_ 

8 981 

6 503 

2 478 

224 

578 

206 

333 

754 

285 

8 981 

355 

1 764 

30 

Median - - -- --- 

46 

51 

37 

40 

44 

46 

43 

43 

40 

74 

33 

45 


Household Composition by Age of 














Householder 













31 

2-or-more person households_ 

71 735 

49 899 

21 836 

4 231 

4 252 

1 311 

3 080 

8 104 

5 629 

11 454 

11 937 

9 236 

32 

Married-couple families, no nonrelatives_ 

49 683 

39 731 

9 952 

3 330 

2 936 

784 

1 607 

3 300 

3 360 

8 692 

6 370 

3 869 

33 

Under 25 years___ 

1 327 

355 

972 

104 

205 

25 

86 

81 

181 


769 

227 

34 

25 to 29 years_ 

3 835 

1 969 

1 866 

489 

434 

51 

163 

227 

472 


1 356 

351 

35 

30 to 34 years_ 

5 969 

4 099 

1 869 

571 

380 

102 

233 

438 

567 


1 237 

445 

36 

35 to 44 years —... 

12 717 

10 215 

2 502 

1 040 

655 

187 

442 

927 

903 


1 579 

950 

37 

45 to 64 years_ 

17 142 

15 224 

1 918 

822 

748 

261 

454 

1 194 

959 


1 122 

1 287 

38 

65 years and over_ 

8 692 

7 868 

824 

305 

513 

158 

229 

433 

278 

8 692 

306 

608 

39 

Other male householder_ 

7 765 

3 856 

3 910 

411 

495 

161 

476 

925 

792 

861 

2 139 

879 

40 

Under 45 years_ 

5 078 

1 869 

3 209 

290 

334 

115 

329 

583 

600 


1 896 

589 

41 

45 to 64 years_ 

1 826 

1 297 

529 

92 

128 

23 

102 

213 

156 


198 

191 

42 

65 years and over_ 

861 

690 

171 

29 

33 

23 

45 

130 

37 

861 

45 

98 

43 

Other female householder_ 

14 287 

6 312 

7 974 

489 

822 

366 

998 

3 878 

1 477 

1 901 

3 427 

4 489 

44 

Under 45 years_ 

8 654 

2 455 

6 199 

337 

507 

228 

657 

2 520 

1 013 


2 927 

3 295 

45 

45 to 64 years_ 

3 732 

2 358 

1 374 

116 

228 

83 

214 

941 

365 


438 

803 

46 

65 years and over_ 

1 901 

1 500 

402 

37 

87 

55 

127 

417 

99 

1 901 

62 

391 

47 

1-person households_ 

22 989 

11 353 

11 636 

759 

1 403 

590 

1 145 

3 024 

985 

8 984 

4 165 

4 550 

48 

Male householder_ 

9 421 

3 873 

5 548 

346 

610 

330 

587 

1 461 

471 

1 941 

2 222 

1 340 

49 

Under 45 years_ 

5 009 

1 501 

3 509 

234 

268 

141 

284 

748 

265 


1 731 

553 

50 

45 to 64 years_ 

2 470 

1 183 

1 288 

73 

175 

136 

175 

449 

141 


380 

439 

51 

65 years and over_ 

1 941 

1 190 

751 

39 

167 

54 

128 

263 

65 

1 941 

110 

347 

52 

Female householder_ 

13 569 

7 480 

6 089 

413 

793 

260 

557 

1 563 

514 

7 043 

1 943 

3 210 

53 

Under 45 years_ 

3 195 

888 

2 308 

145 

108 

66 

142 

476 

138 


1 126 

512 

54 

45 to 64 years_ 

3 331 

2 072 

1 259 

103 

218 

55 

160 

505 

158 


456 

813 

55 

65 years and over_ 

7 043 

4 520 

2 523 

165 

467 

139 

256 

582 

218 

7 043 

360 

1 885 


Adults and Single Children Under 18 














Years Old 













56 

Total households with children_ 

35 429 

22 804 

12 625 

2 339 

2 193 

701 

1 821 

5 267 

3 781 

880 

6 701 

6 484 

57 

Married couples_ 

24 155 

18 270 

5 885 

1 905 

1 476 

404 

958 

1 963 

2 343 

334 

3 721 

2 331 

58 

One child under 6 only_ 

3 665 

2 333 

1 333 

380 

298 

59 

146 

276 

384 

45 

976 

306 

59 

One under 6, one or more 6 to 17_ 

4 161 

3 051 

1 110 

336 

257 

94 

167 

394 

477 

39 

647 

433 

60 

Two or more under 6 only_ 

2 497 

1 681 

816 

261 

193 

46 

101 

130 

283 

20 

545 

294 

61 

Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 17. 

1 296 

827 

470 

88 

68 

33 

91 

120 

238 

16 

261 

307 

62 

One or more 6 to 17 only_ 

12 535 

10 379 

2 156 

841 

660 

173 

453 

1 044 

960 

215 

1 292 

991 

63 

Other households with two or more adults ... 

5 050 

2 552 

2 498 

237 

338 

156 

400 

1 282 

770 

351 

1 083 

1 254 

64 

One child under 6 only_ 

971 

392 

579 

40 

85 

33 

55 

212 

127 

63 

316 

182 

65 

One under 6, one or more 6 to 17_ 

774 

352 

422 

44 

38 

38 

65 

191 

149 

44 

157 

241 

66 

Two or more under 6 only_ 

371 

155 

216 

20 

18 

8 

44 

92 

60 

21 

136 

128 

67 

Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 17. 

296 

138 

158 

17 

33 

7 

36 

105 

60 

14 

57 

159 

68 

One or more 6 to 17 only_ 

2 638 

1 515 

1 123 

115 

165 

70 

200 

683 

376 

209 

417 

545 

69 

Households with one adult or none_ 

6 224 

1 982 

4 242 

197 

379 

141 

462 

2 021 

668 

195 

1 897 

2 899 

70 

One child under 6 only_ 

887 

191 

696 

23 

80 

18 

41 

266- 

57 

48 

374 

423 

71 

One under 6, one or more 6 to 17_ 

911 

201 

710 

23 

57 

34 

72 

330 

101 

8 

323 

529 

72 

Two or more under 6 only_ 

459 

51 

408 

9 

28 

14 

30 

215 

64 

~ 

209 

365 

73 

Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 17_ 

336 

30 

306 

2 

13 

15 

55 

176 

72 


123 

292 

74 


3 630 

1 510 

2 121 

140 

203 

59 

264 

1 034 

373 

139 

868 

1 290 

75 

Total households with no children_ 

59 295 

38 448 

20 848 

2 651 

3 462 

1 200 

2 404 

5 861 

2 833 

19 558 

9 400 

7 302 

76 


25 930 

21 720 

4 210 

1 445 

1 471 

390 

673 

1 376 

1 111 

8 379 

2 717 

1 572 

77 

Other households with two or more adults ... 

10 374 

5 377 

4 997 

447 

587 

220 

587 

1 459 

738 

2 196 

2 517 

1 180 

78 

Households with one adult- 

22 991 

11 351 

11 641 

759 

1 403 

590 

1 145 

3 027 

985 

8 984 

4 166 

4 550 


(continued on next page) 


4-7 



































































































Table 4-1. Household Composition-Occupied Units (continued) 




In (P)MSAs 


Urban 


Rural 


Regions 


Total 

occupied 

units 

Central 

cities 

Suburbs 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Total 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Total 

Suburbs 

1 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Farm 

Northeast 

Midwest 

South 

West 


246 39S 

74 483 

118 716 

53 196 

177 356 

18,966 

69 039 

34 322 

1 

1 

i 

34 230 

4 060 

48 676 

59 413 

84 284 

54 022 

1 

94 724 

1 

29 838 

44 060 

20 826 

69 090 

7 741 

25 633 

12 368 

13 085 

1 423 

18 906 

23 031 

32 936 

19 850 

2 

22 989 

8 860 

9 231 

4 898 

18 248 

2 197 

4 741 

2 010 

2 702 

180 

4 817 

5 774 

7 888 

4 510 

3 

, 31 304 

9 281 

14 620 

7 403 

22 025 

2 592 

9 280 

4 402 

4 811 

576 

6 029 

7 646 

11 121 

6 509 

4 

16 306 

5 000 

7 874 

3 433 

11 752 

1 231 

4 554 

2 313 

2 202 

250 

3 315 

3 661 

6 006 

3 325 

5 

14 396 

3 643 

7 552 

3 202 

9 919 

1 053 

4 477 

2 305 

2 149 

218 

2 867 

3 586 

4 961 

2 983 

6 

6 272 

1 800 

3 197 

1 275 

4 508 

449 

1 764 

923 

827 

136 

1 213 

1 614 

2 017 

1 428 

7 

2 176 

703 

1 045 

428 

1 600 

144 

575 

285 

284 

46 

453 

491 

617 

616 

8 

I 1 280 

551 

543 

187 

1 037 

75 

242 

131 

112 

18 

213 

261 

326 

481 

9 

2.3 

i 

j 

2.2 

2.4 

2.2 

2.2 

2.1 

2.4 

2.4 

2.3 1 2.4 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

10 

59 295 

19 267 

26 834 

13 194 

43 708 

4 989 

15 587 

7 270 

1 

8 205 1 877 

12 265 

14 453 

20 448 

12 130 

ii 

14 780 

4 535 

7 108 

3 137 

10 731 

1 173 

4 049 

2 058 

1 963 1 219 

2 747 

3 417 

5 667 

2 949 

12 

13 194 

3 614 

6 671 

2 908 

9 172 

988 

4 022 

2 074 

1 920 

173 

2 568 

3 239 

4 512 

2 874 

13 

5 210 

1 605 

2 492 

1 113 

3 781 

399 

1 428 

705 

714 

113 

938 

1 360 

1 690 

1 222 

14 

1 578 

523 

699 

356 

1 169 

148 

409 

199 

208 1 30 

286 

410 

441 

441 

15 

454 

189 

188 

77 

362 

30 

93 

45 

47 

4 

69 

101 

132 

152 

16 

212 

104 

66 

41 

167 

13 

45 

17 

28 l 7 

33 

51 

46 

83 

17 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

.5- 

18 

72 395 

23 199 

34 239 

14 956 

52 980 

5 464 

19 414 

9 770 

9 492 

987 

13 905 

17 719 

25 249 

15 522 

19 

14 924 

4 748 

6 355 

3 821 

11 054 

1 553 

3 870 

1 593 

2 267 

218 

3 437 

3 538 

5 092 

2 857 

20 

7 405 

1 890 

3 465 

2 049 

5 056 

724 

2 349 

1 005 

1 326 

218 

1 564 

1 774 

2 595 

1 471 

21 

4 789 

2 139 

1 694 

956 

3 955 

506 

835 

380 

450 

20 

743 

1 301 

1 698 

1 047 

22 

8 215 

3 156 

3 572 

1 487 

6 419 

595 

1 796 

885 

892 

78 

1 473 

2 039 

2 936 

1 767 

23 

10 984 

3 656 

5 267 

2 061 

8 246 

836 

2 738 

1 474 

1 225 

97 

2 149 

2 780 

3 703 

2 352 

24 

21 797 

6 841 

10 604 

4 352 

15 817 

1 530 

5 980 

3 129 

2 822 

293 

4 185 

5 216 

7 516 

4 879 

25 

16 376 

4 496 

6 304 

3 577 

11 427 

1 152 

4 949 

2 485 

2 425 

263 

3 297 

3 839 

5 695 

3 545 

26 

12 125 

3 511 

5 774 

2 840 

8 517 

940 

3 608 

1 681 

1 900 

262 

2 520 

2 879 

4 340 

2 386 

£ 

11 456 

3 300 

5 149 

3 007 

8 114 

1 086 

3 343 

1 402 

1 921 

261 

2 593 

2 665 

4 000 

2 198 

26 

8 981 

2 739 

3 697 

2 546 

6 595 

1 096 

2 386 

932 

1 450 

148 

1 947 

2 310 

3 048 

1 676 

29 

46 

44 

46 

49 

45 

49 

48 

46 

so 

S3 

48 

45 

46 

45 

30 

71 735 

20 977 

34 830 

15 927 

50 842 

5 544 

20 893 

10 358 

10 383 

1 243 

14 089 

17 257 

25 048 

15 340 

31 

49 683 

12 100 

25 693 

11 889 

33 276 

3 734 

16 407 

8 140 

8 155 

1 093 

9 655 

12 265 

17 409 1 10 353 

32 

1 327 

412 

537 

378 

943 

171 

385 

178 

207 

11 

163 

316 

557 

292 

33 

3 835 

1 085 

1 908 

843 

2 662 

266 

1 173 

583 

576 

59 

677 

948 

1 414 

797 

34 

5 969 

1 575 | 3 146 

1 248 

4 164 

429 

1 805 

970 

819 

69 

1 163 

1 572 

1 956 

1 277 

35 

12 717 

3 098 1 6 869 

2 750 

8 512 

836 

4 208 

2 273 

1 913 

244 

2 439 

3 148 

4 379 

2 752 

36 

17 142 

3 876 

9 143 

4 123 

11 221 

1 186 

5 921 

2 940 

2 937 

436 

3 417 

4 190 

6 019 1 3 516 

37 

8 692 

2 053 

4 091 

2 548 

5 775 

845 

2 917 

1 195 

1 703 

274 

1 797 

2 091 

3 084 

1 719 1 38 

, 7 765 

2 821 

3 387 

1 558 

5 885 

621 

1 880 

924 

937 

82 

1 371 

1 758 

2 589 1 2 047 ' 39 

5 078 

1 969 

2 184 

925 

3 976 

394 

1 102 

556 

531 

' 39 

824 

1 198 

1 691 

1 365 

40 

1 826 

550 

836 

440 

1 246 

130 

581 

267 

310 1 24 

340 

397 

622 1 467 

41 

861 

301 

367 1 193 

664 

96 

197 

101 

96 1 20 

207 

163 

276 

215 

42 

14 287 

6 056 

5 750 

2 480 

11 681 

1 189 

2 606 

1 295 

1 291 

68 

3 063 

3 234 

5 050 

2 940 

43 

8 654 

3 874 

1 3 282 

1 497 

7 182 

755 

1 472 

722 

742 

; 19 

1 693 

2 103 

3 056 1 1 802 

44 

3 732 

1 460 

1 647 

625 

2 996 

286 

735 

387 

338 

1 28 

862 

782 

1 325 1 763 

45 

1 901 

722 

821 

358 

1 503 

148 

399 

186 

210 l 22 

508 

349 

669 

375 

46 

22 989 

8 860 

9 231 

4 898 

18 248 

2 197 

4 741 

2 010 

2 702 

180 

4 817 

5 774 

7 888 

4 510 

47 

9 421 

3 877 

| 3 786 

1 758 

7 510 

734 

1 911 

864 

1 024 

1 81 

2 019 

2 295 

3 134 

1 973 

48 

5 009 

2 220 

1 993 

796 

4 207 

389 

802 

379 

408 1 43 

958 

1 239 

1 712 

1 100 

49 

2 470 

959 

1 016 

496 

1 905 

191 

565 

256 

305 

1 12 

541 

569 

818 

542 

50 

1 941 

698 

778 

465 

1 398 

154 

543 

229 

311 

1 26 

519 

487 

604 

331 

51 

13 569 

4 | 5 445 

3 141 

10 738 

1 463 

2 830 

1 146 

1 678 

| 99 

2 798 

3 479 

4 755 

2 537 

i 52 

3 195 

1 558 

1 219 

419 

2 792 

226 

404 

207 

192 

5 

632 

813 

1 089 

661 

1 53 

i 3 331 

1 161 

1 436 

733 

2 577 

298 

754 

316 

435 

1 26 

657 

780 

1 250 

643 

! 54 

7 043 

2 264 

2 790 

1 989 

5 370 

939 

1 673 

623 

1 050 I 69 

i 

1 

i 

1 509 

1 885 

2 416 

1 233 

1 55 

35 429 

10 571 

17 226 

7 632 

25 382 

2 752 

10 046 

5 099 

4 880 

! 547 

6 641 

8 578 

12 488 

1 

1 7 721 

56 

24 155 

5 933 

12 851 

5 371 

16 418 

1 724 

7 737 

4 038 

3 646 1 488 

4 531 

5 882 

8 380 

1 5 362 

57 

3 665 

1 025 

1 943 

697 

2 677 

280 

989 

569 

417 1 40 

698 

787 

1 410 

770 

58 

4 161 

1 097 

2 196 

868 

2 833 

248 

1 327 

698 

620 1 68 

746 

1 005 

1 390 1 1 019 

59 

i 2 497 

644 

1 386 

467 

1 762 

165 

735 

419 

302 

1 32 

478 

663 

734 

622 

' 60 

1 296 

415 

621 

260 

956 

99 

341 

176 

161 

1 25 

240 

328 

369 

360 

1 61 

12 535 

2 751 

6 705 

3 079 

8 190 

932 

4 345 

2 176 

2 147 

1 322 

2 368 

3 099 

4 477 

2 591 

62 

5 050 

1 974 

2 134 

942 

3 938 

410 

1 113 

573 

532 

1 26 

877 

1 097 

1 828 

1 249 

63 

971 

375 

412 

183 

787 

83 

184 

84 

100 

4 

166 

230 

342 

233 

64 

774 

327 

302 

145 

605 

68 

170 

92 

77 

2 

115 

173 

251 

236 

65 

371 

145 

162 

64 

279 

27 

92 

56 

37 

4 

70 

85 

135 

80 

66 

296 

128 

108 

61 

230 

25 

66 

30 

36 

2 

35 

76 

100 

85 

67 

2 638 

999 

1 150 

489 

2 038 

207 

600 

311 

282 

14 

492 

533 

1 000 1 614 

68 

6 224 

2 663 

2 242 

1 319 

5 027 

618 

1 197 

488 

701 

1 33 

1 233 

1 599 

2 281 

| 1 110 

69 

, 887 

367 

329 

190 

737 

102 

150 

61 

89 

1 7 

178 

253 

314 

141 

70 

911 

395 

305 

212 

737 

107 

174 

70 

104 

1 3 

176 

206 

355 

174 

71 

459 

278 

106 

75 

404 

45 

55 

25 

31 

3 

105 

137 

168 

49 

72 

336 

191 

94 

51 

295 

21 

42 

12 

30 

1 

59 

80 

124 

73 1 73 

3 630 

1 432 

1 408 

790 

2 854 

343 

776 

321 

447 

19 

716 

922 

1 319 

673 

74 

59 295 

19 267 

26 834 

13 194 

43 708 

4 989 

15 587 

7 270 

8 205 

1 877 

12 265 

14 453 

20 448 

12 130 

75 

1 25 930 

6 311 

13 039 

6 580 

17 159 

2 028 

8 771 

4 160 1 4 553 

1 610 

5 196 

6 450 

9 121 

5 164 

76 

10 374 

4 096 1 4 562 

1 715 

8 301 

765 

2 073 

1 098 

951 

1 87 

2 250 

2 230 

3 439 1 2 456 

77 

22 991 

8 860 1 9 232 

4 898 

18 248 

2 197 

4 743 1 2 012 

2 702 1 180 1 4 819 

5 774 

1 7 888 

1 4 510 

78 


4-8 


(continued on next page) 
































































































Table 4-1. Household Composition-Occupied Units (continued) 


INumbers in thousands Consistent with the 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. - means zero or rounds to zero ] 





Tenure 

Housing unit characteristics 

— 

Household cnaracienstics 



Characteristics 

Total 

occupied 

units 



New 
con¬ 
struction 
4 yrs 


Physical problems 





Below 

poverty 

level 



Owner 

Renter 

Mobile 

homes 

Severe 

Moderate 

Black 

Hispanic 

Elderly 
(65 + ) 

Moved in 
past year 

1 

Own Never Married Children Under 18 
Years Old 

No own children under 18 years 

62 445 

> 

40 455 

21 990 

2 734 

3 649 

1 277 

2 626 

6 717 

3 243 

20 305 

9 876 

8 014 

2 

With own children under 18 years 

32 279 

20 797 

11 482 

2 256 

2 006 

624 

1 599 

4 412 

3 371 

133 

6 226 

5 773 

3 

Under 6 years only_ 

7 833 

4 163 

3 670 

704 

634 

147 

354 

950 

862 

16 

2 405 

1 535 



4 753 

2 422 

2 332 

427 

403 

88 

199 

572 

490 

13 

1 560 

818 

D 

2_ 

2 608 

1 528 

1 080 

231 

198 

45 

139 

287 

290 

2 

690 

541 


3 or more_ 

472 

214 

258 

46 

33 

14 

16 

91 

82 

. 

155 

176 

8 

6 to 17 years only . 

17 710 

12 582 

5 128 

1 054 

957 

297 

838 

2 462 

1 619 

110 

2 437 

2 667 

8 538 

5 951 

2 587 

460 

500 

110 

384 

1 338 

707 

78 

1 138 

1 153 

10 

2_ 

6 557 

4 857 

1 701 

445 

321 

127 

267 

770 

573 

18 

917 

908 

3 or more_ 

2 615 

1 774 

640 

148 

136 

59 

187 

354 

339 

13 

383 

605 

1 1 

Both age groups . 

6 736 

4 051 

2 685 

499 

414 

181 

407 

999 

890 

7 

1 384 

1 571 

12 

2. 

3 169 

1 951 

1 218 

265 

202 

81 

125 

446 

280 

5 

700 

494 

13 

3 or more_ 

3 567 

2 100 

1 467 

234 

213 

100 

282 

554 

610 

2 

684 

1 077 

14 

Persons Other Than Spouse or 
Children’ 

With other relatives__ 

20 899 

15 559 

5 339 

828 

982 

470 

995 

3 394 

2 117 

3 600 

2 031 

2 992 

15 

Single adult offspnng 18 to 29 . 

11 452 

8 926 

2 526 

412 

508 

224 

505 

1 738 

1 046 

478 

827 

1 506 

16 

1 Single adult oftspnng 30 years of age or over 

3 266 

2 735 

531 

63 

122 

69 

174 

620 

242 

1 912 

101 

454 

17 

1 Households with three generations 

2 189 

1 505 

684 

71 

106 

60 

149 

511 

326 

309 

233 

486 

18 

1 Households with 1 subfamily. 

2 313 

1 506 

806 

59 

123 

84 

161 

561 

401 

495 

291 

549 

19 

Subfamily householder age under 30 

1 233 

706 

527 

29 

99 

53 

108 

332 

244 

120 

168 

372 

20 

1 30 to 64. 

974 

714 

260 

21 

21 

32 

50 

225 

142 

366 

108 

165 

21 

65 and over_ _ . 

106 

86 

19 

9 

2 

- 

3 

5 

14 

8 

15 

13 

22 

Households with 2 or more subfamilies 

102 

66 

35 


9 

7 

2 

25 

41 

17 

14 

37 

23 

Households with other types ol relatives 

7 156 

4 780 

2 376 

374 

372 

198 

406 

1 439 

934 

1 375 

1 036 

1 207 

24 

With non-relatives_ 

7 000 

2 497 

4 503 

318 

441 

146 

480 

799 

684 

440 

2 631 

887 

25 

Co-owners or co-renters. . . 

2 739 

513 

2 226 

103 

105 

38 

160 

253 

237 

83 

1 440 

302 

26 

Lodgers ... 

4 305 

1 201 

3 184 

223 

231 

88 

308 

435 

428 

158 

1 887 

419 

27 

Unrelated children, under 18 years old.. 

959 

491 

469 

25 

77 

19 

55 

138 

104 

128 

242 

223 

28 

Olher non-relatives_ . 

1 748 

942 

806 

87 

143 

39 

134 

237 

193 

164 

440 

296 

29 

One or more secondary families . 

606 

257 

349 

30 

57 

9 

45 

67 

87 

25 

213 

94 

30 

2-person households, none related to each 
other... 

3 957 

1 342 

2 616 

198 

253 

73 

236 

352 

230 

327 

1 599 

356 

31 

3-8 person households, none related to each 
other_ .. 

676 

129 

547 

30 

11 

11 

58 

56 

67 

28 

311 

120 

32 

Years of School Completed by 
Householder 

No school years completed.. 

328 

140 

188 

7 

21 

24 

46 

46 

169 

134 

58 

177 

33 

Elementary 

less than 8 years. 

4 170 

2 358 

1 812 

108 

341 

190 

459 

884 

1 224 

2 037 

539 

1 546 

34 

8 years__ . 

3 759 

2 565 

1 194 

90 

329 

118 

217 

444 

313 

2 348 

311 

987 

35 

High School. 

1 to 3 years.... 

9 949 

5 601 

4 348 

250 

1 029 

279 

760 

1 816 

1 041 

3 341 

1 710 

2 897 

36 

4 years.... 

33 751 

21 828 

11 923 

1 625 

2 623 

605 

1 420 

4 121 

2 024 

6 895 

5 622 

4 763 

37 

College 

1 to 3 years... 

18 955 

12 020 

6 935 

1 097 

880 

356 

720 

2 175 

1 019 

2 696 

3 729 

2 068 

38 

4 years or more_ 

23 812 

16 740 

7 072 

1 812 

433 

329 

603 

1 642 

825 

2 987 

4 133 

1 348 

39 i Median......_. 

12.9 

12.9 

12.8 

14.1 

12.4 

12.6 

12.4 

12.6 

12.3 

12.3 

13.0 

12.3 

1 

i 

40 ; 

Year Householder Moved Into Unit 

1990 to 1994 ...... 

38 106 

15 026 

23 079 

4 658 

2 509 

731 

1 923 

5 227 

3 632 

2 927 

16 102 

6 581 

41 1 

1985 to 1989 ___ 

19 897 

14 130 

5 767 

257 

1 .454 

411 

757 

2 079 

1 324 

2 812 

- 

2 503 

42 i 

1980 to 1984 ___ 

8 933 

6 920 

2 013 

25 

671 

195 

397 

890 

525 

1 906 

- 

1 105 

43 | 

1975 to 1979 _____ 

8 385 

7 326 

1 059 

17 

509 

150 

293 

914 

423 

1 989 

- 

1 061 

44 ; 

1970 to 1974 ..... 

5 739 

5 144 

595 

21 

335 

106 

286 

717 

258 

1 835 

- 

693 

45 1 1960 to 1969 ___ 

7 244 

6 661 

583 

6 

139 

141 

297 

782 

259 

3 629 

- 

951 

46 1 1950 to 1959 ..... 

4 173 

3 964 

209 

5 

25 

93 

139 

353 

136 

3 299 

- 

505 

47 | 

1940 to 1949 ____ 

1 510 

1 406 

104 

- 

6 

36 

90 

117 

39 

1 375 

- 

242 

48 l 1939 or earlier ___ . 

737 

674 

63 

- 

7 

37 

43 

49 

18 

665 

- 

146 

49 1 

1 

Median.. 

1988 

1984 

1990 + 

1990 + 

1989 

1987 

1989 

1989 

1990 + 

1973 

1990 + 

1989 

50 

Household Moves and Formation In 

Last Year 

Total with a move in last year_ 

19 490 

6 684 

12 806 

1 916 

1 310 

337 

1 046 

2 634 

1 975 

1 272 

16 102 

3 715 

51 

Household all moved here from one unit. 

13 118 

3 929 

9 190 

1 506 

896 

225 

657 

1 841 

1 324 

855 

13 118 

2 704 

52 

| 

Householder of previous unit did not move 
here...... 

2 729 

462 

2 268 

159 

149 

69 

164 

551 

276 

66 

2 729 

784 

53 

Householder of previous unit moved here_ 

10 029 

3 374 

6 655 

1 307 

710 

147 

463 

1 222 

1 016 

765 

10 029 

1 B36 

54 

Housenolder of previous unit not reported_ 

360 

93 

267 

40 

37 

9 

29 

67 

32 

24 

360 

85 

55 1 

Household moved here from two or more units 

2 348 

436 

1 913 

171 

131 

26 

120 

216 

231 

25 

2 348 

355 

56 | 

No previous householder moved here. 

617 

81 

536 

47 

61 

2 

26 

46 

55 

4 

617 

100 

57 

1 previous householder moved here.. 

447 

58 

389 

21 

28 

14 

15 

48 

29 

5 

447 

54 

58 

2 or more previous householders moved 
here ___ __ 

1 052 

247 

006 

89 

32 

9 

56 

- 77 

124 

14 

1 052 

142 

59 1 

Previous householder(s) not reported .. 

232 

50 

182 

14 

10 

“ 

22 

44 

23 

2 

232 

60 

60 

some already here, rest moved in.. 

3 990 

2 310 

1 680 

239 

283 

87 

267 

565 

419 

390 

602 

648 

61 

No previous householder moved here_ 

1 413 

750 

663 

49 

106 

38 

129 

240 

214 

105 

159 

261 

62 

1 or more previous householders moved 
here ___ 

2 032 

1 241 

791 

161 

149 

43 

86 

224 

147 

234 

431 

259 

63 

Previous housenolder(s) not reported .. 

545 

319 

226 

30 

29 

6 

52 

100 

58 

51 

12 

128 

64 t 

■lumber of previous units not reported. 

33 

9 

23 

- 

* 


3 

13 

2 

2 

33 

7 


'Figures may nol add to total because more than one category may apply 


(continued on next page) 


4-9 






















































































































Table 4-1. Household Composition-Occupied Units (continued) 


T 

occu 

l 


In (P)MSAs 

Out 

(P)M 


Urban 

Rural 

Regions 


otal 

pied 

inits 

Central 

cities 

Suburbs 

side 

SAs 

Total 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Total 

Suburbs 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Farm 

Northeast 

Midwest 

South 

West 

62 

445 

20 

457 

28 

244 

13 

743 

46 

196 

5 

227 

16 

249 

7 

614 

8 

516 

900 

12 

800 

15 

081 

21 

677 

12 887 

1 

32 

279 

9 

381 

15 

816 

7 

083 

22 

894 

2 

514 

9 

385 

4 

754 

4 

568 

523 

6 

106 

7 

951 

11 

259 

6 963 

2 

7 

833 

2 

466 

3 

877 

1 

490 

5 

830 


621 

2 

003 

1 

117 


870 

82 

1 

529 

1 

946 

2 

698 

1 660 

3 

4 

753 

1 

488 

2 

346 


920 

3 

579 


402 

1 

174 


651 


517 

45 


907 

1 

105 

1 

755 

986 

4 

2 

608 


802 

1 

305 


500 

1 

871 


189 


737 


417 


312 

25 


538 


726 


799 

545 

5 

17 

472 


176 


226 


70 


380 


30 


92 


49 


41 

12 


84 


115 


144 

129 

6 

710 

4 

813 

8 

706 

4 

191 

12*235 

1 

409 

5 

476 

2 

659 

2 

783 

342 

3 

364 

4 

366 

6 

339 

3 641 

7 

6 

538 

2 

507 

4 

074 

1 

957 

5 

941 


650 

2 

597 

1 

269 

1 

306 

154 

1 

577 

2 

028 

3 

278 

1 654 

8 

6 

557 

1 

609 

3 

357 

1 

592 

4 

456 


519 

2 

102 

1 

019 

1 

072 

123 

1 

310 

1 

596 

2 

277 

1 375 

9 

2 

615 


697 

1 

275 


643 

1 

838 


239 


777 


371 


404 

65 


476 


742 


784 

612 

10 

6 

736 

2 

102 

3 

234 

1 

401 

4 

829 


485 

1 

907 


979 


916 

98 

1 

214 

1 

639 

2 

222 

1 661 

11 

3 

169 


886 

1 

603 


681 

2 

197 


223 


972 


509 


458 

23 


568 


768 

1 

118 

715 

12 

3 

567 

1 

216 

1 

631 


720 

2 

632 


262 


935 


470 


458 

75 


646 


870 

1 

104 

946 

13 

20 

899 

6 

688 

10 

082 

4 

128 

15 

471 

1 

487 

5 

428 

2 

746 

2 

641 

331 

4 

589 

4 

548 

7 

372 

4 389 

14 

11 

452 

3 

341 

5 

783 

2 

328 

8 

306 


798 

3 

146 

1 

568 

1 

531 

196 

2 

656 

2 

736 

3 

831 

2 229 

15 

3 

266 

1 

083 

1 

534 


649 

2 

451 


225 


815 


386 


424 

64 


793 


637 

1 

201 

635 

16 

2 

189 


816 

1 

042 


330 

1 

734 


138 


455 


260 


193 

8 


411 


401 


825 

552 

17 

2 

313 


882 

1 

054 


376 

1 

848 


161 


464 


246 


215 

10 


409 


402 


906 

595 

18 

1 

233 


484 


532 


216 


977 


108 


256 


145 


109 

6 


174 


241 


520 

297 

19 


974 


360 


470 


144 


792 


49 


183 


88 


95 

4 


208 


152 


356 

259 

20 


106 


38 


52 


16 


80 


4 


25 


14 


12 

_ 


27 


10 


30 

39 

21 


102 


38 


51 


13 


79 


8 


23 


18 


5 

_ 


11 


16 


37 

37 

22 

7 

156 

2 

649 

3 

209 

1 

298 

5 

453 


491 

1 

703 


885 


808 

93 

1 

395 

1 

370 

2 

716 

1 676 

23 

7 

000 

2 

831 

3 

095 

1 

074 

5 

663 


495 

1 

337 


733 


579 

35 

1 

299 

1 

630 

1 

974 

2 097 

24 

2 

739 

1 

202 

1 

182 


355 

2 

345 


204 


394 


233 


151 

_ 


565 


633 


697 

844 

25 

4 

385 

1 

868 

1 

943 


574 

3 

697 


320 


687 


418 


254 

16 


778 


990 

1 

214 

1 403 

26 

i 

959 


336 


440 


184 


732 


83 


227 


120 


101 

4 


158 


237 


272 

293 

27 

748 


640 


761 


346 

1 

295 


125 


453 


222 


221 

15 


328 


433 


497 

490 

28 


606 


208 


287 


110 


457 


56 


149 


89 


54 

_ 


69 


154 


175 

208 

29 


957 


665 























30 

3 

1 

1 

726 


566 

3 

261 


285 


697 


401 


282 

23 


731 


967 

1 

132 

1 128 



676 


343 


263 


70 


609 


45 


67 


40 


24 

2 


153 


127 


180 

216 



328 


132 


103 


94 


259 


52 


69 


27 


42 

2 


40 


27 


163 

97 

32 

4 

170 

1 

526 

1 

470 

1 

174 

2 

888 


372 

1 

283 


481 


802 

62 


644 


546 

2 

136 

844 

33 

3 

759 

1 

041 

1 

328 

1 

390 

2 

330 


455 

1 

429 


467 


935 

146 


745 

1 

119 

1 

398 

497 

34 

9 

949 

3 

434 

3 

854 

2 

661 

6 

915 


898 

3 

034 

1 

264 

1 

763 

152 

2 

083 

2 

414 

3 

910 

1 543 

35 

33 

751 

9 

612 

15 

590 

8 

548 

23 

360 

3 

046 

10 

391 

4 

820 

5 

502 

566 

7 

065 

9 

243 

11 

333 

6 110 

36 

18 

955 

6 

254 

9 

189 

3 

512 

14 

410 

1 

400 

4 

544 

2 

399 

2 

112 

272 

3 

155 

4 

569 

6 

252 

4 980 

37 

23 

Bit 

7 

839 

12 

526 

3 

447 

18 

929 

1 

518 

4 

883 

2 

891 

1 

929 

225 

5 

174 

5 

114 

7 

745 

5 779 

38 


12.9 


12.9 


13.0 


12.6 


12.9 


12.7 


12.7 


12.8 


12.5 

12.6 


12.8 


12.8 


12.8 

13.6 

39 

38 

106 

13 

812 

17 

047 

7 

246 

29 

649 

3 

209 

8 

457 

4 

318 

4 

038 

195 

6 

268 

8 

852 

13 

793 

9 193 

40 



5 

833 

9 

801 

4 

262 

14 

145 

1 

492 

5 

752 

2 

937 

2 

771 

236 

3 

829 

4 

896 

6 

811 

4 361 

41 

8 

933 

2 

443 

4 

389 

2 

101 

6 

048 


639 

2 

885 

1 

406 

1 

462 

174 

2 

113 

2 

167 

3 

006 

1 647 

42 



2 

263 

3 

994 

2 

128 

5 

611 


637 

2 

774 

1 

279 

1 

490 

208 

1 

748 

2 

131 

2 

846 

1 661 

43 

o 

739 

1 

464 

2 

754 

1 

522 

3 

844 


493 

1 

895 


859 

1 

029 

151 

1 

274 

1 

439 

2 

031 

996 

44 



2 

172 

3 

322 

1 

750 

5 

318 


687 

1 

926 


863 

1 

063 

190 

1 

804 

1 

881 

2 

434 

1 125 

45 


i 73 

1 

262 

1 

896 

1 

015 

3 

079 


334 

1 

094 


406 


682 

130 

1 

145 

1 

072 

1 

320 

637 

46 


JlO 


412 


572 


525 


988 


178 


521 


175 


347 

71 


469 


396 


482 

163 

47 

to/ 


175 


285 


277 


409 


72 


328 


124 


204 

68 


257 


198 


213 

68 

48 


1 

1987 

1986 

1988 

1988 

1986 

1987 

1985 

1977 


1986 

1987 


1988 

1989 

49 

19 

13 

490 

7 

336 

8 

457 

3 

696 

15 

404 

1 

682 

4 

086 

2 

012 

2 

014 

94 

3 

019 

4 

494 

7 

181 

4 796 

50 






2 

567 

10 

421 

1 

220 

2 

698 

1 

315 

1 

347 

49 

1 

997 

3 

047 

4 

960 

3 115 

51 

2 

10 

729 

029 

1 

3 

157 

64? 

1 

083 

• 

490 

2 

298 


271 


431 


204 


219 

8 


470 


656 


997 

605 

52 

360 


12? 




988 

7 

834 


905 

2 

196 

1 

086 

1 

084 

36 

1 

495 

2 

299 

3 

811 

2 424 

53 

2 

348 

617 


990 

264 


974 

O'XO 


89 

376 

1 

288 

935 


44 

192 


71 

413 


25 

219 


45 

184 

5 

8 


32 

327 


91 

558 


151 

802 

85 

661 

54 

55 


447 


202 


103 


121 


502 


67 


114 


56 


53 

- 


109 


139 


214 

154 

56 






62 


372 


32 


75 


45 


30 

" 


70 


126 


134 

117 

57 

1 

052 

232 


428 

105 


467 

91 


157 


879 


77 


173 


88 


80 

6 


121 


242 


342 

348 

58 

3 

990 

413 

1 

394 

553 

1 

050 


36 

746 

3 

182 

021 


15 

267 


51 

969 


30 

475 


21 

479 

3 

37 


27 

688 


51 

880 

1 

112 

404 

43 

1 016 

59 

60 







225 

1 

147 


110 


266 


146 


115 

9 


283 


298 


424 

408 

61 

2 

032 

645 


642 

POO 


979 

PTA 


410 

1 

457 


123 


575 


277 


288 

16 


339 


444 


745 

503 

62 

1 

"33 


22 


4 

— 


7 


417 

26 


34 

2 


128 

7 


52 

2 


76 

4 

12 


66 

7 


137 

10 


235 

15 

107 

2 

63 

64 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993. 


4-10 

















































Table 4-2. Income Charactristics - Occupied Units 


[Numbers in thousands Consistent with ths 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. - means zero or rounds to zero.) 





Tenure 

Housing unit characteristics 


Household characteristics 



Characteristics 

Total 

occupied 

units 



New 


Physical problems 








Owner 

Renter 

con¬ 

struction 

4 yrs 

Mobile 

homes 

Severe 

Moderate 

Black 

Hispanic 

Elderly 
(65 + ) 

Moved In 
past year 

poverty 

fUVTJl 

1 

Total... 

S4 724 

61 252 

33 472 

4 BM 

5 855 

1 Ml 

4 225 

11 12B 

6 614 

20 438 

16 102 

13 787 

2 

Household Income 

Less than $5,000.... 

5 497 

2 346 

3 151 

93 

357 

249 

512 

1 491 

543 

1 154 

1 223 

5 497 

3 

$5,000 to $9,999 __ 

9 368 

3 970 

5 398 

222 

815 

323 

766 

1 899 

892 

4 491 

1 758 

6 135 

4 

$10,000 to $14,999.... 

8 642 

4 503 

4 138 

202 

820 

230 

633 

1 308 

770 

3 547 

1 666 

1 628 

5 

$15,000 to $19,999.... 

7 627 

4 085 

3 543 

333 

829 

187 

438 

1 187 

708 

2 318 

1 577 

427 

6 

$20,000 to $24,999.. 

7 837 

4 352 

3 485 

276 

646 

168 

366 

964 

709 

1 964 

1 603 

75 

7 

$25,000 to $29,999.. 

8 863 

5 565 

3 298 

382 

506 

154 

333 

896 

589 

2 215 

1 544 

25 

8 

$30,000 to $34,999.. 

6 398 

4 096 

2 302 

376 

482 

112 

209 

598 

418 

1 152 

1 160 

- 

9 

$35,000 to $39,999_ 

5 521 

3 808 

1 713 

360 

365 

73 

176 

528 

366 

788 

921 

- 

10 

$40,000 to $49.999. 

9 507 

6 936 

2 571 

630 

407 

121 

262 

776 

565 

937 

1 464 

- 

11 

$50,000 to $59,999....... 

7 158 

5 628 

1 530 

475 

202 

88 

171 

513 

371 

604 

981 

- 

12 

$60,000 to $79,999... 

8 740 

7 310 

1 430 

753 

164 

98 

199 

562 

371 

588 

1 136 

- 

13 

$80,000 to $99.999_ 

4 114 

3 625 

489 

358 

49 

53 

60 

196 

162 

252 

449 

- 

14 

$100,000 to $119.999___ 

2 231 

2 027 

203 

204 

2 

12 

29 

69 

64 

167 

253 

- 

15 

$120,000 or more..... 

3 222 

3 001 

221 

325 

11 

33 

51 

121 

86 

264 

347 

- 

16 

Median..... 

29 734 

37 244 

20 725 

43 969 

20 048 

18 060 

17 303 

18 849 

22 775 

17 216 

25 724 

6 138 

17 

As percent ol poverty level: 

Less tnan 50 percent_ 

5 604 

2 200 

3 404 

87 

368 

269 

551 

1 661 

654 

707 

1 354 

5 604 

18 

50 to 99...... 

8 183 

3 186 

4 997 

205 

730 

286 

829 

1 894 

1 139 

2 624 

1 848 

8 183 

19 

100 to 149.. 

10 033 

5 219 

4 814 

318 

988 

304 

637 

1 474 

1 044 

3 813 

1 879 


20 

150 to 199...... 

9 009 

5 301 

3 709 

409 

821 

184 

506 

1 203 

802 

2 861 

1 552 


21 

200 percent or more_ 

61 895 

45 346 

16 549 

3 970 

2 748 

657 

1 703 

4 896 

2 975 

10 433 

9 468 

— 

22 

Income of Families and Primary 
Individuals 

Less than $5,000_ _ 

5 990 

2 450 

3 540 

113 

381 

273 

553 

1 556 

603 

1 183 

1 458 

5 716 

23 

$5,000 to $9,999 ..... 

9 870 

4 043 

5 827 

23 2 

867 

340 

832 

1 956 

959 

4 539 

2 023 

6 028 

24 

$10,000 to $14,999...... 

9 104 

4 650 

4 454 

224 

860 

223 

631 

1 328 

816 

3 544 

1 847 

1 540 

25 

$15,000 to $19,999 ... 

7 821 

4 138 

3 683 

330 

827 

191 

460 

1 221 

709 

2 307 

1 685 

409 

26 

$20,000 to $24,999...... 

8 011 

4 438 

3 572 

278 

654 

159 

398 


707 

1 956 

1 607 

68 

27 

$25,000 to $29.999____ 

8 953 

5 618 

3 335 

405 

487 

154 

328 

884 

590 

2 215 

1 541 

25 

28 

$30,000 to $34.999....... 

6 328 

4 149 

2 178 

399 

471 

111 

181 

583 

396 

1 142 

1 082 


29 

$35,000 to $39.999.... 

5 403 

3 837 

1 566 

363 

343 

73 

150 

500 

338 

789 

852 

- 

30 

$40,000 to $49.999... 

9 104 

6 897 

2 207 

604 

382 

110 

231 

750 

541 

914 

1 307 

- 

31 

$50,000 to $59,999... 

6 780 

5 525 

1 255 

472 

181 

78 

159 

475 

342 

595 

824 

- 

32 

$60,000 to $79,999______ 

8 216 

7 110 

1 106 

731 

'.46 

90 

177 

510 

326 

578 

918 

- 

33 

$80,000 to $99,999... 

3 916 

3 518 

397 

343 

44 

53 

49 

194 

142 

250 

423 

- 

34 

$100,000 to $119.999... 

2 147 

1 973 

174 

193 

- 

12 

26 

87 

59 

167 

230 

- 

35 

$120,000 or more... 

3 082 

2 904 

178 

303 

11 

33 

49 

117 

84 

259 

303 

“ 

36 

Median.. 

28 687 

36 485 

18 957 

42 488 

19 347 

17 B86 

16 043 

17 963 

21 552 

17 065 

23 227 

5 876 

37 

Income Sources of Families and 
Primary Individuals 

Wages and salaries___ 

69 091 

44 342 

24 749 

4 206 

3 999 

1 165 

2 964 

7 721 

5 141 

4 965 

13 535 

5 070 

38 

Wages and salaries were maionty ot income . 

61 755 

38 985 

22 770 

3 879 

3 608 

1 044 

2 644 

7 055 

4 744 

2 529 

12 574 

4 107 

39 

2 or more people each earned over 20% of 
wages and salaries___ 

23 264 

17 422 

5 842 

1 734 

1 278 

359 

783 

2 258 

1 867 

692 

3 685 

579 

40 

Business, farm, or ranch ... 

11 548 

9 627 

1 921 

624 

499 

209 

368 

433 

409 

1 686 

1 216 

817 

41 

Social security or pensions_ 

28 164 

21 719 

6 464 

962 

1 828 

608 

1 092 

2 846 

1 155 

19 571 

1 741 

4 404 

42 

interest.... 

42 332 

34 138 

8 194 

2 560 

1 565 

597 

887 

1 801 

1 335 

12 819 

4 516 

2 293 

43 

Stock dmdend(s).... 

16 619 

14 276 

2 343 

1 167 

384 

222 

321 

541 

343 

4 670 

1 688 

602 

44 

Rental income _____ 

11 493 

7 614 

3 879 

587 

367 

185 

503 

851 

762 

1 974 

2 584 

810 

45 

With lodger(s)_ 

4 385 

1 201 

3 184 

223 

231 

88 

308 

435 

428 

158 

1 887 

419 

46 

Welfare or SSI..... 

5 963 

1 533 

4 430 

133 

414 

278 

659 

2 027 

">73 

953 

1 834 

3 922 

47 

Alimony or child support.... 

4 361 

2 410 

1 951 

271 

312 

85 

215 

689 

273 

115 

1 028 

963 

48 

Other _ _ 

13 112 

8 226 

4 886 

660 

986 

305 

726 

1 573 

1 022 

1 1 621 

1 

1 

2 283 

1 917 


(continued on next page) 




4-11 











































































62 1993 


Tabie4-2. Income Characteristics - Occupied Units 


[Numbers in thousands. Consistent with the 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. • means zero or rounds to zero.] 



Characteristics 

Total 

occupied 

units 

Tenure 

Housing unit characteristics 

Household characteristics 

Owner 

Renter 

New 

con¬ 

struction 

4 yrs 

Mobile 

homes 

Physical problems 

Black 

Hispanic 

Elderly 
(65* ) 

Moved in 
past year 

Below 

poverty 

level 

Severe 

Moderate 

1 

Total__.__ 

94 724 

61 252 

33 472 

4 990 

5 655 

1 901 

4 225 

11 128 

6 614 

20 438 

16 102 

13 787 


Household Income 













2 

Less than $5,000_ 

5 497 

2 346 

3 151 

93 

357 

249 

512 

1 491 

543 

1 154 

1 223 

5 497 

3 

$5,000 to $9,999. 

9 368 

3 970 

5 398 

222 

815 

323 

766 

1 899 

892 

4 491 

1 758 

6 135 

4 

$10,000 to $14,999.. 

8 642 

4 503 

4 138 

202 

820 

230 

633 

1 308 

770 

3 547 

1 666 

1 628 

5 

$15,000 to $19,999. 

7 627 

4 085 

3 543 

333 

829 

187 

438 

1 187 

708 

2 318 

1 577 

427 

6 

$20,000 to $24,999. 

7 837 

4 352 

3 485 

276 

646 

168 

386 

964 

709 

1 964 

1 603 

75 

7 

$25,000 to $29,999. 

8 863 

5 565 

3 298 

382 

506 

154 

333 

896 

589 

2 215 

1 544 

25 

8 

$30,000 to $34,999... 

6 398 

4 096 

2 302 

376 

482 

112 

209 

598 

418 

1 152 

1 160 

- 

9 

$35,000 to $39,999... 

5 521 

3 808 

1 713 

360 

365 

73 

176 

528 

366 

786 

921 


10 

$40,000 to $49,999 .. 

9 507 

6 936 

2 571 

630 

407 

121 

262 

776 

565 

937 

1 484 


11 

$50,000 to $59,999.. 

7 158 

5 628 

1 530 

475 

202 

88 

171 

513 

371 

604 

981 

- 

12 

$60,000 to $79,999. 

8 740 

7 310 

1 430 

753 

164 

98 

199 

562 

371 

588 

1 136 


13 

$80,000 to $99,999. 

4 114 

3 625 

489 

358 

49 

53 

60 

196 

162 

252 

449 

- 

14 

$100,000 to $119,999. 

2 231 

2 027 

203 

204 

2 

12 

29 

89 

64 

167 

253 

- 

15 

$120,000 or more___ 

3 222 

3 001 

221 

325 

11 

33 

51 

121 

86 

264 

347 

— 

16 

Median_ 

29 734 

37 244 

20 725 

43 969 

20 048 

18 960 

17 303 

18 649 

22 775 

17 216 

25 724 

6 138 


As percent of poverty level: 













17 

Less than 50 percent ___ 

5 604 

2 200 

3 404 

87 

368 

269 

551 

1 661 

654 

707 

1 354 

5 604 

18 

50 to 99... 

8 183 

3 186 

4 997 

205 

730 

286 

829 

1 894 

1 139 

2 624 

1 848 

8 183 

19 

100 to 149..... 

10 033 

5 219 

4 814 

318 

988 

304 

637 

1 474 

1 044 

3 813 

1 879 


20 

150 to 199. 

9 009 

5 301 

3 709 

409 

821 

184 

506 

1 203 

802 

2 861 

1 552 


21 

200 percent or more_ 

61 895 

45 346 

16 549 

3 970 

2 748 

857 

1 703 

4 896 

2 975 

10 433 

9 468 



Income of Families and Primary 














Individuals 













22 

Less than $5,000_ 

5 990 

2 450 

3 540 

113 

381 

273 

553 

1 556 

603 

1 183 

1 458 

5 716 

23 

$5,000 to $9,999. 

9 870 

4 043 

5 827 

232 

867 

340 

832 

1 956 

959 

4 539 

2 023 

6 028 

24 

$10,000 to $14,999... 

9 104 

4 650 

4 454 

224 

860 

223 

631 

1 328 

816 

3 544 

1 847 

1 540 

25 

$15,000 to $19,999. 

7 821 

4 138 

3 683 

330 

827 

191 

460 

1 221 

709 

2 307 

1 685 

409 

26 

$20,000 to $24,999. 

8 011 

4 438 

3 572 

278 

654 

159 

398 

966 

707 

1 956 

1 607 

68 

27 

$25,000 to $29,999.. 

8 953 

5 618 

3 335 

405 

487 

154 

328 

884 

590 

2 215 

1 541 

25 

28 

$30,000 to $34,999. 

6 328 

4 149 

2 178 

399 

471 

111 

181 

583 

396 

1 142 

1 082 

- 

29 

$35,000 to $39,999. 

5 403 

3 837 

1 566 

363 

343 

73 

150 

500 

338 

789 

852 

- 

30 

$40,000 to $49,999. 

9 104 

6 897 

2 207 

604 

382 

110 

231 

750 

541 

914 

1 307 

- 

31 

$50,000 to $59,999.. 

6 780 

5 525 

1 255 

472 

181 

78 

159 

475 

342 

595 

824 

— 

32 

$60,000 to $79,999. 

8 216 

7 110 

1 106 

731 

146 

90 

177 

510 

326 

578 

918 

— 

33 

$80,000 to $99,999. 

3 916 

3 518 

397 

343 

44 

53 

49 

194 

142 

250 

423 

- 

34 

$100,000 to $119,999. 

2 147 

1 973 

174 

193 

- 

12 

26 

87 

59 

167 

230 

- 

35 

$120,000 or more_ 

3 082 

2 904 

178 

303 

11 

33 

49 

117 

84 

259 

303 

- 

36 

Median....... 

28 667 

36 485 

18 957 

42 488 

19 347 

17 986 

16 043 

17 963 

21 552 

17 065 

23 227 

5 976 


Income Sources of Families and 














Primary Individuals 













37 

Wages and salaries_ 

69 091 

44 342 

24 749 

4 206 

3 999 

1 165 

2 964 

7 721 

5 141 

4 965 

13 535 

5 070 

38 

Wages and salaries were majority of income . 

61 755 

38 985 

22 770 

3 879 

3 608 

1 044 

2 644 

7 055 

4 744 

2 529 

12 574 

4 107 

39 

2 or more people each earned over 20% of 














wages and salaries_ 

23 264 

17 422 

5 842 

1 734 

1 278 

359 

783 

2 258 

1 867 

692 

3 685 

579 

40 

Business, farm, or ranch_ 

11 548 

9 627 

1 921 

624 

499 

209 

368 

433 

409 

1 686 

1 216 

817 

41 

Social security or pensions_ 

28 184 

21 719 

6 464 

962 

1 828 

608 

1 092 

2 846 

1 155 

19 571 

1 741 

4 404 

42 

Interest______ 

42 332 

34 138 

8 194 

2 560 

1 565 

597 

887 

1 801 

1 335 

12 819 

4 516 

2 293 

43 

Stock dividend(s) _ 

16 619 

14 276 

2 343 

1 167 

384 

222 

321 

541 

343 

4 670 

1 688 

602 

44 

Rental income _ 

11 493 

7 614 

3 879 

587 

367 

185 

503 

851 

762 

1 974 

2 584 

810 

45 

With lodger(s) _ 

4 385 

1 201 

3 184 

223 

231 

88 

308 

435 

428 

158 

1 887 

419 

46 

Welfare or SSI _ _ _ . _ . 

5 963 

1 533 

4 430 

133 

414 

278 

659 

2 027 

873 

953 

1 834 

3 922 

47 

Alimony or child support _ 

4 361 

2 410 

1 951 

271 

312 

85 

215 

689 

279 

115 

1 028 

963 

48 

Other _ 

13 112 

8 226 

4 886 

660 

986 

305 

726 

1 573 

1 022 

1 621 

2 283 

1 917 


Amount of Savings and Investments 













49 

Income of $25,000 or less . .. . 

42 644 

20 916 

21 729 

1 238 

3 672 

1 230 

2 921 

7 217 

3 916 

14 251 

8 926 

13 771 

50 

No savings or investments_ 

23 377 

8 517 

14 860 

641 

2 261 

831 

2 244 

5 533 

3 005 

5 257 

6 225 

9 483 

51 

$25,000 or less _ 

11 713 

6 996 

4 717 

329 

925 

241 

474 

1 122 

560 

5 365 

1 790 

2 293 

52 

More than $25,000 ... .. 

3 154 

2 574 

581 

73 

178 

67 

54 

89 

73 

2 112 

189 

444 

53 

Not reported _ _ 

4 400 

2 829 

1 571 

196 

307 

90 

149 

473 

279 

1 517 

723 

1 550 


Food Stamps 













54 

Income of $25,000 or less. _ 

42 644 

20 916 

21 729 

1 238 

3 672 

1 230 

2 921 

7 217 

3 916 

14 251 

8 926 

13 771 

55 

Family members received food stamps . 

7 360 

1 646 

5 714 

150 

687 

357 

892 

2 551 

1 180 

991 

2 143 

5 517 

56 

Did not receive food stamps_ 

32 718 

17 729 

14 990 

950 

2 818 

828 

1 945 

4 354 

2 553 

12 668 

6 250 

7 307 

57 

Not reported. ... 

2 565 

1 541 

1 025 

139 

167 

45 

83 

313 

184 

593 

533 

946 


Rent Reductions 













58 

No subsidy or income reporting_ 

28 141 


28 141 

812 

1 088 

769 

1 962 

4 398 

3 166 

3 245 

10 243 

5 244 

59 

Rent control ___ 

941 


941 

2 

3 

56 

103 

120 

179 

203 

173 

135 

60 

No rent control .-. . 

27 183 


27 183 

805 

1 084 

712 

1 856 

4 276 

2 985 

3 038 

10 064 

5 102 

61 

Reduced by owner _ _ 

1 786 


1 786 

39 

145 

51 

128 

210 

156 

300 

325 

458 

62 

Not reduced by owner_ 

25 344 


25 344 

766 

934 

659 

1 718 

4 060 

2 818 

2 733 

9 720 

4 635 

63 

Owner reduction not reported_ 

53 


53 

_ 

5 

3 

10 

5 

1 1 

6 

19 

8 

64 

Rent control not reported_ 

17 


17 

5 



2 

3 

2 

4 

6 

8 

65 

Owned by public housing authority_ 

2 235 


2 235 

41 


70 

125 

939 

253 

692 

467 

1 378 

66 

Other, Federal subsidy ..... 

1 667 


1 667 

60 

33 

34 

82 

609 

192 

388 

458 

1 053 

67 

Other, State or local subsidy__ 

568 


568 

7 

19 

16 

40 

186 

104 

75 

213 

398 

68 

Other, income verification__ 

555 


555 

11 

8 

16 

31 

127 

74 

195 

93 

217 

69 

Subsidy or income verification not reported 

306 


306 

3 

26 

4 

14 

80 

37 

76 

49 

110 


(continued on next page) 


4-12 































































































Table 4-2 


Continued 


1993 63 



in (P)MSAs 


Urban 

Rural 

Regions 


Total 

occupied 

units 

Central 

cities 

Suburbs 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Total 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Total 

Suburbs 

Outside 

(P)MSAs 

Farm 

Northeast 

Midwest 

South 

West 

94 724 

29 838 

44 060 

20 826 

69 090 

7 741 

25 633 

12 368 

13 085 

1 423 

18 906 

23 031 

32 936 

19 850 

i 

5 497 

2 259 

1 920 

1 319 

4 185 

557 

1 313 

546 

762 

77 

1 116 

1 311 

2 232 

838 

2 

9 368 

3 662 

3 007 

2 699 

6 943 

1 128 

2 425 

843 

1 571 

102 

1 793 

2 261 

3 625 

1 689 

3 

8 642 

3 009 

3 239 

2 393 

6 266 

954 

2 376 

930 

1 439 

126 

1 636 

2 094 

3 205 

1 707 

4 

7 627 

2 664 

2 929 

2 034 

5 503 

735 

2 125 

809 

1 299 

125 

1 316 

1 981 

2 755 

1 575 

5 

7 837 

2 529 

3 236 

2 071 

5 627 

792 

2 209 

923 

1 279 

105 

1 345 

1 972 

2 929 

1 591 

6 

8 863 

2 726 

4 084 

2 053 

6 460 

821 

2 403 

1 154 

1 232 

188 

1 832 

2 130 

3 091 

1 809 

7 

6 398 

1 963 

2 907 

1 527 

4 666 

539 

1 732 

729 

988 

97 

1 140 

1 567 

2 347 

1 343 

8 

5 521 

1 599 

2 718 

1 204 

3 828 

368 

1 692 

845 

837 

133 

1 055 

1 419 

1 866 

1 181 

9 

9 507 

2 743 

4 854 

1 910 

6 811 

629 

2 696 

1 394 

1 281 

127 

1 822 

2 432 

3 215 

2 038 

10 

7 158 

1 945 

3 945 

1 268 

5 164 

417 

1 994 

1 113 

851 

81 

1 517 

1 860 

2 236 

1 545 

11 

8 740 

2 296 

5 140 

1 304 

6 425 

460 

2 314 

1 459 

843 

110 

2 004 

2 071 

2 616 

2 049 

12 

4 114 

955 

2 710 

448 

3 065 

151 

1 049 

742 

297 

56 

1 024 

862 

1 211 

1 017 

13 

2 231 

599 

1 399 

232 

1 693 

88 

538 

391 

144 

41 

563 

433 

673 

563 

14 

3 222 

888 

1 972 

362 

2 454 

102 

768 

491 

260 

56 

742 

638 

937 

906 

15 

29 734 

26 459 

36 302 

24 750 

29 661 

23 140 

29 929 

36 484 

25 776 

29 713 

31 815 

29 452 

27 787 

32 664 

16 

5 604 

2 451 

1 897 

1 256 

4 384 

549 

1 220 

511 

707 

83 

1 112 

1 389 

2 190 

913 

17 

8 183 

3 285 

2 589 

2 309 

5 975 

913 

2 208 

797 

1 396 

92 

1 457 

1 868 

3 361 

1 497 

18 

10 033 

3 363 

3 761 

2 908 

7 175 

1 102 

2 858 

1 040 

1 807 

170 

1 724 

2 409 

3 773 

2 127 

19 

9 009 

2 797 

3 744 

2 469 

6 349 

923 

2 660 

1 100 

1 546 

163 

1 707 

2 177 

3 340 

1 786 

20 

61 895 

17 942 

32 069 

11 884 

45 208 

4 255 

16 687 

8 920 

7 629 

916 

12 906 

15 189 

20 272 

13 528 

21 

5 990 

2 457 

2 123 

1 411 

4 603 

610 

1 387 

582 

801 

79 

1 196 

1 422 

2 395 

978 

22 

9 870 

3 931 

3 156 

2 782 

7 363 

1 165 

2 507 

880 

1 617 

103 

1 834 

2 413 

3 774 

1 848 

23 

9 104 

3 202 

3 439 

2 464 

6 652 

1 006 

2 452 

984 

1 458 

126 

1 705 

2 192 

3 347 

1 860 

24 

7 821 

2 730 

3 025 

2 066 

5 656 

742 

2 165 

825 

1 324 

127 

1 398 

2 029 

2 804 

1 590 

25 

8 011 

2 559 

3 357 

2 095 

5 733 

791 

2 278 

967 

1 304 

105 

1 410 

2 000 

2 931 

1 670 

26 

8 953 

2 764 

4 194 

1 994 

6 572 

787 

2 381 

1 152 

1 207 

188 

1 882 

2 164 

3 092 

1 814 

27 

6 328 

1 920 

2 941 

1 467 

4 590 

505 

1 738 

761 

963 

97 

1 127 

1 566 

2 319 

1 316 

28 

5 403 

1 549 

2 703 

1 151 

3 744 

342 

1 659 

838 

808 

136 

1 043 

1 386 

1 825 

1 148 

29 

9 104 

2 527 

4 702 

1 876 

6 482 

613 

2 622 

1 345 

1 263 

122 

1 779 

2 301 

3 068 

1 956 

30 

6 780 

1 810 

3 738 

1 232 

4 848 

399 

1 932 

1 071 

832 

81 

1 441 

1 736 

2 159 

1 444 

31 

8 216 

2 088 

4 865 

1 263 

5 969 

449 

2 247 

1 420 

815 

113 

1 867 

1 947 

2 497 

1 905 

32 

3 916 

911 

2 564 

441 

2 919 

146 

997 

691 

295 

59 

965 

842 

1 160 

948 

33 

2 147 

552 

1 358 

238 

1 609 

86 

538 

386 

152 

38 

552 

411 

652 

532 

34 

3 082 

839 

1 896 

346 

2 351 

100 

731 

468 

246 

51 

707 

622 

912 

840 

35 

28 667 

25 073 

34 651 

24 035 

28 453 

22 200 

29 258 

35 209 

25 160 

29 568 

30 127 

28 372 

26 966 

30 628 

36 

69 091 

21 402 

33 506 

14 184 

50 406 

5 229 

18 684 

9 570 

8 955 

915 

13 365 

16 744 

24 180 

14 803 

37 

61 755 

19 329 

30 186 

12 240 

45 354 

4 563 

16 400 

8 577 

7 677 

671 

11 963 

14 777 

21 841 

13 173 

38 

39 

23 264 

6 248 

12 234 

4 782 

16 216 

1 574 

7 048 

3 794 

3 208 

253 

4 545 

5 590 

8 445 

4 685 


11 548 

2 423 

5 430 

3 695 

6 608 

855 

4 940 

2 088 

2 840 

1 074 

1 853 

3 117 

3 884 

2 694 

40 

28 184 

8 140 

12 532 

7 512 

20 046 

2 836 

8 138 

3 426 

4 675 

519 

5 997 

6 858 

9 979 

5 350 

41 

42 332 

11 387 

22 141 

8 804 

30 464 

3 165 

11 868 

6 146 

5 639 

804 

9 243 

11 199 

12 852 

9 038 

42 

16 619 

4 400 

9 263 

2 956 

12 153 

1 046 

4 466 

2 510 

1 910 

289 

3 603 

4 268 

5 115 

3 633 

43 

11 493 

3 900 

5 315 

2 278 

8 646 

890 

2 847 

1 427 

1 387 

240 

2 173 

2 664 

3 448 

3 208 

44 

4 385 

1 868 

1 943 

574 

3 697 

320 

687 

418 

254 

16 

778 

990 

1 214 

1 403 

45 

5 963 

2 803 

1 636 

1 525 

4 709 

681 

1 254 

408 

843 

16 

1 120 

1 464 

2 187 

1 192 

46 

4 361 

1 299 

2 045 

1 017 

3 229 

469 

1 132 

570 

549 

31 

740 

1 188 

1 673 

761 

47 

13 112 

4 007 

6 365 

2 740 

9 516 

981 

3 596 

1 806 

1 758 

123 

2 626 

2 952 

4 297 

3 237 

48 

42 644 

15 431 

15 946 

11 267 

31 312 

4 462 

11 332 

4 475 

6 805 

587 

7 890 

10 462 

16 009 

8 282 

49 

23 377 

9 435 

7 832 

6 110 

17 508 

2 542 

5 868 

2 277 

3 568 

167 

4 094 

4 986 

9 944 

4 352 

50 

11 713 

3 715 

4 634 

3 365 

8 316 

1 292 

3 398 

1 306 

2 073 

178 

2 325 

3 386 

3 733 

2 269 

51 

3 154 

829 

1 493 

832 

2 197 

269 

958 

395 

563 

162 

640 

956 

843 

716 

52 

4 400 

1 452 

1 988 

960 

3 292 

359 

1 108 

498 

601 

80 

831 

1 133 

1 490 

945 

53 

42 644 

15 431 

15 946 

11 267 

31 312 

4 462 

11 332 

4 475 

6 805 

587 

7 890 

10 462 

16 009 

8 282 

54 

7 360 

3 476 

2 045 

1 840 

5 784 

816 

1 576 

550 

1 024 

13 

1 380 

1 791 

2 984 

1 205 

55 

32 718 

11 092 

12 760 

8 866 

23 630 

3 462 

9 089 

3 643 

5 404 

516 

6 042 

8 065 

12 094 

6 517 

56 

2 565 

863 

1 141 

561 

1 898 

184 

667 

283 

377 

58 

468 

606 

931 

560 

57 

28 141 

12 473 

11 104 

4 564 

23 665 

2 233 

4 477 

2 090 

2 331 

190 

5 690 

6 093 

9 473 

6 886 

58 

941 

786 

155 

_ 

932 

- 

9 

9 

— 

— 

626 


47 

268 

59 

27 183 

11 676 

10 943 

4 564 

22 720 

2 233 

4 463 

2 077 

2 331 

190 

5 060 

6 086 

9 424 

6 614 

60 

1 786 

560 

761 

464 

1 193 

116 

592 

242 

348 

74 

421 

403 

574 

388 

61 

25 344 

11 102 

10 152 

4 091 

21 492 

2 117 

3 852 

1 825 

1 974 

117 

4 624 

5 674 

8 835 

6 212 

62 

53 

14 

30 

9 

34 

— 

19 

9 

9 

— 

15 

9 

15 

13 

63 

17 

ii 

6 


13 


4 

4 

— 

— 

4 

6 

3 

4 

64 

? 235 

1 283 

520 

432 

2 022 

277 

212 

57 

155 

- 

668 

538 

748 

281 

65 

1 667 

791 

547 

329 

1 522 

233 

144 

45 

96 

2 

363 

409 

534 

360 

66 

SfiR 

294 

152 

122 

510 

79 

58 

15 

43 

- 

211 

128 

131 

98 

67 

*iS5 

235 

184 

136 

472 

89 

84 

37 

47 

- 

149 

178 

109 

119 

68 

306 

117 

116 

73 

232 

29 

74 

31 

43 

7 

74 

67 

101 

64 

69 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993. 


4-13 






























1993 1 


Table 4-3. Introductory Characteristics - All Housing Units 


[Numbers in thousands. Consistent with the 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. • means zero or rounds to zero ] 


Characteristics 

Total 

housing 

units 

Sea¬ 

sonal 

Year-round 


Mobile 

homes 

Total 

Occupied 

Vacant 

Total 

Owner 

Renter 

Total 

For 

rent 

Rental 
vacan¬ 
cy rate 

For 

sale 

only 

Rent¬ 
ed or 
sold 

Occa¬ 

sional 

use/ 

URE 

Other 

vacant 

New 
con¬ 
struc¬ 
tion 
4 yrs 

Total___ 

106 611 

3 088 

103 522 

94 724 

61 252 

33 472 

8 799 

2 651 

7.3 

889 

882 

2 506 

1 870 

5 605 

7 072 

Units in Structure 
















1 , detached___ 

64 283 

1 808 

62 475 

58 918 

50 490 

8 428 

3 557 

388 

4.4 

624 

396 

1 114 

1 035 

3 405 


1 , attached_ 

6 079 

114 

5 965 

5 375 

2 824 

2 550 

591 

195 

7.1 

70 

56 

160 

108 

414 


2 to 4__ 

10 732 

127 

10 606 

9 279 

1 774 

7 505 

1 327 

638 

7.7 

59 

124 

229 

277 

221 


5 to 9.... 

5 521 

76 

5 445 

4 724 

409 

4 315 

721 

388 

8.1 

21 

80 

156 

77 

221 


10 to 19. 

5 025 

102 

4 923 

4 190 

359 

3 831 

733 

432 

10.0 

16 

79 

146 

60 

267 


20 to 49..... 

3 826 

107 

3 720 

3 154 

335 

2 819 

566 

285 

9.0 

11 

56 

181 

32 

169 


50 or more___ 

4 072 

93 

3 979 

3 429 

579 

2 850 

551 

217 

7.0 

18 

42 

218 

55 

133 


Mobile home or trailer_ 

7 072 

663 

6 409 

5 655 

4 482 

1 173 

754 

107 

8.3 

69 

50 

302 

226 

776 

7 072 

Cooperatives and Condominiums 
















Cooperatives_ 

872 

33 

839 

729 

419 

311 

109 

16 

5.0 

20 

12 

54 

7 

12 

57 

Condominiums ... 

4 806 

386 

4 420 

3 621 

2 532 

1 089 

799 

104 

8.6 

92 

79 

453 

71 

407 

18 

Year Structure Built’ 
















1990 to 1994 _ 

5 134 

100 

5 034 

4 576 

3 720 

855 

458 

96 

10.0 

114 

89 

121 

39 

5 134 

746 

1985 to 1989 . 

8 951 

237 

8 714 

7 969 

5 324 

2 645 

745 

214 

7.4 

58 

103 

291 

78 

471 

879 

1980 to 1984 ..... 

8 143 

195 

7 948 

7 171 

4 593 

2 579 

776 

226 

7.9 

55 

88 

298 

110 


919 

1975 to 1979 _ . 

11 915 

373 

11 542 

10 708 

7 161 

3 547 

834 

221 

5.8 

89 

81 

331 

112 


1 425 

1970 to 1974 . 

11 559 

486 

11 073 

10 110 

6 129 

3 981 

963 

331 

7.6 

89 

89 

325 

129 


1 663 

1960 to 1969 .... 

16 070 

538 

15 532 

14 405 

9 482 

4 923 

1 127 

371 

6.9 

122 

110 

297 

227 


1 169 

1950 to 1959 . 

13 633 

406 

13 227 

12 360 

8 855 

3 505 

867 

269 

7.1 

92 

72 

216 

218 


214 

1940 to 1949 . 

8 529 

252 

8 276 

7 539 

4 696 

2 843 

737 

209 

6.8 

62 

64 

165 

237 


32 

1930 to 1939 . 

6 747 

222 

6 525 

5 853 

3 293 

2 560 

673 

184 

6.6 

73 

52 

156 

208 


25 

1920 to 1929 . 

5 677 

98 

5 579 

5 047 

2 819 

2 228 

532 

175 

7.2 

49 

49 

92 

167 


_ 

1919 or earlier_ 

10 252 

182 

10 071 

8 986 

5 178 

3 808 

1 085 

353 

8.4 

87 

85 

214 

346 


- 

Median....... 

1965 

1967 

1965 

1965 

1966 

1964 

1964 

1964 

... 

1967 

1971 

1972 

1949 


1977 

Suitability for Year-Round Use 2 
















Built and heated tor year-round use 

105 550 

2 028 

103 522 




8 799 


7.3 

889 

882 

2 506 


5 592 

6 948 

Not suitable..... 

973 

973 

_ 




_ 



_ 

_ 



14 

124 

Not reported___ 

87 

87 

- 




- 



- 

- 

- 




Time Sharing 
















Vacant, including IJRF 

11 887 

3 088 

8 799 

_ 

_ 

_ 

8 799 

2 651 

86.5 

889 

882 

2 506 

1 870 

616 

1 416 

Ownership time-shared_ 

75 

15 

60 

- 

- 

_ 

60 

10 

100.0 

4 

_ 

40 

7 

4 

2 

Not time-shared.. 

11 812 

3 073 

8 738 



“ 

8 738 

2 641 

86.4 

885 

882 

2 467 

1 863 

612 

1 414 

Duration of Vacancy 
















Vacant units_ 

10 597 

2 632 

7 965 




7 965 

2 651 


889 

882 

1 673 

1 870 

552 

1 314 

Less than 1 month vacant_ 

2 864 

896 

1 968 




1 968 

980 


98 

289 

446 

154 

149 

320 

1 monlh up to 2 months... 

621 

93 

527 




527 

272 


54 

84 

47 

70 

28 

54 

2 months up to 6 months.... 

1 924 

398 

1 526 




1 526 

595 


208 

184 

268 

271 

85 

292 

6 months up to 1 year_ 

890 

204 

686 




686 

199 


125 

59 

123 

180 

15 

143 

1 year up to 2 years_ 

677 

103 

574 




574 

145 


90 

72 

80 

188 

11 

73 

2 years or more_ 

. 1 891 

332 

1 559 




1 559 

229 


149 

71 

332 

778 

21 

225 

Never occupied_ 

572 

218 

353 




353 

31 


78 

71 

110 

63 

196 

37 

Don't know_ 

1 158 

387 

772 




772 

199 


87 

53 

268 

165 

45 

172 

Last Used as a Permanent Residence 
















Vacant seasonal and URE units_ 

3 922 

3 088 

833 




833 





833 


161 

708 

Less than 1 month since occupied as permanent 
















home ..... 

65 

30 

35 




35 





35 



8 

1 month up to 2 months_ 

20 

10 

10 




10 





10 



4 

2 months up to 6 months... 

60 

33 

26 




26 





26 


9 

16 

6 months up to 1 year.... 

51 

19 

32 




32 





32 



8 

1 year up to 2 years_ 

105 

60 

45 




45 





45 


_ 

29 

2 years or more_ 

759 

556 

203 




203 





203 


3 

99 

Never occupied as permanent home_ 

2 197 

1 958 

239 




239 





239 


119 

436 

Don't know_. 

530 

313 

217 




217 





217 


30 

101 

Not reported..... 

135 

108 

27 




27 





27 



6 

Metropolitan/ Nonmetropolitan Areas 
















Inside metropolitan statistical areas_ 

81 293 

1 036 

80 257 

73 898 

46 081 

27 817 

6 359 

2 248 

7.4 

666 

718 

1 463 

1 263 

4 204 

3 559 

In central cities... 

33 140 

165 

32 975 

29 838 

14 644 

15 194 

3 137 

1 326 

7.9 

242 

314 

607 

649 

907 

389 

Suburbs_ 

48 153 

871 

47 282 

44 060 

31 438 

12 623 

3 221 

923 

6.7 

425 

404 

856 

614 

3 297 

3 170 

Outside metropolitan statistical areas_ 

25 318 

2 052 

23 266 

20 826 

15 170 

5 656 

2 440 

403 

6.6 

223 

164 

1 043 

607 

1 401 

3 512 

Regions 
















Northeast_ 

21 157 

811 

20 346 

18 906 

11 751 

7 155 

1 440 

489 

6.3 

153 

154 

393 

251 

610 

647 

Midwest....... 

25 480 

725 

24 755 

23 031 

15 617 

7 415 

1 724 

552 

6.8 

176 

210 

433 

352 

1 214 

1 338 

South_ 

37 886 

1 092 

36 794 

32 936 

21 841 

11 096 

3 857 

977 

8.0 

374 

298 

1 211 

998 

2 368 

3 603 

West___ 

22 088 

460 

21 627 

19 850 

12 043 

7 808 

1 777 

633 

7.4 

187 

220 

469 

268 

1 412 

1 483 

Urbanized Areas 
















Inside urbanized areas. 

63 355 

491 

62 863 

57 837 

33 534 

24 303 

5 026 

2 023 

7.6 

494 

539 

1 004 

967 

2 438 

1 427 

In central cities o( (P)MSA’s ... 

32 465 

163 

32 302 

29 232 

14 292 

14 939 

3 070 

1 309 

8.0 

236 

312 

575 

638 

840 

380 

Urban fringe ...... 

30 890 

329 

30 561 

28 606 

19 241 

9 364 

1 956 

714 

7.0 

258 

227 

428 

329 

1 598 

1 046 

Outside urbanized areas_ 

43 256 

2 597 

40 659 

36 887 

27 718 

9 169 

3 772 

629 

6.3 

395 

343 

1 503 

903 

3 167 

5 645 

Other urban___ 

12 672 

284 

12 387 

11 253 

7 133 

4 120 

1 134 

324 

7.2 

123 

136 

349 

201 

588 

653 

Rural_ 

30 585 

2 313 

28 272 

25 633 

20 585 

5 049 

2 638 

305 

5.6 

272 

207 

1 154 

701 

2 579 

4 992 


^For mobile home, oldest category is 1939 or earlier. 

2 If occupied year-round, assumed to be suitable for year-round use. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1993. 4-14 





























































































































6 1993 


Table 4-4. Fuels - All Housing Units 


[Numbers in thousands. Consistent with the 1990 Census. ... means not applicable or sample too small. - means zero or rounds to zero.) 


Characteristics 


Total 


Main House Heating Fuel 


Housing units with heating fuel 

Electricity_ 

Piped gas_ 

Bottled gas_ 

Fuel oil_ 

Kerosene or other liquid fuel_ 

Coal or coke_ 

Wood_ 

Solar energy..... 

Other _ 


Other House Heating Fuels 


With other heating fuels'_ 

Electricity_ 

Piped gas_ 

Bottled gas_ 

Fuel oil_ 

Kerosene or other liquid fuel 

Coal or coke_ 

Wood.. 

Solar energy_ 

Other _ 

Not reported_ 


Cooking Fuel 


With cooking fuel.. 

Electricity_ 

Gas_ 

Kerosene or other liquid fuel 

Coal or coke_ 

Wood_ 

Other _ 


Water Heating Fuel 


With hot piped water 

Electricity_ 

Gas_ 

Fuel oil_ 

Kerosene or other liquid fuel. 

Coal or coke_ 

Wood_ 

Solar energy_ 

Other_ 


Central Air Conditioning Fuel 


With central air conditioning 

Electricity_ 

Gas_ 

Other _ 


Clothes Dryer Fuel 


With clothes dryer 

Electricity_ 

Gas_ 

Other _ 


Units Using Each Fuel 1 


Electricity_ 

All-electric units_... 

Gas_ 

Fuel oil_ 

Kerosene or other liquid fuel 

Coal or coke_ 

Wood_ 

Solar energy_ 

Other 




Year-round 






Occupied 

Vacant 
















New 













Occa- 


con- 


Total 








Rental 

For 

Rent- 

sional 


st rue- 


housing 

Sea- 






For 

vacan- 

sale 

ed or 

use/ 

Other 

tion 

Mobile 

units 

sonal 

Total 

Total 

Owner 

Renter 

Total 

rent 

cy rate 

only 

sold 

URE 

vacant 

4 yrs 

homes 

106 611 

3 088 

103 522 

94 724 

61 252 

33 472 

8 799 

2 651 

7.3 

889 

882 

2 506 

1 870 

5 605 

7 072 

104 967 

2 727 

102 240 

93 813 

60 886 

32 928 

8 427 

2 599 

7.2 

849 

876 

2 462 

1 640 

5 549 

6 927 

29 176 

1 124 

28 052 

25 107 

14 204 

10 903 

2 945 

929 

7.8 

251 

298 

1 076 

391 

2 431 

2 422 

51 564 

355 

51 208 

47 669 

32 049 

15 620 

3 540 

1 296 

7.6 

426 

423 

691 

704 

2 309 

1 753 

4 809 

387 

4 422 

3 922 

3 107 

815 

501 

46 

5.3 

36 

37 

237 

146 

398 

1 363 

12 311 

261 

12 049 

11 168 

7 072 

4 096 

881 

264 

6.0 

102 

82 

231 

203 

198 

387 

1 200 

83 

1 117 

1 021 

751 

270 

97 

3 

1.2 

10 

10 

46 

27 

69 

460 

318 

8 

310 

297 

227 

70 

13 

1 

1.3 

- 

— 

- 

12 

5 

8 

4 945 

487 

4 458 

4 104 

3 195 

909 

354 

33 

3.5 

20 

21 

161 

119 

119 

453 

30 

- 

30 

30 

23 

7 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

614 

21 

593 

496 

257 

238 

97 

26 

9.7 

6 

5 

22 

39 

20 

79 

17 428 

79 

17 350 

17 272 

14 057 

3 216 

77 





77 


867 

1 024 

5 718 

19 

5 699 

5 685 

4 289 

1 397 

13 





13 


143 

350 

898 

— 

898 

898 

691 

207 

- 





— 


56 

29 

580 

8 

572 

572 

503 

69 

- 





- 


31 

57 

588 

- 

588 

588 

472 

116 

- 





— 


8 

30 

1 165 

5 

1 159 

1 159 

876 

283 

1 





1 


66 

213 

157 

- 

157 

156 

131 

25 

1 





1 


5 

9 

8 586 

46 

8 540 

8 485 

7 395 

1 090 

55 





55 


554 

330 

101 

- 

101 

100 

88 

12 

1 





1 


- 

- 

386 

— 

386 

378 

277 

101 

8 





8 


31 

33 

605 

7 

597 

594 

423 

172 

3 





3 


23 

27 

104 702 

2 888 

101 815 

94 363 

61 179 

33 184 

7 452 

2 289 

6.4 

713 

766 

2 426 

1 258 

5 555 

6 999 

62 225 

1 818 

60 406 

55 887 

37 318 

18 569 

4 520 

1 283 

6.4 

430 

491 

1 648 

667 

3 773 

3 299 

41 781 

970 

40 811 

37 997 

23 478 

14 519 

2 814 

1 001 

6.4 

265 

257 

730 

561 

1 722 

3 503 

423 

52 

371 

303 

241 

63 

68 

3 

4.9 

9 

14 

34 

8 

44 

133 

14 

— 

14 

14 

9 

5 

- 

— 

- 

— 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

76 

40 

36 

17 

15 

2 

19 

- 

- 

2 

- 

7 

10 

3 

- 

184 

7 

177 

145 

119 

26 

32 

2 

5.9 

7 

3 

8 

12 

12 

62 

105 826 

2 724 

103 102 

94 517 

61 162 

33 355 

8 585 

2 632 

7.2 

872 

881 

2 457 

1 742 

5 591 

6 990 

40 801 

1 851 

38 950 

35 242 

22 406 

12 836 

3 708 

983 

7.0 

333 

326 

1 363 

703 

2 739 

4 553 

57 590 

753 

56 837 

52 551 

34 696 

17 855 

4 287 

1 499 

7.7 

479 

487 

919 

903 

2 669 

2 212 

6 090 

68 

6 022 

5 594 

3 328 

2 266 

428 

127 

5.3 

47 

43 

122 

89 

101 

46 

414 

22 

392 

318 

262 

57 

74 

5 

7.3 

7 

16 

32 

14 

54 

124 

47 

— 

47 

44 

38 

6 

3 

1 

19.1 

- 

- 

~ 

2 

- 

— 

64 

4 

60 

45 

36 

9 

14 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

10 

3 

4 

281 

— 

281 

281 

230 

50 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

5 

539 

27 

512 

442 

166 

276 

70 

16 

5.5 

5 

10 

17 

22 

21 

46 

46 277 

762 

45 515 

42 183 

30 560 

11 622 

3 332 

967 

7.6 

410 

399 

1 124 

433 

4 116 

2 863 

43 161 

753 

42 408 

39 234 

28 140 

11 094 

3 174 

944 

7.7 

386 

379 

1 062 

404 

3 893 

2 767 

2 920 

10 

2 911 

2 777 

2 296 

480 

134 

23 

4.5 

22 

18 

54 

18 

216 

88 

196 


196 

172 

124 

48 

24 



2 

2 

9 

11 

6 

7 

70 572 

922 

69 650 

67 464 

54 334 

13 130 

2 186 

280 

2.1 

196 

172 

1 161 

378 

4 730 

4 651 

54 160 

824 

53 336 

51 487 

40 479 

11 007 

1 850 

251 

2.2 

138 

123 

1 039 

298 

3 847 

4 237 

16 281 

90 

16 191 

15 861 

13 757 

2 104 

330 

27 

1.3 

57 

49 

122 

75 

879 

410 

130 

8 

123 

116 

97 

19 

6 

2 

7.9 




5 

4 

4 




94 691 

61 228 

33 463 


2 649 











19 667 

11 430 

8 237 


671 











65 624 

42 853 

22 772 


1 888 











13 475 

8 520 

4 956 


437 











2 360 

1 774 

586 


5 


- 









456 

358 

97 


2 











12 589 

10 590 

1 999 


33 











383 

317 

67 


- 











1 195 

657 

539 


37 









' Figures may not add to total because more than one category may apply to a unit. 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993. 

4-15 



















































































































Table 4-5. Housing Units—Characteristics, by Tenure and Region 
[In thousands of units, except as indicated. 

As of Oct. 1. Based on the American Housing Survey] 


YEAR-ROUND UNITS 


CHARACTERISTIC 

Total 




Occupied 





housing units 

Seasonal 

Total 

Owner 

Renter 

Northeas Midwes 
t t 

South 

West 

Vacant 

Total units 

109,457 

3,054 

97,693 

63,544 

34,150 

19,200 

23,662 

34,236 

20,596 

8,710 

Percent distribution 

100.0 

2.8 

89.3 

58.1 

31.2 

17.5 

21.6 

31.3 

18 8 

8.0 

Units in structure: 

Single family detached 

66,169 

1,804 

60,826 

52,257 

8,569 

9,818 

16,175 

22,406 

12,427 

3,539 

Single family attached 

6,213 

41 

5,545 

2,936 

2,609 

1,571 

1,053 

1,867 

1,055 

627 

2-4 units 

10,700 

124 

9,299 

1,734 

7,565 

3,126 

2,168 

2,083 

1,922 

1,277 

5-9 units 

5,594 

102 

4,803 

520 

4,283 

970 

1,023 

1,592 

1,218 

690 

10-19 units 

5,092 

93 

4,342 

368 

3,974 

791 

880 

1,575 

1,096 

657 

20-49 units 

3,901 

74 

3,244 

342 

2,903 

896 

559 

856 

933 

583 

50 or more units 

4,140 

55 

3,470 

550 

2,920 

1,470 

668 

641 

691 

615 

Mobile home or trailer 

7,647 

761 

6,164 

4,837 

1,328 

557 

1,136 

3,216 

1,254 

722 

Stories in structure: \1 

One story 

3,065 

35 

2,678 

279 

2,399 

158 

374 

1,204 

942 

352 

2 stories 

10,828 

149 

9,318 

1,055 

8,263 

1,065 

1,321 

3,594 

3,338 

1,361 

3 stories 

8,268 

152 

7,056 

1,179 

5,877 

2,363 

2,451 

1,249 

992 

1,060 

4-6 stories 

4,652 

79 

3,904 

591 

3,312 

2,287 

793 

395 

429 

670 

7 or more stories 

2,627 

32 

2,213 

415 

1,799 

1,382 

359 

312 

160 

381 

Foundation: \2 

Full or partial basement 

32,423 

367 

30,635 

27,080 

3,554 

9,859 

13,077 

4,894 

2,803 

1,420 

Crawlspace 

18,891 

762 

16,727 

13,155 

3,572 

573 

2,413 

9,007 

4,735 

1,402 

Concrete slab 

19,255 

358 

17,722 

13,988 

3,734 

855 

1,556 

9,610 

5,702 

1,175 

Other 

1,813 

358 

1,287 

970 

317 

101 

181 

762 

243 

168 

Year structure built: 

1939 and earlier 

22,116 

544 

19,308 

11,068 

8,239 

7,162 

6,228 

3,574 

2,345 

2,263 

1940 to 1949 

8,400 

228 

7,487 

4,671 

2,817 

1,680 

1,750 

2,500 

1,558 

685 

1950 to 1959 

13,569 

371 

12,398 

8,798 

3,600 

2,546 

3,245 

3,936 

2,670 

800 

1960 to 1969 

15,806 

472 

14,267 

9,349 

4,918 

2,415 

3,266 

5,286 

3,300 

1,068 

1970 to 1979 

23,717 

784 

21,033 

13,347 

7,685 

2,716 

4,872 

8,358 

5,086 

1,899 

1980 or later 

25,849 

654 

23,201 

16,311 

6,890 

2,679 

4,301 

10,582 

5,639 

1,994 

Median year 

1967 

1968 

1967 

1968 

1965 

1953 

1962 

1972 

1971 

1966 

Main heating equipment: 

Warm-air furnace 

57,840 

838 

53,165 

38,301 

14,863 

6,881 

17,711 

17,212 

11,361 

3,837 

Electric heat pump 

10,614 

311 

9,406 

7,027 

2,379 

433 

692 

7,003 

1,278 

897 

Steam or hot water system 

14,895 

87 

13,669 

7,323 

6,345 

9.503 

2,587 

834 

745 

1,139 

Floor, wall, or pipeless furnace 

5,674 

128 

4,963 

2,148 

2,815 

234 

389 

1,534 

2,806 

583 

Built-in electric units 

8,344 

422 

7,035 

2,870 

4,166 

1,303 

1,342 

2,286 

2,104 

887 

Room heaters with flue 

2,083 

178 

1,620 

869 

752 

187 

245 

864 

324 

285 

Room heaters without flue 

1,886 

49 

1,642 

964 

678 

43 

31 

1,500 

69 

194 

Stoves 

2,877 

339 

2,320 

1,735 

585 

360 

379 

962 

619 

218 

Fireplaces 

1,066 

141 

850 

661 

187 

37 

81 

385 

347 

75 

None 

1,795 

359 

1,044 

463 

581 

38 

31 

457 

518 

393 

Portable elec, heaters 

950 

78 

809 

413 

395 

19 

18 

576 

195 

63 

Other 

1,432 

124 

1,171 

768 

403 

162 

156 

623 

231 

137 

Kitchen equipment: 

Lacking complete facilities 

3,629 

391 

1,075 

461 

614 

241 

281 

302 

252 

2,163 

With complete facilities 

105,827 

2,662 

96,618 

63,083 

33,536 

18,959 

23,382 

33,934 

20,344 

6,546 

Kitchen sink 

108,395 

2,903 

97,034 

63,231 

33,803 

19,033 

23,484 

34,065 

20,452 

8,458 

Refrigerator 

106,872 

2,739 

97,433 

63,469 

33,964 

19,133 

23,597 

34,180 

20,523 

6,701 

Burners and oven 

107,394 

2,795 

97,207 

63,443 

33,764 

19,093 

23,528 

34,113 

20,473 

7,392 

Burners only 

151 

21 

105 

31 

74 

28 

17 

40 

20 

25 

Oven only 

119 

4 

99 

32 

68 

14 

44 

19 

22 

16 

Dishwasher 

56,635 

818 

52,508 

40,236 

12,272 

9,084 

11,160 

19,210 

13,054 

3,309 

Washing machine 

79,403 

1,129 

75,745 

60,034 

15,711 

13,526 

18,804 

28,015 

15,399 

2,530 

Clothes dryer 

74,165 

1,062 

70,756 

57,184 

13,571 

12,150 

18,341 

25,694 

14,571 

2,347 

Disposal in kitchen sink 

46,353 

717 

42,451 

28,793 

13,659 

4,159 

10,301 

14,086 

13,906 

3,185 

Air conditioning: 

50,824 

780 

46,577 

34,161 

12,415 

3,856 

11,694 

23,772 

7,255 

3,467 

Percent of total units 

46.4 

25.5 

47.7 

53.8 

36.4 

20.1 

494 

69.4 

35 2 

39.8 

One or more room units 

29,141 

530 

27,181 

16,126 

11,054 

8,732 

7,107 

8,361 

2,982 

1,431 

Source of water: 

Public system or private company 

94,108 

1,767 

84,818 

52,643 

32,175 

16,307 

19,749 

29,445 

19,318 

7,523 

Percent of total units 

86.0 

57.9 

86 8 

82 8 

94 2 

84.9 

83.5 

86 0 

93.8 

86.4 

Well serving 1 to 5 units 

14,265 

955 

12,270 

10,463 

1,807 

2,783 

3,778 

4,498 

1,21 1 

1,041 

Other 

1,083 

332 

606 

438 

167 

110 

136 

293 

67 

146 

Means of sewage disposal: 

Public sewer 

83,308 

1,222 

75,282 

44,527 

30,755 

14,859 

18,618 

24,111 

17,694 

6,804 

Percent of total units 

76.1 

40.0 

77.1 

70.1 

90.1 

77.4 

78 7 

70.4 

85.9 

78 1 

Septic tank, cesspool, chemical 

25,635 

1,521 

22,296 

18,937 

3,359 

4,335 

5,029 

10,041 

2,891 

1,819 

toilet 

513 

311 

116 

80 

36 

6 

15 

83 

11 

87 


Other 

\1 Limited to multiunit structures. Includes some multi-unit mobile homes 
\2 Limited to single-family units. 

Source: US. Bureau of the Census, Current Housing Reports, series, HI 50/93, and HI 50/95 American Housing Survey in the United States 


4-16 









Occupied Housing Units 



11 % 


V 

Vacant Housing Units 

Occasional use - 



* Includes mobile homes. 


Figure 4-1. Percentage of occupied and vacant housing units. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993. 


4-17 
















Two or more unrelated families sharing a home 

Incomplete kitchen 
Lacking some or all plumbing facilities 
Renter units with monthly housing costs of $1,000+ 

Three generations 
Moved in before 1950 
Seven or more stories in structure 
More than one person per room 
Two or more related families sharing home 
Condominiums and cooperatives 
Home built in last 4 years 
Mobile homes 
Inadequate heating 
One adult with children 
With Hispanic householders 
With crime in neighborhood 
With traffic problems 
Owner-occupied units valued at $200,000+ 
Homes built before 1920 
No cars, trucks, or vans 
With black householders 
Below poverty 
Moved in past year 
With elderly people 
One-person households 
Usable fireplace 
Renter occupied 
Households with children 
Separate dining room 
Dishwasher 
Married couples 
Garage or carport 
Owner occupied 
Air conditioning 
Single-family structures 
Public sewer 
Washing machine 
Phone available 



Figure 4-2. Selected Features of Occupied Homes: 1993 (Percent of Occupied Units) 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993. 


4-18 



































Table 4-6. Percentage of U.S. Housing Built Before 1950 and from 1970-1979 b , by State 


State 

-f. i u .. .. Built Before 3 1950 

Total Housing Units 

y (%) 

Built b 1970 to 1979 
(%) 

United States 

102,263,678 

26.9 

21.8 

Alabama 

1,670,379 

17.9 

25.5 

Alaska 

232,608 

7.0 

32.7 

Arizona 

1,659,430 

6.7 

30.7 

Arkansas 

1,000,667 

17.7 

27.8 

California 

11,182,882 

19.8 

21.7 

Colorado 

1,477,349 

18.3 

28.9 

Connecticut 

1,320,850 

35.0 

15.7 

Delaware 

289,919 

22.3 

20.2 

District of Columbia 

278,489 

55.7 

8.4 

Florida 

6,100,262 

7.7 

29.3 

Georgia 

2,638,418 

14.5 

24.5 

Hawaii 

389,810 

13.4 

30.5 

Idaho 

413,327 

24.4 

32.4 

Illinois 

4,506,275 

36.9 

18.4 

Indiana 

2,246,046 

33.7 

20.2 

Iowa 

1,143,669 

42.9 

20.2 

Kansas 

1,044,112 

33.1 

20.3 

Kentucky 

1,506,845 

24.2 

25.0 

Louisiana 

1,716,241 

19.5 

25.3 

Maine 

587,045 

41.1 

19.8 

Maryland 

1,891,917 

25.1 

19.6 

Massachusetts 

2,472,711 

46.8 

14.1 

Michigan 

3,847,926 

31.9 

20.4 

Minnesota 

1,848,45 

31.7 

22.1 

Mississippi 

1,010,423 

16.6 

27.5 

Missouri 

2,199,129 

28.6 

21.5 

Montana 

361,155 

30.1 

26.6 

Nebraska 

660,621 

37.8 

22.1 

Nevada 

518,858 

6.0 

30.5 

New Hampshire 

503,904 

32.2 

20.5 

New Jersey 

3,075,310 

35.2 

14.9 

New Mexico 

632,058 

15.5 

26.5 

New York 

7,226,891 

47.1 

11.9 

North Carolina 

2,818,193 

17.6 

24.3 

North Dakota 

276,340 

30.8 

26.6 

Ohio 

4,371,945 

35.7 

18.6 

Oklahoma 

1,406,499 

21.2 

25.4 

Oregon 

1,193,567 

26.5 

28.7 

Pennsylvania 

4,938,140 

44.8 

15.8 

Rhode Island 

414,572 

43.7 

14.7 

South Carolina 

1,424,155 

15.4 

26.3 

South Dakota 

292,436 

36.7 

24.6 

Tennessee 

2,026,067 

18.8 

24.8 

Texas 

7,008,999 

14.4 

25.9 

Utah 

598,388 

21.3 

28.1 

Vermont 

271,214 

40.5 

19.6 

Virginia 

2,496,334 

19.3 

23.6 

Washington 

2,032,378 

24.6 

24.6 

West Virginia 

781,295 

34.6 

22.8 

Wisconsin 

2,055,774 

36.8 

21.1 

Wyoming 

203,411 

23.7 

31.1 


Sources: (a) CDC, 1997; (b) U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997. 

4-19 















Table 4-7. Percentage of Respondents With Attached Garages or Carports 




ND 


NO 


YES 


DK 



ALL 

Respondants 

Respondants 

Respondants 

Respondants 


N 

N 

% 

N 

% 

N 

% 

N 

% 

Overall 

9386 

1933 

20.6 

3693 

39.3 

3669 

39.1 

91 

1.0 

Gender 

4 

ND 

ND 

4 

100.0 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

Male 

4294 

861 

20.1 

1671 

38.9 

1724 

40.1 

38 

0.9 

Female 

5088 

1072 

21.1 

2018 

39.7 

1945 

38.2 

53 

1.0 

Age 

187 

35 

18.7 

76 

40.6 

46 

24.6 

30 

16.0 

1-4 

499 

99 

19.8 

193 

38.7 

204 

40.9 

3 

0.6 

5-11 

703 

91 

12.9 

308 

43.8 

303 

43.1 

1 

0.1 

12-17 

589 

51 

8.7 

257 

43.6 

281 

47.7 

ND 

ND 

18-64 

6059 

1399 

23.1 

2300 

38.0 

2322 

38.3 

38 

0.6 

> 64 

1349 

258 

19.1 

559 

41.4 

513 

38.0 

19 

1.4 

Race 

126 

17 

13.5 

47 

37.3 

18 

14.3 

44 

34.9 

White 

7591 

1381 

18.2 

3014 

39.7 

3162 

41.7 

34 

0.4 

Black 

945 

320 

33.9 

392 

41.5 

224 

23.7 

9 

1.0 

Asian 

157 

47 

29.9 

36 

22.9 

73 

46.5 

1 

0.6 

Some Other 

182 

52 

28.6 

67 

36.8 

60 

33.0 

3 

1.6 

Hispanic 

385 

116 

30.1 

137 

35.6 

132 

34.3 

ND 

ND 

Hispanic 

103 

10 

9.7 

33 

32.0 

14 

13.6 

46 

44.7 

No 

8531 

1725 

20.2 

3383 

39.7 

3382 

39.6 

41 

0.5 

Yes 

705 

187 

26.5 

258 ' 

36.6 

256 

36.3 

4 

0.6 

DK 

47 

11 

23.4 

19 

40.4 

17 

36.2 

ND 

ND 

Employment 

1844 

249 

13.5 

770 

41.8 

792 

43.0 

33 

1.8 

Full Time 

4096 

933 

22.8 

1528 

37.3 

1613 

39.4 

22 

0.5 

Part Time 

802 

181 

22.6 

320 

39.9 

295 

36.8 

6 

0.7 

Not Employed 

2644 

570 

21.6 

1075 

40.7 

969 

36.6 

30 

1.1 

Education 

1968 

256 

13.0 

827 

42.0 

829 

42.1 

56 

2.8 

< High School 

834 

165 

19.8 

449 

53.8 

213 

25.5 

7 

0.8 

High School Grad. 

2612 

541 

20.7 

1159 

44.4 

896 

34.3 

16 

0.6 

< College 

1801 

438 

24.3 

596 

33.1 

760 

42.2 

7 

0.4 

College Grad. 

1247 

321 

25.7 

386 

31.0 

536 

43.0 

4 

0.3 

Post Grad. 

924 

212 

22.9 

276 

29.9 

435 

47.1 

1 

0.1 

Census Region 
Northeast 

2075 

590 

28.4 

863 

41.6 

603 

29.1 

19 

0.9 

Midwest 

2102 

372 

17.7 

865 

41.2 

846 

40.2 

19 

0.9 

South 

3243 

530 

16.3 

1376 

42.4 

1303 

40.2 

34 

1.0 

West 

1966 

441 

22.4 

589 

30.0 

917 

46.6 

19 

1.0 

Day of Week 

Weekday 

6316 

1290 

20.4 

2490 

39.4 

2476 

39.2 

60 

0.9 

Weekend 

3070 

643 

20.9 

1203 

39.2 

1193 

38.9 

31 

1.0 

Season 

Winter 

2524 

504 

20.0 

986 

39.1 

1003 

39.7 

31 

1.2 

Spring 

2438 

487 

20.0 

977 

40.1 

953 

39.1 

21 

0.9 

Summer 

2536 

533 

21.0 

1004 

39.6 

973 

38.4 

26 

1.0 

Fall 

1888 

409 

21.7 

726 

38.5 

740 

39.2 

13 

0.7 

Asthma 

No 

8629 

1765 

20.5 

3416 

39.6 

3399 

39.4 

49 

0.6 

Yes 

694 

161 

23.2 

266 

38.3 

265 

38.2 

2 

0.3 

DK 

63 

7 

11.1 

11 

17.5 

5 

7.9 

40 

63.5 

Angina 

No 

9061 

1862 

20.5 

3566 

39.4 

3584 

39.6 

49 

0.5 

Yes 

250 

61 

24.4 

109 

43.6 

79 

31.6 

1 

0.4 

DK 

75 

10 

13.3 

18 

24.0 

6 

8.0 

41 

54.7 

Bronchitis / emphysema 









No 

8882 

1807 

20.3 

3516 

39.6 

3510 

39.5 

49 

0.6 

Yes 

433 

118 

27.3 

162 

37.4 

153 

35.3 

Nd 

nd 

DK 

71 

8 

11.3 

15 

21.1 

6 

8.5 

42 

59.2 


Note: ND - Missing data; DK = Don’t know; % = Row percentage; N = Sample size 
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 


4-20 










Table 4-8. Selected Characteristics of Households in the Target Population 


Population Characteristic 

Estimated Thousands of 
Households 

Estimated Percentage of All 
Households 

All households 

84,573 

100.00 

Urbanization 3 

Urban 

70,468 

83.32 

Rural 

14,105 

16.68 

Type of dwelling 

Single- 

63,335 

74.89 

family 

Multi-family 

21,237 

25.11 

Have private lawn 

Yes 

66,828 

79.02 

No 

Have private swimming pool 

17,744 

20.98 

Yes 

5,978 

7.07 

No 

78,595 

92.93 

Have hot tub 

Yes 

2,500 

2.96 

No 

Grew edible fruit/nut trees or grape 

82,073 

97.04 

vines 

18,421 

21.78 

Yes 

No 

Grew tomatoes, vegetables, 
berries, or melons in past year b 

Yes 

66,151 

78.22 

No 

23,180 

27.41 

Grew roses in the past year b 

61,392 

72.59 

Yes 

27,150 

32.10 

No 

57,423 

67.90 


3 The interviewers were instructed to classify each residence as located in either an urban area or 
a rural area in their best judgment so that homes in suburban neighborhoods located adjacent to 
rural farmland would be coded as urban, while farm homes would be coded as rural. 
b Excluding any grown for sale. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1 992. 


4-21 















Table 4-9. Number of Households That Used Pest Control Services and Received 

Written Precautions in the Previous Year 


Type of Service/ 

Utilization/ 

Written Precautions 

Estimated 
Thousands of 
Households 

Estimated 
Percentage of 
Households 

Commercial Lawn-Care Company Utilized 3 

8,003 

12.07 

Informed of Chemicals Used c 

3,626 

59.51 

Informed of Safety Precautions 0 

3,746 

50.42 

Treatment for Fleas, Roaches, Ants Utilized 13 

16,557 

19.58 

Informed of Chemicals Used 0 

3,637 

23.46 

Informed of Safety Precautions 0 

3,216 

20.67 


3 The inference population for lawn care services is the population of all households with a private lawn. 
b The inference population for treatment of fleas, roaches, or ants is the population of all private households. 
c Conditional percentages, given that the service was used. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1992. 


4-22 







Table 4-10. Households Reporting Major Pest Problems 
or Problems Treated by a Household Member 


Pest Problem 


Households Reporting 
Major Problem 

Estimated Estimated 
Thousands Percentage of 
of HH All HH 


Households Reporting 
Treated Problem 

Estimated Estimated 

Thousands Percentage of 

of HH All HH 


Most Frequently Treated Sites 3 
(in order of treatment frequency) 


Microorganisms 


Mildew, mold, bacteria, virus 

2,486 

2.94 

40,361 

47.72 

Bathroom; kitchen; living area; 
fabric 

Plant diseases 

1,826 

2.16 

8,356 

9.88 

Roses; ornamentals b ; lawn; garden' 

Insects and Related Pests 

Ants d 

10,830 

12.81 

30,443 

36.00 

Kitchen; OOA; bathroom; OIA 

Mosquitoes 

6,884 

8.14 

24,056 

28.44 

Person; OOA; living area; kitchen 

Cockroaches 

8,320 

9.84 

20,687 

24.46 

Kitchen; bathroom; living area; OIA 

Fleas 

6,482 

7.66 

20,107 

23.77 

Cat, dog or kennel; living area; 
kitchen; bathroom 

Flies, gnats, midges 

4,961 

5.87 

17,448 

20.63 

Person; kitchen; OOA; living area 

Bees, hornets, wasps 

4,995 

5.91 

15,611 

18.46 

OOA; OIA; detached structures; 
living area 

Spiders, crickets, pillbugs. 

5,105 

6.04 

13,177 

15.58 

OOA; OIA; kitchen; living area 

milli/centipedes 

Plant-chewing insects 

3,468 

4.10 

11,858 

14.02 

Ornamentals b ; garden'; roses; lawn 

Plant-sucking insects and mites 

2,994 

3.54 

11,730 

13,87 

Ornamentals**; roses; garden'; lawn 

Ticks, chiggers 

1,659 

1.96 

9,542 

1 1.28 

Cat, dog or kennel; person; lawn; 
OOA 

Fire ants 

4,966 

5.87 

7,907 

9.35 

Lawn; OOA; kitchen; OIA 

Mice, rats 

2,571 

3.04 

7,388 

8.74 

Kitchen; OIA; bathroom; living area 

Slugs, snails 

2,076 

2.45 

5,100 

6.03 

Ornamentals**; lawn; OOA**; garden' 

Plants 

Broadleaf weeds 

3,692 

4.37 

12,345 

14.60 

Lawn; OOA; ornamentals**; garden' 

Grass-like weeds 

3,158 

3.73 

11,707 

13.84 

Lawn; OOA; ornamentals**; roses 


Abbreviations: HH = households: OOA = other outside area (such as walls, driveway, patio, deck, fences, or roof, including air treated by 
fogging); 

OIA = other inside area (such as attached garage, attic, basement, crawlspace, attached utility room or workshop). 

3 "Treated" or "not treated" refers to treatment by a household member; thus, pests treated only by a pest control service are reported as "not 
treated" in this table. 

b Roses are the only ornamental identified separately. 

c Food crops such as tomatoes and vegetables (excluding fruit or nut trees and grapes). 
d Excluding fire ants, carpenter ants, and termites. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1992. 


4-23 














Table 4-11. Number of Households with at Least One Pesticide Product 
Stored Insecurely by Type of Pesticide for Households with 
Children under 5 Years of Age a 


At Least One Stored Insecurely TOTAL 


Type of Pesticide 

Estimated 
Thousands of 
HH 

Estimated 
Percentage 11 of 

HH 

Estimated 
Thousands of 

HH 

Estimated 
Percent' 3 of f 

All Types of Pesticides 

6,078 c 

46.88 

1 2,965 c 

100.00 

Disinfectant 

3,481 

41.61 

8,366 

100.00 

Fungicide 

2,831 

38.12 

7,425 

100.00 

Insecticide 

3,740 

36.04 

10,404 

100.00 

Molluscicide 

43 d 

6.45 d 

660 

100.00 

Rodenticide 

31 9 d 

40.65 

786 

100.00 

Herbicide 

617 

21.18 

2,912 

100.00 

Repellent 

1,261 

24.30 

5,189 

100.00 


Abbreviations: HH = Households. 

For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth 
regulators, pool chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at 
the time of the survey (Aug-Sept 1990). 

Conditional percentage, given that at least one product of the designated type was in storage. 

An individual pesticide product can be of more than one type (e.g., insecticide and fungicide). 
Therefore, the estimates for the individual types of pesticides sum to more than the total for all types 
of pesticides. 

Estimate has poor precision because of the small number of observations in this cell. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1992. 


4-24 









Table 4-12. Estimated Thousands of Households Using Pesticides by Type of Pesticide 

and Site of Application 3 


Type of 
Pesticide 

Indoors 

Site of Application 

Lawn Food Crops Ornamental Others 

s 

Estimated Thousands of Households 
(Standard Error in Parentheses) 

All Sites 

Fungicide 

31,952 b 

980 

2,203 

4,361 

1,703 

35,501 


(2,642) 

(270) 

(296) 

(613) 

(309) 

(2,606) 

Insecticide 

41,597 

11,951 

7,084 

11,908 

20,800 

52,367 


(1,943) 

(1,067) 

(734) 

(1,033) 

(1,488) 

(2,383) 

Molluscicide 

0 C 

1,098 

969 

2,373 

936 

3,591 


(0) 

(388) 

(197) 

(365) 

(208) 

(438) 

Rodenticide 

2,936 

461 

76 d 

81 d 

454 

3,488 


(488) 

(147) 

(55) 

(57) 

(136) 

(448) 

Herbicide 

1,1 99 e 

9,598 

691 

1,719 

5,607 

14,032 


(311) 

(1,083) 

(167) 

(324) 

(598) 

(1,265) 

All the Above 

57,245 

17,882 

8,048 

13,464 

24,054 

64,250 


(2,538) 

(1,472) 

(722) 

(1,113) 

(1,600) 

(2,661) 

Disinfectant 

40,039 

44 d 

0 C 

1 50 d 

1,236 

40,291 


(2,819) 

(44) 

(0) 

(116) 

(268) 

(2,853) 

Repellent 

15,183 

1,181 

77 d 

514 

2,132 

17,066 


(1,087) 

(250) 

(56) 

(153) 

(389) 

(1,179) 

All Types of 

63,716 

18,432 

8,086 

13,662 

24,647 

69,018 

Pesticides 

(2,599) 

(1,461) 

(716) 

(1,104) 

(1,651) 

(2,732) 


For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth 
regulators, pool chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at 
the time of the survey (Aug-Sept 1990). 

Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as fungicides in EPA's Master Product 
Label File. 

None reported in the survey. 

Estimate has poor precision (RSE > 50%). 

Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as algaecides in EPA's Master Product 
Lael File. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1992. 


4-25 













Table 4-13. Estimated Percentage of Households Using Pesticides by Type of Pesticide 

and Site of Application 3 


Type of Pesticide 

Indoors 

Site of Application 

Lawn Food Crops Ornamental Others 

s 

Estimated Percentage of Households 
(Standard Error in Parentheses) 

All Sites 

Fungicide 

37.78 b 

1.16 

2.61 

5.16 

2.01 

41.98 


(2.97) 

(0.30) 

(0.35) 

(0.74) 

(0.39) 

(2.84) 

Insecticide 

49.19 

14.13 

8.38 

14.08 

24.59 

61.92 


(1.74) 

(1.15) 

(0.79) 

(1.25) 

(1.71) 

(1.90) 

Molluscicide 

0.00 c 

1.30 

1.15 

2.81 

1.11 

4.25 


(0.00) 

(0.44) 

(0.23) 

(0.47) 

(0.26) 

(0.53) 

Rodenticide 

3.47 

0.54 

0.09 d 

0.10 d 

0.54 

4.12 


(0.52) 

(0.18) 

(0.07) 

(0.07) 

(0.16) 

(0.51) 

Herbicide 

1.42® 

11.35 

0.82 

2.03 

6.63 

16.59 


(0.38) 

(1.26) 

(0.20) 

(0.41) 

(0.75) 

(1.51) 

All the Above 

67.69 

21.14 

9.52 

15.92 

28.44 

75.97 


(1.87) 

(1.63) 

(0.77) 

(1.37) 

(1.90) 

(1.51) 

Disinfectant 

47.34 

0.05 d 

0.00 c 

0.1 8 d 

1.46 

47.64 


(3.11) 

(0.05) 

(0.00) 

(0.14) 

(0.33) 

(3.16) 

Repellent 

17.95 

1.40 

0.09 d 

0.61 

2.52 

20.18 


(1.30) 

(0.31) 

(0.07) 

(0.18) 

(0.47) 

(1.43) 

All Types of 

75.34 

21.79 

9.56 

16.15 

29.14 

81.61 

Pesticides 

(1.72) 

(1.65) 

(0.77) 

(1.35) 

(1.98) 

(1.48) 


For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth 
regulators, pool chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at 
the time of the survey (Aug-Sept 1990). 

Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as fungicides in EPA's Master Product 
Label File. 

None reported in the survey. 
d Estimate has poor precision (RSE > 50%). 

Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as algaecides in EPA's Master Product Lael 
File. 

Source: Whitmore et al., 1992 


4-26 









Table 4-14. Residential Pool Ownership in the Continental United States 



In-ground 

Above-ground 

Total Owned 

Pool Ownership, Continental U.S. 

3.4 million 

3.2 million 

6.6 million 

In-ground Pool Ownership, Top 10 States 

California 

818,000 

— 


Florida 

640,000 

— 


Texas 

228,000 

— 


Arizona 

183,000 

— 


New York 

170,000 

— 


New Jersey 

134,000 

— 


Pennsylvania 

103,000 

— 


Massachusetts 

82,000 

— 


Ohio 

76,000 

— 


Georgia 

71,000 

— 


Above-ground Pool Ownership 

New York 

— 

468,000 


Pennsylvania 

— 

288,000 


California 

— 

229,000 


New Jersey 

— 

199,000 


Illinois 

— 

151,000 


Michigan 

— 

146,000 


Florida 

— 

145,000 


Massachusetts 

— 

139,000 


Ohio 

— 

133,000 


Texas 

— 

116,000 


Demographics 

Average Yearly Household Income 

$67,000 

$46,000 


Average Age: Male Head of Household 

49 years 

44 years 


Average Age: Female Head of 

48 years 

42 years 


Household 

Average Length of Ownership 

10.4 years 

7.0 years 



Source: National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993. 


4-27 
















Table 4-15. Residential Spa Ownership in the Continental United States 


Total Owned 


Spa Ownership, Continental U.S. 


3.3 million 

Spa Ownership, Top 10 States 

California 


1,127,000 

Florida 


293,000 

Texas 


270,000 

Washington 


150,000 

Oregon 


91,000 

Arizona 


88,000 

Michigan 


85,000 

Pennsylvania 


77,000 

New York 


65,000 

Nevada 


63,000 

Demographics 

Average Yearly Household Income 

$67,000 


Average Age: Male Head of Household 

47 years 


Average Age: Female Head of 

45 years 


Household 


44% have children at home 

40% are families/couples without 
children 


Source: National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993. 


4-28 






5. BUILDINGS OTHER THAN RESIDENCES 


Contaminants present inside buildings other than residences can pose a risk of exposure 
to persons occupying these buildings even for short periods of time. "Most people spend 90% or 
more of their time indoors (e.g., home, work, public, and commercial buildings), and some 
potentially suseptible subgroups, such as infants, the elderly, and the infirm, are inside virtually 
all the time" (Sexton et al., 1993). Examples of nonresidential buildings that potentially contain 
environmental pollutants are schools, colleges, day care centers, hospitals, and nursing homes. 
Populations in these types of buildings may be exposed to environmental pollutants from 
multiple sources. Contaminants found in these buildings may be the result of construction, 
operation, or the use of chemicals for regular maintenance or specific activities (e.g., laboratory 
work, sterilization) or the use of consumer products, combustion appliances, or from individuals 
smoking tobacco products. This section presents data enumerating populations found in 
nonresidential buildings who could potentially be exposed to environmental contaminants 
associated with these buildings. These data can be useful for conducting human health risk 
assessments for populations in these types of buildings. 

5.1. POPULATIONS IN SCHOOLS/COLLEGES 

The U.S. Department of Education regularly compiles statistics on numbers of persons in 
all types of educational situations, from kindergarten through graduate school (U.S. Department 
of Education, 1995). Data are collected by surveys and research conducted by both the Federal 
Government and the private sector. The most relevant data are presented in this section. 

Table 5-1 presents the estimated number of individuals participating in elementary, secondary, 
and higher education for the fall of 1995. Table 5-1 also presents the numbers of teachers, 
faculty, administrative, and support staff in these educational institutions. Table 5-2 presents the 
enrollment in all types of educational institutions from 1980, with projections to 2000. 

Enrollment in public and private schools by decade from 1869 to 1950, and by year from 1964 to 
the present, with projections to 2005 is displayed in Table 5-3. Enrollment in public elementary 
and secondary schools by race/ethnicity and by State for 1986 and 1993 is presented in Table 5-4. 


5-1 






Table 5-5 presents the enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs 
yearly from 1965 to 1994. 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Agency for Toxic Substance and 
Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a National Alert warning of the “increasing numbers of 
metallic mercury spills and contamination involving schoolchildren ” (ATSDR, 1997). The 
ATSDR National Alert (1997) listed six instances since 1994 in which metallic mercury 
contamination and possible exposure to school children occurred. The instances, which required 
decontamination of students and school facilities, occurred when children from elementary to 
college age found metallic mercury and shared it with other students (ATSDR, 1997). 

The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) conducted a national survey of public 
schools and associated districts to determine the extent to which America’s 80,000 schools have 
the physical capacity to support 21st century technology and education reform for all students 
(GAO, 1996). Questions in the survey addressed areas such as the physical condition of 
buildings and major building features, such as roofs, framing, floors, and foundations, and the 
status of environmental conditions, such as lighting, heating, and ventilation. These data are 
important because the physical and environmental conditions of buildings may contribute to 
higher exposures to pollutants. For example, inadequate ventilation could contribute to indoor 
air pollution, and chipped or peeling paint may potentially create exposures to lead in older, less 
maintained buildings. Questionnaires were sent to 9,956 sample schools in 5,459 associated 
districts in 50 States and the District of Columbia in May 1994. Of the 9,956 schools in the 
original sample, 393 were ineligible for the survey. The number of completed, usable school 
questionnaires returned was 7,478, yielding a school response rate of 78 percent (GAO, 1996). 

The results of the survey are presented in Tables 5-6 through 5-11. Table 5-6 and 5-7 
provide the number of students who attend schools with unsatisfactory environmental and 
physical conditions, respectively. Tables 5-8 and 5-9 provide data for the percent of schools and 
number of students attending schools with unsatisfactory environmental conditions by 
community type (central city, urban fringe/large town and rural/small town) and geographic 
region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West). Tables 5-10 and 5-11 present the same type 
information for schools with inadequate building features. 


5-2 


5.2. POPULATIONS IN DAY CARE CENTERS 

Young children may be at increased potential risk of exposure to contaminants present in 
nonresidential buildings due to behavioral factors common to young children. Young children 
are much more likely than older children or adults to put objects into their mouths, resulting in 
increased occurrence and/or duration of oral contact with objects in their environment. In 
addition, children, unlike adults, often will sit or lie on the floor, thus increasing their potential 
exposure to contaminants associated with floor coverings. This section presents data useful for 
estimating exposure to children in day care, nursery schools, and other prekindergarten programs. 
The U.S. Department of Education's 1995 Digest for Education Statistics provides data on 
numbers of children in day care, nursery schools, and other prekindergarten programs (U.S. 
Department of Education, 1995). The percentage of preschool children attending center-based 
programs (including nursery school, prekindergarten, and Head Start programs) in 1992 is 
presented in Table 5-12. 

5.3. POPULATIONS IN HOSPITALS 

Populations receiving care in hospitals may have an increased risk of exposure to certain 
chemicals commonly used for hospital care. In addition, these individuals have greater exposure 
to other individuals who potentially may contribute to airborne infections agents, such as 
tuberculosis. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data quantifying frequency and length of 
hospital stays in the United States. Table 5-13 presents data on hospital utilization rates by the 
age of patient and by region from 1970 to 1993. Table 5-14 presents summary data by State on 
community hospitals, including number of facilities, beds, patients admitted, occupancy rates, 
personnel, and outpatient visits. 

5.4. POPULATIONS IN NURSING HOMES 

Individuals in nursing homes could potentially have an increased risk of exposure to 
contaminants in their environment resulting from their compromised health status and from the 
likely presence of chemicals commonly found in medical institutions, such as sterilization 
chemicals and/or antiseptics. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data enumerating 


5-3 







populations in nursing homes. This section presents data useful for estimating the human health 
risk of exposures to contaminants for individuals in nursing homes. Table 5-15 presents the 
numbers of persons receiving care in nursing homes for 1980 and 1990, and Table 5-16 presents 
the nursing home population by region, division, and State for 1980 and 1990. The U.S. Bureau 
of the Census subdivides the United States into four regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and 
West) and further subdivides each region into divisions. The composition by State of the regions 
and divisions is presented in Section 2.4 of this report. 


5-4 


5.5. REFERENCES 


Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1997) National Alert: A Warning 
About Continuing Patterns of Metallic Mercury Exposure. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of 
Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic 
Substance and Disease Registry. ATSDR Internet address: 
http://atsdrTatsdr.cdc.gov:8080/alerts/970626.html (Feb. 17, 1998). 

Sexton, K.; Gong, H.; Bailar, J.C.; Ford, J.G.; Gold, D.R.; Lambert, W.E.; Utell, M.J. (1993) 
Air pollution health risks: do class and race matter? Toxicology and Industrial Health. Vol. 9, 
No. 5, p. 843. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990) 1990 Census of the population Prepared from the Census 
Analysis System. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstract of the United States. 117th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of Education. (1995) Digest of education statistics 1995. U.S. Department of 
Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC. Doc. no. NCES 95-029. 

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). (1996) Report to congressional requesters. School 
facilities condition of America’s schools. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. 
GAO/HEHS-95-61. 


5-5 






Table 5-1. Estimated Number of Participants in Elementary and Secondary Education and in 

Higher Education: Fall 1995 

[In millions] 


Participants 

All Levels 
(Elementary, 
Secondary, and 
Higher 
Education) 

Elementary and Secondary 
Schools 

Institutions of Higher 
Education 


Total 

Public 

Private 

Total 

Pubic 

Private 

Total 

73.3 

56.3 

50.0 

6.3 

17.0 

13.1 

3.9 

Enrollment 3 

65.1 

50.7 

45.0 

5.7 

14.4 

11.3 

3.1 

Teachers and Facilty 

3.8 

3.0 

2.6 

0.4 

x> 

oo 

© 

0.6 b 

0.3 b 

Other Professional, Administrative, 
and Support Staff 

4.3 

2.6 

2.4 

0.2 

1.7 

1.2 

0.5 


a Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes subcollegiate 
departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, and Federal schools. Elementary and secondary include 
most kindergarten and some nursery school enrollment. Excludes preprimary enrollment in schools that do not offer first grade or above. Higher 
education comprises full-time and part-time students enrolled in degree-credit and nondegree-credit programs in universities, other 4-year colleges, 
and 2-year colleges. 

b Includes full-time and part-time facility with the rank of instructor or above. 

Note: The enrollment figures include all students in elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities. However, the data for teacher and 
other staff in public and private elementary and secondary schools are reported in terms of full-time equivalents. The staff data for institutions of higher 
education include all full-time and part-time professional, administrative, and support personnel. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. 

Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995. 


5-6 







Table 5-2. Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: Fall 1980 to Fall 2000 

[In thousands] 


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> 

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cn 

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cn 

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o 

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03 

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o 

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03 

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? 

03 

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op 

CD 

CD 

03 


0) 

X 


o 

Z 


Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995. 










Table 5-5. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children in Preprimary Programs by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance Status: October 

1965 to October 1994 

[In thousands] 



o 

r- 

00 

00 

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5-12 




(continued on next page) 







Table 5-5. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children in Preprimary Programs by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance 

Status: October 1965 to October 1994 (continued) 

[In thousands] 


> 

JO 

4—- 

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T3 


§ 2 


TO 

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5-13 


Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995. 











Table 5-6. Students That Attend Schools With Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions 3 


Environmental Condition 

Number of Schools 

Number of 

Students Affected 

Percent of Students 

Affected 6 

Lighting 

12,200 

6,682,000 

13 

Heating 

15,000 

7,888,000 

15 

Ventilation 

21,100 

11,559,000 

22 

Indoor Air Quality 

15,000 

8,353,000 

16 

Acoustics for Noise Control 

21,900 

11,044,000 

22 

Physical Security 

18,900 

10,638,000 

21 


Ranges for building feature condition were excellent, good, adequate, fair, poor, or replace. A building or building feature 
was considered in less-than-adequate condition if fair, poor, or replace was indicated. 

Percent calculated based on a total of 42-million students. 


Source: GAO, 1996 


5-14 






Table 5-7. Students That Attend Schools With Less-Than-Adequate Physical Conditions 3 


Building Feature 

Number of Schools 

Estimate of 

Students Affected 

Percent of Students 

Affected 6 

Roofs 

21,100 

11,916,000 

28 

Framing, floors, foundations 

13,900 

7,247,000 

17 

Exterior walls, finishes, windows, 

doors 

20,500 

11,524,000 

22 

Interior finishes, trims 

18,600 

10,408,000 

20 

Plumbing 

23,100 

12,254,000 

24 

Heating, ventilation air conditioning 

28,100 

15,456,000 

30 

Electrical power 

20,500 

11,034,000 

21 

Electrical lighting 

19,500 

10,837,000 

21 

Life safety codes 

14,500 

7,630,000 

15 


Ranges for building feature condition were excellent, good, adequate, fair, poor, or replace. A building or building feature 
was considered in less-than-adequate condition if fair, poor, or replace was indicated. 

Percent calculated based on a total of 42-million students. 


Source: GAO, 1 996 












Table 5-8. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With 
Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by Community Type 3 


Environmental Condition 

Central City 

Urban Fringe/Large Town 

Rural/Small Town 

Lighting 

Percent of schools 

20.4 

17.3 

11.4 

Number of students (000s) 

2,980 a 

2,072 b 

1,621 3 

Heating 

Percent of schools 

22.8 

19.0 

17.0 

Number of students (000s) 

3,185 c 

2,249 a 

2,440° 

Ventilation 

Percent of schools 

31.5 

28.2 

23.6 

Number of students (000s) 

4,663 

3,502° 

3,380 

Indoor Air Quality 

Percent of schools 

22.5 

19.0 

17.2 

Number of students (000s) 

3,441 3 

2,241 3 

2,482 

Acoustics for Noise Control 

Percent of schools 

31.6 

26.3 

26.8 

Number of students (000s) 

4,250° 

3,024 3 

3,755 

Energy Efficiency 

Percent of schools 

46.1 

40.3 

38.6 

Number of students (000s) 

6,412 

4,944 

5,531 

Physical Security 

Percent of schools 

26.5 

22.8 

23.5 

Number of students (000s) 

4,023° 

3,038 a 

3,562° 

At Least One Unsatisfactory 

Environmental Condition 

Percent of schools 

65.1 

58.5 

53.9 

Number of students (000s) 

9,400 

7,322 

8,007 


3 Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for 
estimates based on number of students are less than ± 11 percentage in most cases. 

B A large central city (a central city of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)) with population greater than or equal 
to 400,000 or a population density greater than or equal to 6,000 per square mile) or a mid-size central city (a central city 
of an SMSA but not designated a large central city). 

Urban fringe of a large or mid-size central city (a place within an SMSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as 
urban by the Bureau of the Census) or a large town (a place not within an SMSA but with a population greater than or equal 
to 25,000 and defined as urban by the Bureau of the Census). 

Rural area (a place with a population of less than 2,500 and defined as rural by the Bureau of the Census) or a small town (a 
place not within an SMSA, with a population of less than 25,000, but greater than or equal to 2,500, and defined as urban 
by the Bureau of the Census). 

Source: GAO, 1 996. 


5-16 









I 

j Table 5-9. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With 

Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by Geographic Region 3 


Environmental Condition 

Northeast 

Midwest 

South 

West 

Lighting 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

1*8 

12.8 

1,456 b 

13.7 

1,992 c 

23.8 

2,502 c 

Heating 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

20.3 

1,327 b 

18.2 

1,878° 

16.3 

2,360 d 

24.3 

2,322 c 

Ventilation 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

31.4 

2,204 c 

27.8 

3,025 

20.9 

3,059 

32.3 

3,270 c 

Indoor Air Quality 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

19.9 

1,351 b 

18.4 

2,057 c 

16.8 

2,486 d 

23.5 

2,458° 

Acoustics for Noise Control 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

29.6 

1,859° 

29.3 

2,893 

24.4 

3,315 

30.9 

2,977° 

Energy Efficiency 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

37.0 

2,342 c 

38.7 

3,854 

40.3 

5,940 

49.5 

4,769 

Physical Security 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

21.1 

1,51 9 b 

21.2 

2,21 6 d 

23.9 

3,524 d 

31.4 
3,378 d 

At Least One Unsatisfactory 
Environmental Condition 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

56.8 

4,038 

57.3 

5,924 

54.2 

8,050 

67.5 

6,743 


Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for 
estimates based on number of students are less than ±11 percentage in most cases. 


8 Northeast 

Midwest 

Missouri 

South 

West 


Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and 
Pennsylvania 

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, 
and Kansas 

North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas 

Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas 
Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, 
Alaska, and Hawaii 


Source: GAO, 1996. 


3 


5-17 








Table 5-10. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With 

Inadequate Building Features by Community Type 8 


Building Feature Central City Urban Fringe/Large Rural/Small Town 

Town 


Roofs 


Percent of schools 

32.8 

26.9 

23.9 

Number of students (000s) 

4,907 

3,421 a 

3,575 

Framing, Floors, and Foundations 




Percent of schools 

22.2 

15.1 

16.7 

Number of students (000s) 

3,207 b 

1,868° 

2,160” 

Exterior Walls, Finishes, 

Windows, and Doors 

34.3 

24.8 

22.4 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

5,148 

3,11 6 a 

3,246” 

Interior Finishes 




Percent of schools 

29.8 

23.4 

20.8 

Number of students (000s) 

4,604 a 

2,959 b 

2,833” 

Plumbing 




Percent of schools 

34.2 

27.0 

28.6 

Number of students (000s) 

5,014 

3,274” 

3,952 

HVAC 




Percent of schools 

41.7 

36.0 

33.1 

Number of students (000s) 

6,022 

4.516 

4,900 

Electrical Power 




Percent of schools 

31.8 

26.7 

22.7 

Number of students (000s) 

4,626 

3,234” 

3,166 

Electrical Lighting 




Percent of schools 

29.4 

26.3 

21.7 

Number of students (000s) 

4,379 a 

3,320” 

3,1 25 b 

Life Safety Codes 




Percent of schools 

21.9 

20.0 

16.4 

Number of students (000s) 

3,032 b 

2,361 b 

2,221” 

At Least One Inadequate Building 
Feature 

66.6 

56.8 

51.7 

Percent of schools 

Number of students (000s) 

9.653 

7,137 

7,790 


a Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for 
estimates based on number of students are less than ± 11 percentage in most cases. 

b A large central city (a central city of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)) with population greater than or equal 
to 400,000 or a population density greater than or equal to 6,000 per square mile) or a mid-size central city (a central city 
of an SMSA but not designated a large central city). 

Urban fringe of a large or mid-size central city (a place within an SMSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as 
urban by the Bureau of the Census) or a large town (a place not within an SMSA but with a population greater than or equal 
to 25,000 and defined as urban by the Bureau of the Census). 

Rural area (a place with a population of less than 2,500 and defined as rural by the Bureau of the Census) or a small town (a 
place not within an SMSA, with a population of less than 25,000, but greater than or equal to 2,500, and defined as urban 
by the Bureau of the Census). 

Source: GAO, 1 996. 


5-18 






Table 5-11. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With 

Inadequate Building Features by Geographic Region 3 







Building Feature 

Northeast 

Midwest 

South 

West 

Roofs 

Percent of schools 

28.3 

23.3 

26.2 

33.8 

Number of students (000s) 

2,1 25 a 

2,449 b 

3,889 

3,453 b 

Framing, Floors, and Foundations 

Percent of schools 

14.8 

16.4 

17.9 

22.6 

Number of students (000s) 

1,038 c 

1,531 d 

2,352 b 

2,327 d 

Interior Finishes 

Percent of schools 

21.7 

21.5 

22.1 

32.7 

Number of students (000s) 

1,584 d 

2,1 53 b 

3,126 

3,544 b 

Plumbing 

Percent of schools 

25.5 

30.3 

27.5 

36.4 

Number of students (000s) 

1,731 d 

3,015 

3,890 

3,61 8 b 

HVAC 

Percent of schools 

35.6 

38.0 

32.7 

40.7 

Number of students (000s) 

2,403 b 

3,999 

4,984 

4,070 

Electrical Power 

Percent of schools 

22.2 

28.9 

22.9 

31.8 

Number of students (000s) 

1,379 d 

3,106 

3,397 

3,1 51 b 

Electrical Lighting 

Percent of schools 

18.6 

24.6 

22.9 

35.0 

Number of students (000s) 

1,1 28 d 

2,61 7 b 

3,393 b 

3,699 b 

Life Safety Codes 

Percent of schools 

15.6 

19.8 

18.2 

21.7 

Number of students (000s) 

988 c 

2,01 2 a 

2,456 b 

2,1 74 d 

At Least One Unsatisfactory 

Environmental Condition 

Percent of schools 

58.6 

56.9 

53.0 

64.0 

Number of students (000s) 

4,216 

5,991 

7,919 

6,476 


3 Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for 
estimates based on number of students are less than ±11 percentage in most cases. 

B Northeast Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and 
Pennsylvania 

Midwest Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, 
and Kansas 

Missouri North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas 

South Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas 
West Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, 

Alaska, and Hawaii 

Source: GAO, 1996. 


5-19 










Table 5-12. Percentage of Preschool Children Attending Center-Based Programs by Child and 

Family Characteristic: 1991 


Child and family characteristic 

Number of 
preschool- 
eligible 
children (in 
thousands) 3 

Percent 
attending 
any center- 
based 
program 15 

Type of center-based program 15 

Day care Nursery 

center, not school, not Both 

nursery day care 

school center 

Total 

8,442 

53 

14 

35 

4 

Child's age c 

3-year-olds 

3,749 

42 

15 

24 

4 

4-year-olds 

3,636 

60 

13 

43 

5 

5-year-olds 

1,044 

64 

11 

46 

6 

6-year-olds and older 

14 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Child's race / ethnicity 

White, non-Hispanic 

5,880 

54 

13 

36 

5 

Black, non-Hispanic 

1,241 

58 

21 

35 

3 

Hispanic 

1,002 

39 

10 

27 

3 

Other 

319 

53 

10 

36 

6 

Household income 

$10,000 or less 

1,495 

45 

11 

31 

3 

$10,001 to $20,000 

1,439 

44 

13 

28 

4 

$20,001 to $30,000 

1,717 

45 

13 

28 

3 

$30,001 to $40,000 

1,325 

53 

14 

34 

6 

$40,001 to $50,000 

936 

60 

18 

38 

4 

$50,001 to $75,000 

975 

68 

15 

47 

7 

More than $75,000 

556 

80 

15 

57 

9 

Parent's highest education 11 

Less than high school 

789 

30 

7 

23 

1 

High school graduate or equivalent 

2,744 

57 

12 

29 

3 

Vocational/technical or some 

2,554 

56 

16 

34 

5 

college 

College graduate 

1,281 

65 

16 

44 

5 

Graduate or professional school 

1,020 

73 

15 

51 

8 

Mother's employment status 

Working 35 hours per week or 

2,795 

60 

25 

28 

7 

more 

Working less than 35 hours per 

1,908 

58 

12 

40 

6 

week 

Looking for work 

518 

43 

9 

32 

2 

Not in labor force 

3,014 

45 

5 

39 

2 


— Estimate suppressed because there were fewer than 30 respondents. 

3 Number of children 3 to 6 years of age not enrolled in kindergarten or higher level programs. 
b Includes children enrolled in nursery school, prekindergarten, and Head Start. 
c Calculated as of January 1, 1991. 

ri Highest level of schooling completed by either parent or guardian in the household or the only parent or guardian in the household. 


Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995. 


5-20 





Table 5-13. Hospital Utilization Rates: 1970 to 1993 

[Represents estimates of inpatients discharged from noninstitutional, short-stay hospitals, exclusive of Federal hospitals. Excludes newborn 
infants. Based on sample data collected from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a sample survey of hospital records of patients 
discharged in year shown; subject to sampling variability. For composition of regions, see text section 2.4.) 


Selected 

Characteristic 

Patients 

dis¬ 

charged 

(1,000) 

Patients discharged per 

1,000 persons 3 

Total Male Female 

Days of care per 
persons 

Total Male 

1,000 

Female 

Average stay 
(days) 

Total Male 

Female 

Year 

1970 

29,127 

144 

118 

169 

1,122 

982 

1,251 

8.0 

8.7 

7.6 

1980 

37,832 

168 

139 

194 

1,217 

1,068 

1,356 

7.3 

7.7 

7.0 

1985 

35,056 

148 

124 

171 

954 

849 

1,053 

6.5 

6.9 

6.2 

1986 

34,256 

143 

121 

164 

913 

817 

1,003 

6.4 

6.8 

6.1 

1987 

33,387 

138 

116 

159 

889 

806 

968 

6.4 

6.9 

6.1 

1 988 b 

31,146 

128 

107 

147 

834 

757 

907 

6.5 

7.1 

6.2 

1 989 b 

30,947 

126 

105 

145 

815 

741 

884 

6.5 

7.0 

6.1 

1 990 b 

30,788 

124 

102 

144 

792 

704 

875 

6.4 

6.9 

6.1 

1 991 b 

31,098 

124 

103 

144 

795 

715 

869 

6.4 

7.0 

6.0 

1 992 b 

30,951 

122 

101 

142 

751 

680 

818 

6.2 

6.7 

5.8 

1 993 b 

30,825 

120 

98 

141 

720 

644 

792 

6.0 

6.5 

5.6 

1 994 b,c 

30,843 

119 

98 

139 

684 

619 

755 

5.7 

6.2 

5.4 

Age (in years) 

Under 1 

710 

181 

206 

156 

1,155 

1,265 

1,041 

6.4 

6.1 

6.7 

1 to 4 

654 

41 

46 

37 

163 

169 

157 

3.9 

3.7 

4.3 

5 to 14 

777 

21 

22 

20 

108 

110 

105 

5.1 

5.1 

5.2 

1 5 to 24 

3,088 

87 

37 

138 

309 

204 

416 

3.5 

5.5 

3.0 

25 to 34 

4,655 

113 

53 

171 

446 

313 

575 

4.0 

5.9 

3.4 

35 to 44 

3,457 

85 

72 

99 

431 

424 

438 

5.1 

5.9 

4.4 

45 to 64 

6,283 

127 

132 

123 

785 

831 

742 

6.2 

6.3 

6.1 

65 to 74 

4,890 

262 

284 

245 

1,927 

2,033 

1,844 

7.4 

7.2 

7.5 

75 and older 

6,310 

446 

476 

430 

3,665 

3,764 

3,609 

8.2 

7.9 

8.4 

Region 

Northeast 

6,965 

136 

119 

152 

952 

876 

1,023 

7.0 

7.4 

6.7 

Midwest 

7,097 

116 

98 

134 

706 

638 

771 

6.1 

6.5 

5.8 

South 

11,580 

131 

104 

156 

749 

658 

834 

5.7 

6.3 

5.4 

West 

5,183 

93 

72 

114 

473 

419 

527 

5.1 

5.8 

4.6 


a Based on U.S. Bureau of the Census estimated civilian population as of July 1. Estimates for 1980-1990 do not reflect revisions based 
on the 1990 Census of the Population. 

b Comparisons beginning in 1988 with data for earlier years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements 
in the design rather than true changes in hospital use. 
c 1 994 data based on Bureau of Census, 1 997. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; 1997. 


5-21 












Table 5-14. Community Hospitals 3 : 1993 


Region, Division, and State 

Number of 
Hospitals 

Beds 

(1,000) 

Patients 

Admitted 

(1,000) 

Average Daily 
Census (l,000) b 

Occupancy Rate c 

Personnel 11 

Outpatient 
Visits (mil.) 

UNITED STATES 

5,261 

916.2 

30,748.1 

591.7 

64.6 

3,676.6 

366.9 

NORTHEAST 

788 

204.8 

6,896.6 

157.3 

76.8 

886.5 

92.9 

New England 

227 

43.1 

1,602.7 

30.6 

71.0 

206.5 

23.4 

Maine 

39 

4.4 

145.1 

3.0 

68.0 

18.5 

2.2 

New Hampshire 

15 

1.9 

57.5 

1.2 

64.2 

7.0 

0.9 

Vermont 

28 

3.4 

109.7 

2.1 

63.7 

13.8 

1.8 

Massachusetts 

99 

21.1 

817.3 

15.1 

71.5 

107.8 

12.4 

Rhode Island 

11 

3.0 

126.8 

2.2 

73.3 

14.7 

1.4 

Connecticut 

35 

9.2 

346.3 

6.9 

74.4 

44.8 

4.8 

Middle Atlantic 

561 

161.8 

5,293.9 

126.7 

78.3 

680.0 

69.5 

New York 

231 

77.4 

2,359.9 

64.1 

82.8 

328.7 

33.7 

New Jersey 

97 

31.1 

1,103.2 

23.9 

77.0 

121.0 

11.2 

Pennsylvania 

233 

53.4 

1,830.7 

38.7 

72.6 

230.3 

24.6 

MIDWEST 

1,523 

238.8 

7,421.8 

146.5 

61.4 

933.8 

99.9 

East North Central 

809 

155.1 

5,221.6 

96.6 

62.3 

653.3 

73.8 

Ohio 

192 

41.1 

1,413.7 

24.9 

60.5 

176.2 

19.4 

Indiana 

115 

21.3 

712.3 

12.5 

58.7 

90.6 

10.8 

Illinois 

208 

44.1 

1,467.8 

28.0 

63.5 

180.0 

19.6 

Michigan 

167 

30.9 

1,059.4 

20.0 

64.7 

140.9 

16.4 

Wisconsin 

127 

17.7 

568.4 

11.2 

63.4 

65.5 

7.5 

West North Central 

714 

83.7 

2,200.3 

49.9 

59.6 

280.5 

26.1 

Minnesota 

145 

18.4 

496.1 

12.1 

66.0 

55.0 

5.3 

Iowa 

119 

13.4 

348.4 

7.7 

57.9 

44.1 

5.1 

Missouri 

130 

23.6 

705.1 

13.9 

58.9 

95.9 

8.2 

North Dakota 

45 

4.4 

90.8 

2.8 

64.2 

12.2 

0.8 

South Dakota 

51 

4.3 

94.9 

2.6 

60.6 

11.4 

0.9 

Nebraska 

90 

8.4 

175.1 

4.6 

55.2 

25.7 

2.1 

Kansas 

134 

11.3 

289.8 

6.1 

54.2 

36.3 

3.6 

SOUTH 

1,982 

329.1 

11,025.3 

201.9 

61.3 

1,265.1 

104.9 

South Atlantic 

790 

159.1 

5,502.6 

103.3 

64.9 

632.8 

52.7 

Delaware 

8 

2.2 

79.3 

1.5 

70.9 

10.9 

1.2 

Maryland 

50 

13.0 

559.3 

9.8 

75.3 

60.9 

4.5 

District of Columbia 

11 

4.2 

156.4 

3.1 

73.2 

20.1 

1.3 

Virginia 

96 

19.5 

690.7 

12.5 

64.2 

76.4 

6.6 

West Virginia 

58 

8.3 

278.3 

5.2 

61.9 

30.4 

3.5 

North Carolina 

117 

22.7 

785.5 

15.8 

69.6 

97.0 

7.7 

South Carolina 

68 

11.4 

394.2 

7.7 

67.3 

45.9 

3.9 

Georgia 

159 

26.5 

853.1 

16.8 

63.4 

977 

8.8 

Florida 

223 

51.3 

1,705.6 

31.0 

60.4 

193.6 

15.2 

East South Central 

449 

69.8 

2,255.5 

42.4 

60.8 

248.9 

21.4 

Kentucky 

106 

15.9 

532.6 

9.9 

62.2 

58.5 

6.0 

Tennessee 

130 

22.8 

747.3 

13.9 

60.8 

861 

7.4 

Alabama 

116 

18.5 

604.9 

11.3 

60.7 

66.0 

5.2 

Mississippi 

97 

12.5 

370.8 

7.4 

59.3 

38.3 

2.8 

West South Central 

743 

100.3 

3,267.1 

56.1 

56.0 

383.4 

30.8 

Arkansas 

87 

11.0 

342.1 

6.4 

58.3 

37.5 

3.0 

Louisiana 

132 

19.1 

598 0 

10.9 

57.0 

73.0 

7.1 

Oklahoma 

110 

11.7 

363.2 

6.4 

54.5 

44.4 

2.9 

Texas 

414 

58.5 

1,963.9 

32.5 

55.5 

228.5 

17.8 


5-22 


(continued on next page) 






Table 5-14. Community Hospitals®: 1993 (continued) 


Region, Division, and State 

Number of 
Hospitals 

Beds 

(1,000) 

Patients 

Admitted 

(1,000) 

Average Daily 
Census (l,000) b 

Occupancy Rate c 

Personnel 1 * 

Outpatient 
Visits (mil.) 

UNITED STATES 

5,261 

916.2 

30,748.1 

591.7 

64.6 

3,676.6 

366.9 

WEST 

968 

143.5 

5,404.4 

86.0 

60.0 

591.2 

69.2 

Mountain 

350 

42.1 

1,430.7 

24.4 

57.9 

166.1 

18.3 

Montana 

52 

4.2 

97.5 

2.7 

64.2 

11.9 

1.2 

Idaho 

41 

3.4 

99.0 

1.9 

55.4 

11.4 

1.6 

Wyoming 

25 

2.2 

42.8 

1.1 

48.4 

8.7 

0.7 

Colorado 

72 

10.3 

340.0 

6.0 

58.6 

42.2 

4.7 

New Mexico 

37 

4.1 

151.1 

2.2 

54.0 

18.5 

2.5 

Arizona 

60 

9.9 

403.6 

5.6 

57.1 

39.8 

3.4 

Utah 

42 

4.4 

173.5 

2.3 

53.4 

20.7 

3.0 

Nevada 

21 

3.7 

123.0 

2.5 

67.8 

12.8 

1.2 

Pacific 

618 

101.4 

3,973.7 

61.7 

60.8 

425.1 

50.9 

Washington 

90 

12.0 

494.2 

6.9 

57.6 

53.2 

7.1 

Oregon 

63 

7.4 

293.2 

4.1 

54.7 

33.1 

4.6 

California 

429 

77.7 

3,052.2 

47.6 

61.2 

320.5 

36.7 

Alaska 

16 

1.3 

37.3 

0.7 

52.9 

4.5 

0.6 

Hawaii 

20 

2.9 

96.9 

2.4 

83.1 

13.9 

2.0 


® Community hospitals are defined as non-Federal facilities providing short term (average stay length less than 30 days) general and special care, including 
obstetrics and gynecology; eye, ear, nose and throat; rehabilitation; etc., except psychiatric, tuberculosis, alcoholism, and chemical dependency. Excludes 
hospital units of institutions. 

b Inpatients receiving treatment each day; excludes newborn. 
c Ratio of average daily census to every 100 beds. 
d Includes full-time equivalents of part-time personnel. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990. 


5-23 









Table 5-15. Persons Receiving Care in Nursing Homes: 1980 and 1990 


Age (in years) 

1980 

Number 

Percent 

1990 

Number 

Percent 

Percent change, 

1980 to 1990 

1990 

Male 

Female 

Total 

1,426,371 

100.0 

1,772,032 

100.0 

24.2 

493,609 

1,278,423 

Under 35 

29,418 

2.1 

19,362 

1.1 

-34.2 

11,880 

7,482 

35-44 

20,764 

1.5 

27,303 

1.5 

31.5 

16,178 

11,125 

45-54 

42,857 

3.0 

40,903 

2.3 

-4.6 

21,662 

19,241 

55-64 








65-74 

238,962 

16.8 

244,676 

13.8 

2.4 

97,873 

146,803 

75-79 

219,571 

15.4 

245,972 

13.9 

12.0 

75,542 

170,430 

80-84 

286,679 

20.1 

361,330 

20.4 

26.0 

88,362 

272,968 

85-89 

276,251 

19.4 

378,612 

21.4 

37.1 

135,268 

603,517 

90-94 

158,807 

11.1 

247,648 

14.0 

55.9 

NA 

NA 

95 and older 

52,688 

3.7 

112,525 

6.4 

113.6 

NA 

NA 

Under 25 

12,902 

0.9 

4,231 

0.2 

-67.2 

2,399 

1,832 

Under 55 

93,039 

6.5 

87,568 

4.9 

-5.9 

49,720 

37,848 

Under 65 

193,413 

13.6 

181,269 

10.2 

-6.3 

96,564 

84,705 

65 years and older 

1,232,958 

86.4 

1,590763 

89.8 

29.0 

397,045 

1,193,718 

85 years and older 

487,746 

34.2 

738,785 

41.7 

51.5 

135,268 

603,517 

Percentage of age groups 








Under 65 

-- 

0.1 

-- 

0.1 

-- 

0.1 

0.1 

65-74 

-- 

1.5 

-- 

1.4 

- 

1.2 

1.4 

75-84 

-- 

6.6 

- 

6.1 

- 

4.4 

7.1 

85 - 89 

- 

17.6 

- 

18.6 

-- 

16.1 

27.7 

90-94 

- 

29.1 

- 

33.1 

- 

NA 

NA 

95 years and older 

- 

41.0 

- 

47.1 

- 

NA 

NA 

65 years and older 

-- 

4.8 

-- 

5.1 

- 

3.2 

6.4 

85 years and older 

- 

21.8 

- 

24.5 

-- 

16.1 

27.7 

90 years and older 

— 

31.4 

— 

36.5 

— 

NA 

NA 


-- Not applicable, included in previous age group. 

NA Not available. 

Note. In the 1990 decennial census, "nursing homes" include skilled-nursing facilities, intermediate-care facilities, long-term care rooms in wards or buildings on the 
grounds of hospitals, or long-term care rooms/nursing wings in congregate housing facilities. Also included are nursing, convalescent, and rest homes, such as 
soldiers', sailors', veterans', and fraternal or religious homes for the aged, with or without nursing care. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990. 


5-24 






Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State: 1980 and 1990 


Nursing Homes 


Region, Divison, and State 

1980 

1990 

1990 Percent of 
Population 

Change 1980 to 
1990 

Percent change, 
1980 to 1990 

UNITED STATES 

1,426,371 

1,772,032 

0.7 

345,661 

24.2 

NORTHEAST 

327,319 

399,329 

0.8 

72,010 

22.0 

New England 

106,344 

119,646 

0.9 

13,302 

12.5 

Maine 

9,570 

9,855 

0.8 

285 

3.0 

Vermont 

4,354 

4,809 

0.9 

455 

10.5 

New Hampshire 

6,673 

8,202 

0.7 

1,529 

22.9 

Massachusetts 

49,728 

55,662 

0.9 

5,934 

11.9 

Rhode Island 

8,146 

10,156 

1.0 

2,010 

24.7 

Connecticut 

127,873 

30,962 

0.9 

3,089 

11.1 

Middle Atlantic 

220,975 

279,683 

0.7 

58,708 

26.6 

New York 

114,276 

126,175 

0.7 

11,899 

10.4 

New Jersey 

34,414 

47,054 

0.6 

12,640 

36.7 

Pennsylvania 

72,285 

106,454 

0.9 

34,169 

47.3 

MIDWEST 

472,568 

544,650 

0.9 

72,082 

15.3 

East North Central 

296,088 

346,243 

0.8 

50,155 

16.9 

Ohio 

71,479 

93,769 

0.9 

22,290 

31.2 

Indiana 

40,112 

50,845 

0.9 

10,733 

26.8 

Illinois 

80,410 

93,662 

0.8 

13,252 

16.5 

Michigan 

55,805 

57,622 

0.6 

1,817 

3.3 

Wisconsin 

48,282 

50,345 

1.0 

2,063 

4.3 

West North Central 

176,480 

198,407 

1.1 

21,927 

12.4 

Minnesota 

44,553 

47,051 

1.1 

2,498 

5.6 

Iowa 

36,217 

36,455 

1.3 

238 

0.7 

Missouri 

37,942 

52,060 

1.0 

14,118 

37.2 

North Dakota 

7,486 

8,159 

1.3 

673 

9.0 

South Dakota 

8,087 

9,356 

1.3 

1,269 

15.7 

Nebraska 

17,650 

19,171 

1.2 

1,521 

8.6 

Kansas 

24,545 

26,155 

1.1 

1,610 

6.6 

SOUTH 

396,554 

558,382 

0.7 

161,828 

40.8 

South Atlantic 

163,080 

270,930 

0.6 

107,850 

66.1 

Delaware 

2,771 

4,596 

0.7 

1,825 

65.9 

Maryland 

19,821 

26,884 

0.6 

7,063 

35.6 

District of Columbia 

2,866 

7,008 

1.2 

4,142 

144.5 

Virginia 

24,323 

37,762 

0.6 

13,439 

55.3 

West Virginia 

6,355 

12,591 

0.7 

6,236 

98.1 

North Carolina 

29,596 

47,014 

0.7 

17,418 

58.9 

South Carolina 

11,666 

18,228 

0.5 

6,562 

56.2 

Georgia 

29,376 

36,549 

0.6 

7,173 

24.4 

Florida 

36,306 

80,298 

0.6 

43,992 

121.2 


5-25 


(continued on next page) 









Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State: 1980 and 1990 (continued) 


Nursing Homes 

Region, Divison, and State 

1980 

1990 

1990 Percent of 
Population 

Change 1980 to 
1990 

Percent change, 
1980 to 1990 

East South Central 

77,060 

102,900 

0.7 

25,840 

33.5 

Kentucky 

23,591 

27,874 

0.8 

4,283 

18.2 

Tennessee 

22,014 

35,192 

0.7 

13,178 

59.9 

Alabama 

18,702 

24,031 

0.6 

5,329 

28.5 

Mississippi 

12,753 

15,803 

0.6 

3,050 

23.9 

West South Central 

156,414 

184,552 

0.7 

28,138 

18.0 

Arkansas 

18,631 

21,809 

0.9 

3,178 

17.1 

Louisiana 

22,776 

32,072 

0.8 

9,296 

40.8 

Oklahoma 

25,732 

29,666 

0.9 

3,934 

15.3 

Texas 

89,275 

101,005 

0.6 

11,730 

13.1 

WEST 

229,930 

269,671 

0.5 

39,741 

17.3 

Mountain 

47,139 

65,842 

0.5 

18,703 

39.7 

Montana 

5,479 

7,764 

1.0 

22,85 

41.7 

Idaho 

5,084 

6,318 

0.6 

1,234 

24.3 

Wyoming 

2,198 

2,679 

0.6 

481 

21.9 

Colorado 

16,109 

18,506 

0.6 

2,397 

14.9 

New Mexico 

2,585 

6,276 

0.4 

3,691 

142.8 

Arizona 

8,424 

14,472 

0.4 

6,048 

71.8 

Utah 

4,921 

6,222 

0.4 

1,301 

26.4 

Nevada 

2,339 

3,605 

0.3 

1,266 

54.1 

Pacific 

182,791 

230,829 

0.5 

21,038 

11.5 

Washington 

27,970 

32,840 

0.7 

4,870 

17.4 

Oregon 

16,052 

18,200 

0.6 

2,148 

13.4 

California 

134,756 

148,362 

0.5 

13,606 

10.1 

Alaska 

854 

1,202 

0.2 

348 

40.7 

Hawaii 

3,159 

3,225 

0.3 

66 

2.1 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990. 






6. OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE, FISHING, 

RECREATION, AND HOBBIES 


Participation in certain types of activities can increase an individual's risk of exposure to 
environmental contaminants. Examples of these activities are subsistence fishing, hunting, 
gardening, recreation, or hobbies. Persons who fish and/or hunt for subsistence, cultural reasons, 
or recreation and then consume the animals caught could potentially be exposed to contaminants 
originally ingested by the animals. The habitat in which the animals lived is also important to 
consider when assessing contaminant exposure. Bottom-feeding fish (e.g., catfish) have greater 
exposure and higher body burdens of those contaminants found in sediments. Other common 
recreational activities, such as gardening, home maintenance/ repair, hobbies, and crafts, also can 
result in increased exposure to environmental contaminants. Gardeners may have greater 
exposure to pesticides and other chemicals due to dermal contact with soil and treated plants. 
Depending on the task involved, persons active in home maintenance/repair, hobbies, and crafts 
can be exposed to many chemicals, including paints, varnishes, solvents, and adhesives. This 
section presents estimates of the general U.S. population participating in various recreational 
activities that may increase exposure to environmental contaminants. 

It should be noted that participation in an activity in which food items can be obtained, 
such as hunting, fishing, or gardening, does not necessarily mean that the individual participating 
is consuming the food items. Intake rates are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook for 
the following food groups: fruits and vegetables (Section 9); fish (Section 10); meat and dairy 
products (Section 11); grain products (Section 12); home produced foods (Section 13); and breast 
milk (Section 14). 

6.1. FISHING AND HUNTING 

The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (U.S. DOI 
and U.S. DOC, 1993) was designed to provide estimates of the numbers of U.S. residents who 
participated in recreational hunting and fishing and other forms of wildlife-related activities 
known as nonconsumptive use in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The survey was 


6-1 







conducted in two phases by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the Fish and Wildlife Service. In 
the first phase, a nationwide sample of 129,500 households was interviewed over the telephone 
between January and February 1991. Information on household members 6 years old and older 
who had fished, hunted, or engaged in a nonconsumptive wildlife-related activity in 1990 and 
who planned to engage in these activities in 1991 were obtained from the interviews. A national 
response rate of 95.2% was achieved from eligible households. The second phase of the survey 
consisted of three detailed interviews conducted quarterly from May 1991 to March 1992 with 
subsamples of anglers, hunters, and nonconsumptive use participants identified in the first phase. 
Respondents in this phase of the survey were 16 years old and older. The survey was designed to 
provide State-level fishing, hunting, and nonconsumptive activities for 23,179 anglers and 
hunters and 22,723 nonconsumptive use participants. Sportsmen were defined in the survey as 
those who fish and hunt, fish only, or hunt only. Anglers were defined as licensed or unlicensed 
sportsmen who fish only or fish and hunt. Hunters were defined as licensed and unlicensed 
sportsmen who hunt only or hunt and fish. Assessors should be aware that the possibility of 
undersampling exists with telephone surveys (e.g., households without a telephone will not be 
sampled). The survey revealed that 108.7-million U.S. residents, 16 years old and older 
participated in some form of wildlife-related recreation activity in 1991. During that year, 35.6- 
million people in the United States fished, 14.1 million hunted, and 76.1-million had at least one 
type of nonconsumptive recreation activity involving wildlife as the primary purpose. 

Results of the survey for persons 16 years and older are summarized in Tables 6-1 
through 6-13. Table 6-1 shows the population estimates of anglers and hunters who participated 
in the survey, grouped by fishing and hunting activity and days of participation. Table 6-2 
presents the angler population, grouped by fishing waterbody and days of fishing. Tables 6-3, 6- 
4, and 6-5 present freshwater angler, Great Lakes angler, and saltwater angler populations, 
grouped by types of fish caught and number of days fishing. Table 6-6 presents population 
estimates for hunters, grouped by type of hunting (i.e., big game, small game, migratory bird, 
other animals) and by State of residence. Tables 6-7, 6-8, 6-9, and 6-10 present population 
estimates for hunters of big game, small game, migratory birds, and other animals, respectively, 
grouped by type of game. Table 6-11 presents demographic characteristics of anglers and 


6-2 


hunters, grouped by total population, sportsmen, those who fished only, those who hunted only, 
and those who fished and hunted. Table 6-12 presents demographic characteristics of anglers 16 
years and older by type of fishing. Table 6-13 presents demographic characteristics of hunters 16 
years old and older by type of hunting. Table 6-14 presents demographic characteristics (i.e., 
age, sex, race, household income, and geographic location) of anglers and hunters 6 to 15 years 
old, grouped by total population, sportsmen, and those who fished only, hunted only, and fished 
and hunted in 1990. Table 6-15 presents population estimates of anglers and hunters ages 6 to 15 
years old by sportsman's State of residence in 1990. Readers are reminded that the data in these 
tables present participation rates, not actual consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found 
in the Exposure Factors Handbook for the following: fish (Section 10) and meats (Section 11). 

It is possible to further estimate populations involved in these activities by combining 
demographic census data from Section 2 in this document with the information provided in the 
handbook tables. As an example. Table 6-12 (U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993) does not include 
the number of freshwater anglers residing in New England who are black; however, this can be 
estimated from the data presented. Table 6-12 indicates that 1,188,000 freshwater anglers are in 
the New England Census geographic division. If that number is multiplied by the percentage of 
the population in that area who are black (5 percent) the resulting value of 59,400 provides an 
estimate of black freshwater anglers in New England. 

6.2. HOME GARDENING 

Ingestion of contaminated food is a potential pathway of human exposure to toxic 
chemicals. Local site contamination may lead consumers of home-produced food products to be 
at greater exposure risk. In addition, incomplete cleaning/preparation of produce may leave a 
residue of pesticides and other chemicals on the fruits and vegetables grown and prepared in 
private homes. 

According to the Home and Garden Survey conducted by the National Gardening 
Association (1987), a total of 34-million (38%) U.S. households participated in vegetable 
gardening in 1986. Table 6-16 contains demographic data on vegetable gardening in 1986 by 
region/section, community size, and household size. Table 6-17 presents characteristics of 


6-3 


households that had a vegetable garden. Table 6-18 contains information on the types of 
vegetables grown by home gardeners in 1986. Tomatoes, peppers, onions, cucumbers, lettuce, 
beans, carrots, and com are among the vegetables grown by the largest percentage of gardeners. 
As previously stated, readers are reminded that the data in these tables present participation rates, 
and not actual consumption rates. Consumption rates for home-produced foods can be found in 
the Exposure Factors Handbook , Section 13. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) collects data on various recreational and leisure 
time activities based on sample surveys from several sources. Statistics on U.S. household 
participation in lawn and garden activities from 1989 to 1993 are presented in Table 6-19. In 
1990, 80% of U.S. households engaged in lawn and garden activities, compared with 71% in 
1993. Table 6-20 presents the percentage of the U.S. population who participated in gardening in 
1992 grouped by gender, race, age, and education. As shown in Table 6-20, 55% of the 
population participated in gardening in 1992. This represents an increase of 17% over the 1986 
figures previously referenced. 

6.3. DO-IT-YOURSELFERS 

The Do-It-Yourselfers Research Institute (1983) conducted a study of the home 
improvement and repair do-it-yourselfers (DIY) market in September 1982. The study design 
provided a comprehensive profile of DI Y consumers with particular emphasis on their shopping 
orientation, buying habits, and lifestyles. Telephone interviews were conducted with 2,000 
consumers who were randomly selected throughout the United States. The survey determined 
that for 1982, 73.5% of all U.S. households could be considered "do-it-yourselfers." DIY 
households were defined as households with the household members involved with home 
improvement and repair activities. The population data obtained were based on estimated 1982 
census figures. Table 6-21 presents the population estimates of DIY home improvement and 
repair projects undertaken between September 1981 and September 1982. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) presents the percentage of the U.S. population who 
participated in home improvement/repair in 1992. Table 6-22, which presents the percentage of 
the population grouped by gender, age, race, and education, indicates that 48% of the population 


6-4 


participated in home improvement/repair during 1992. This represents a decrease of 25.5% over 
the 1982 figures previously referenced. 

6.4. HOBBYISTS 

Individuals participating in certain hobbies and crafts (e.g., model building) may have an 
increased risk of exposure to certain chemicals in the products they use. Typically, these 
products, which include solvents, adhesives, paints, and varnishes, may be used in greater 
volumes and frequencies by specific populations resulting in higher levels of exposure to 
chemicals found in the products (U.S. EPA, 1985). Table 6-23 lists the hobbies that could 
potentially increase an individual's exposure to chemicals and the population estimates associated 
with these hobbies. 

6.5. EXERCISE/SPORT ACTIVITIES 

Participation in exercise and sporting activities can influence one’s exposure to 
environmental contaminants. People engaging in outdoor exercise may experience greater than 
expected exposures to air pollutants due to increased respiration rates. These athletes are also 
likely to have increased water consumption rates, thereby increasing exposure to drinking water 
contaminants. Also, participation in water sports such as swimming may lead to increased 
exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) from the chlorination of swimming pools. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) gathered data from the National Sporting Goods 
Association on participation of the U.S. population in various recreational sports activities. 

Table 6-24 presents the total numbers of the U.S. population who participated in selected sports 
activities in 1993 grouped by gender, age, and household income. Figure 6-1 shows the percent 
of population 7 years old and older who participated in the 10 most popular sports activities 
grouped by gender in 1993. Figure 6-2 shows the percentage of the population 18 years and 
older participating in various activities in 1992 including exercise, playing sports, various 
outdoor activities, home improvement, and gardening. 


6-5 


6.6. REFERENCES 


Do-It-Yourselfers Research Institute. (1983) The DIY consumer outlook-a psychographic 
segmentation. Indianapolis, IN: Do-It-Yourselfers Research Institute. 

National Gardening Association. (1987) National gardening survey: 1986 - 1987. Burlington, 
VT: The National Gardening Association. 

Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. (SMRB). (1983) 1983 Study of media and markets. 
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. 420 Lexington Ave. New York, NY (212) 916-8900. 

Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. (SMRB). (1992) 1992 Study of media and markets. 
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. 420 Lexington Ave. New York, NY (212) 916-8900. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of the Interior (U.S. DOI) and U.S. Department of Commerce (U.S. DOC). 
(1993). 1991 National survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. U.S. 
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, 
Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1985) Hobbyist exposure. Draft Report. Office of 
Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 

Writers Market. (1985) Writers digest: boats. Cincinnati, OH pp. 1044. 


6-6 


Table 6-1. Anglers, Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips, by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 1991 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 



Participants 


Days of Participation 

Trips 


Type of Game 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

Total Sportsmen 

39,979 


100 

747,135 

100 

668,327 

100 

Fishing 

Total, all fishing 

35,578 


100 

511,329 

100 

453,951 

100 

Total, all freshwater 

31,041 


87 

439,536 

86 

389,843 

86 

Freshwater, except Great 

30,186 


85 

430,922 

84 

369,344 

81 

Lakes 

Great Lakes 

2,552 


7 

25,335 

5 

20,499 

5 

Saltwater 

8,885 


25 

74,696 

15 

64,108 

14 

Hunting 

Total, all hunting 

14,063 


100 

235,806 

100 

214,375 

100 

Big game 

10,745 


76 

128,411 

54 

104,224 

49 

Small game 

7,642 


54 

77,132 

33 

72,487 

34 

Migratory birds 

3,009 


21 

22,235 

9 

19,537 

9 

Other animals 

1,411 


10 

19,340 

8 

18,127 

8 


Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can 
be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Sections 10 and 11. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-7 






Table 6-2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fishing: 1991 
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


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6-8 







Table 6-3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991 
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing.] 


Type of Fish 

Anglers 

Number Percent 

Days of Fishing 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Angler 

Total, all types of fish 

30,186 

100 

430,922 

100 

14 

Black bass (largemouth, 

smallmouth, etc.) 

12,857 

43 

158,226 

37 

12 

White bass, striped 

bass and striped bass 

hybrids 

6,408 

21 

63,181 

315 

10 

Panfish 

10,149 

34 

102,184 

24 

10 

Crappie 

8,327 

28 

90,940 

21 

11 

Catfish and bullheads 

9,195 

30 

96,451 

22 

10 

Walleye and sauger 

3,278 

11 

37,302 

9 

11 

Northern pike, pickerel, 

muskie and muskie 

hybrids 

2,693 

9 

29,327 

7 

11 

Trout 

9,107 

30 

81,366 

19 

9 

Salmon 

989 

3 

8,548 

2 

9 

Steelhead 

493 

2 

4,025 

1 

8 

Anything 3 

4,984 

17 

37,744 

9 

8 

Other freshwater fish 

2,550 

8 

21,452 

5 

8 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

a Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie 
can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 10. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-9 





Table 6-4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991 

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.! 


Type of Fish 

Anglers 

Number Percent 

Days of Fishing 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Angler 

Total, all types of fish 

2,552 

100 

25,335 

100 

10 

Black bass (largemouth. 

526 

21 

4,369 

17 

8 

smallmouth, etc.) 






Walleye and sauger 

1,028 

40 

9,489 

37 

9 

Northern pike, pickerel, 

213 

8 

2,318 

9 

11 

muskie, muskie hybrids 






Perch 

983 

39 

8,170 

32 

8 

Salmon 

721 

28 

4,622 

18 

6 

Steelhead 

289 

11 

2,444 

10 

8 

Lake trout 

482 

19 

2,980 

12 

6 

Other trout 

276 

11 

2,280 

9 

8 

Anything 8 

371 

15 

2,814 

11 

8 

Other Great Lakes fish 

314 

12 

2,086 

8 

7 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

a Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish. These data represent activity patterns, which do 
not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, 
Section 10. 


Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 





Table 6-5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991 
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Type of Fish 

Anglers 

Number Percent 

Days of Fishing 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Anglers 

Total, all types of fish 

8,885 

100 

74,696 

100 

8 

Salmon 

783 

9 

4,590 

6 

6 

Striped bass 

1,117 

13 

7,639 

10 

7 

Flatfish, flounder, 

halibut 

2,302 

26 

16,170 

22 

7 

Bluefish 

1,915 

22 

12,147 

16 

6 

Lingcod, rockcod 

683 

8 

3,220 

4 

5 

Seatrout 

1,314 

15 

12,618 

17 

10 

Sturgeon 

75 a 

1 a 

531 a 

1 a 

7 a 

Mackerel 

881 

10 

5,488 

7 

6 

Billfish (marlin, 

swordfish, sailfish, 

spearfish) 

322 

4 

2,052 

3 

6 

Anything 6 

2,831 

32 

17,861 

24 

6 

Other saltwater fish 

4,279 

48 

32,368 

43 

8 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

3 Estimate based on small sample size. 

b Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie 
can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 10. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-11 





Table 6-6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting, by Type of Hunting: 1991 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 



Total, All 


Type of Hunting 


Hunters, Trips, and 

Hunting 

Big Game 

Small Game 

Migratory Bird 

Other Animals 

Days of Hunting 

Number Per- 

Number Per- 

Number Per- 

Number Per- 

Number Per- 

cent 

cent 

cent 

cent 

cent 


Hunters 


Total in U.S. 

14,063 

100 

10,745 

100 

7,642 

100 

3,009 

100 

1,411 

100 

In state of residence 

13,370 

95 

10,167 

95 

7,215 

94 

2,861 

95 

1,321 

94 

In other states 

1,826 

13 

1,241 

12 

746 

10 

256 

9 

131 

9 

Trips 

Total in U.S. 

214,375 

100 

104,224 

100 

72,487 

100 

19,537 

100 

18,127 

100 

1 Day trips 

191,466 

89 

88,504 

85 

67,728 

93 

18,006 

92 

17,228 

95 

2 Day trips 

22,909 

11 

15,720 

15 

4,759 

7 

1,531 

8 

899 

5 

Days of hunting 

Total days in U.S. 

235,806 

100 

128,411 

100 

77,132 

100 

22,235 

100 

19,340 

100 

Days in state of 

220,125 

93 

118,338 

92 

72,824 

94 

20,908 

94 

18,102 

94 

residence 

Days in other states 

15,681 

7 

10,072 

8 

4,308 

6 

1,327 

6 

1,237 

6 

Average days per 

17 

X 

12 

X 

10 

X 

7 

X 

14 

X 


hunter 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown for hunters, trips, and days of hunting are based on the 

representative "Total in U.S." rows. 

(X) Not applicable. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found in Exposure 
Factors Handbook, Sections 10 and 11. 


Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 





Table 6-7. Big Game Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991 
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.) 


Type of Game 

Hunters 

Number Percent 

Days of Hunting 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Hunter 

Total, all big game 

10,745 

100 

128,411 

100 

12 

Deer 

10,277 

96 

112,853 

88 

11 

Elk 

682 

6 

5,048 

4 

7 

Bear 

368 

3 

2,882 

2 

8 

Wild turkey 

1,720 

16 

13,483 

10 

8 

Other 

404 

4 

3,235 

3 

8 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found 
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11. 


Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 





Table 6-8. Small Game Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Type of Game 

Hunters 

Number Percent 

Days of Hunting 

Number Percent 

Average 

Days per 

Hunter 

Total, all small game 

7,642 

100 

77,132 

100 

10 

Rabbits, hares 

3,980 

52 

35,624 

46 

9 

Quail 

1,694 

22 

13,511 

18 

8 

Grouse/prairie 

1,375 

18 

10,629 

14 

8 

chicken 






Squirrels 

3,569 

47 

29,602 

38 

8 

Pheasant 

2,285 

30 

16,136 

21 

7 

Other 

823 

11 

6,824 

9 

8 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found 
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-14 





Table 6-9. Migratory Bird Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Type of Game 

Hunters 

Number Percent 

Days of Hunting 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Hunter 

Total, all migratory birds 

3,009 

100 

22,235 

100 

7 

Geese 

882 

29 

6,584 

30 

7 

Ducks 

1,164 

39 

8,800 

40 

8 

Doves 

1,851 

61 

9,480 

43 

5 

Other 

259 

9 

1,667 

7 

6 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found 
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-15 





Table 6-10. Hunters of Other Animals and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Type of Game 

Hunters 

Number Percent 

Days of Hunting 

Number Percent 

Average Days 

per Hunter 

Total, all other animals 

1,411 

100 

19,340 

100 

14 

Groundhog (woodchuck) 

471 

33 

4,851 

25 

10 

Raccoon 

408 

29 

7,196 

37 

18 

Fox 

204 

14 

2,157 

11 

11 

Coyote 

427 

30 

4,482 

23 

10 

Other 

312 

22 

3,238 

17 

10 


Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found 
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-16 





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6-18 







Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing 


(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Characteristic 

% 

U.S. 

population 

Total, 
all fishing 

Freshwater 

Total 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

189,964 

100 

35.578 

19 

100 

31,041 

16 

100 

Population density of residence 









Urban. 

138,191 

73 

22,368 

16 

63 

18,890 

14 

61 

Rural. 

51.773 

27 

13.210 

26 

37 

12.151 

23 

39 

Population size of residence 









MSA. 

147.339 

78 

24,877 

17 

70 

20.966 

14 

68 

1,000,000 or more. 

81,346 

43 

11,527 

14 

32 

9,551 

12 

31 

250,000 to 999,999 .... 

45.601 

24 

8,804 

19 

25 

7,530 

17 

24 

50,000 to 249.999. . . . 

20,392 

11 

4,546 

22 

13 

3.886 

19 

13 

Outside MSA. 

42.625 

22 

10,701 

25 

30 

10,075 

24 

32 

Census geographic division 









New England. 

10.180 

5 

1.545 

15 

4 

1,188 

12 

4 

Middle Atlantic. 

29,216 

15 

3.871 

13 

11 

3.008 

10 

10 

East North Central. 

32.188 

17 

6,264 

19 

18 

6.191 

19 

20 

West North Central. 

13.504 

7 

3,647 

27 

10 

3,633 

27 

12 

South Atlantic. 

33.682 

18 

6.441 

19 

18 

4,887 

15 

16 

East South Central. 

11,667 

6 

2.635 

23 

7 

2,509 

22 

8 

West South Central. 

19,926 

10 

4.592 

23 

13 

4,039 

20 

13 

Mountain. 

10.092 

5 

2,079 

21 

6 

2,030 

20 

7 

Pacific. 

29.508 

16 

4.505 

15 

13 

3.556 

12 

11 

Age 









Total. 

189,964 

100 

35,578 

19 

100 

31,041 

16 

100 

1 6 to 17 years. 

6.530 

3 

1.481 

23 

4 

1,346 

21 

4 

1 8 to 24 years. 

23.023 

12 

4,593 

20 

13 

4,110 

18 

13 

25 to 34 years. 

42,931 

23 

9.929 

23 

28 

8,707 

20 

28 

35 to 44 years. 

38.341 

20 

8,584 

22 

24 

7,459 

19 

24 

45 to 54 years. 

27.021 

14 

4,894 

18 

14 

4,215 

16 

14 

55 to 64 years. 

21.085 

11 

3,271 

16 

9 

2.845 

13 

9 

65 years and older. 

31.032 

16 

2,827 

9 

8 

2.360 

8 

8 

Sex 









Male. 

90.369 

48 

25,711 

28 

72 

22,670 

25 

73 

Female. 

99.595 

52 

9,867 

10 

28 

8.371 

8 

27 

Race 

White. 

162.367 

85 

32,776 

20 

92 

28,727 

18 

93 

Black. 

18,395 

10 

1,810 

10 

5 

1,583 

9 

5 

All others. 

9,202 

5 

992 

11 

3 

732 

8 

2 

Annual household income 









Under S10.000. 

18.585 

10 

1,981 

11 

6 

1.839 

10 

6 

S10.000 to S19.999 . 

29.864 

16 

4.677 

16 

13 

4.286 

14 

14 

S20.000 to S24.999 . 

15,188 

8 

2,893 

19 

8 

2,636 

17 

o 

S25.000 to S29.999 . 

18,727 

10 

3,757 

20 

11 

3,309 

18 

1 1 

S30.000 to 549,999 . 

' 42.689 

22 

10.348 

24 

29 

9.072 

21 

29 

$50,000 to S74.999 . 

24,448 

13 

5.868 

24 

16 

4,874 

20 

16 

S75.000 or more. 

13.579 

7 

2.837 

21 

8 

2,274 

17 

7 

Not reported. 

26.884 

14 

3.217 j 

12 

9 

2,751 

10 

9 

Education 









8 years or less. 

14.311 

8 

1,517 

11 

4 

1.391 

10 

4 

9-11 years. 

21.595 

11 

4,186 

19 

12 

3,789 

18 

12 

12 years. 

77.293 

41 

14.2161 

18 

40 

12.559 

16 

40 

1 • 3 years college. 

36,725 

19 

7,700 

21 

22 

6.751 

18 

22 

4 years college. 

22,920 

12 

4,720 1 

21 

13 

3,887 

17 

13 

5 or more years college. 

17,120 

9 

3.240 • 

19 

9 

2,665 

16 

9 


(contmuea) 


6-19 






































































Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing (continued) 

[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 





Freshwater 






Characteristic 

Freshwater, except 

Great Lakes 

1 

Great Lakes 


Saltwater 


Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

30,186 

16 

100 

2,552 

1 

100 

8,885 

5 

100 

Population density of residence 










Urban. 

18.219 

13 

60 

1,804 

1 

71 

6,570 

5 

74 

Rural. 

11,967 

23 

40 

747 

1 

29 

2,314 

4 

26 

Population size of residence 










MSA. 

20,248 

14 

67 

2,086 

1 

82 

7,474 

5 

84 

1,000,000 or more. 

9.113 

11 

30 

1,086 

1 

43 

3,679 

5 

41 

250,000 to 999,999 

7,340 

16 

24 

738 

2 

29 

2,481 

5 

28 

50,000 to 249.999. . . . 

3,794 

19 

13 

263 

1 

10 

1,314 

6 

15 

Outside MSA. 

9,938 

23 

33 

465 

1 

18 

1,411 

3 

16 

Census geographic division 










New England. 

1,186 

12 

4 

30 

(Z) 

1 

702 

7 

8 

Middle Atlantic. 

2,820 

10 

9 

523 

2 

20 

1,446 

5 

16 

East North Central. 

5.553 

17 

18 

1,833 

6 

72 

307 

1 

3 

West North Central... 

3,626 

27 

12 

79 

1 

3 

71 

1 

1 

South Atlantic. 

4,882 

14 

16 

45 

(Z) 

2 

2,916 

9 

33 

East South Central. 

2,503 

21 

8 

*16 

*(Z) 

*1 

328 

3 

4 

West South Central. 

4,039 

20 

13 



1,053 

5 

12 

Mountain. 

2.025 

20 

7 

*13 

*(Z) 

*(Z) 

129 

1 

1 

Pacific. 

3,552 

12 

12 


1,932 

7 

22 

Age 










Total. 

30,186 

16 

100 

2.552 

1 

100 

8,885 

5 

100 

16 to 17 years. 

1,285 

20 

4 

110 

2 

4 

319 

5 

4 

18 to 24 years. 

3,989 

17 

13 

311 

1 

12 

1,075 

5 

12 

25 to 34 years. 

8,521 

20 

28 

689 

2 

27 

2.465 

6 

28 

35 to 44 years. 

7,303 

19 

24 

623 

2 

24 

2.233 

6 

25 

45 to 54 years. 

4,067 

15 

13 

406 

2 

16 

1,370 

5 

15 

55 to 64 years. 

2.778 

13 

9 

199 

1 

8 

722 

3 

8 

65 years and older. 

2,243 

7 

7 

215 

1 

8 

700 

2 

8 

Sex 










Male. 

22,041 

24 

73 

2,085 

2 

82 

6,628 

7 

75 

Female. 

8,145 

8 

27 

467 

(Z) 

18 

2.257 

2 

25 

Race 









White. 

27.922 

17 

93 

2,396 

1 

94 

8.006 

5 

90 

Black . 

1,550 

8 

5 

109 

1 

4 

441 

2 

5 

All others. 

714 

8 

2 

*47 

•1 

*2 

438 

5 

5 

Annual household income 










Under S10,000. 

1.795 

10 

6 

98 

1 

4 

295 

2 

3 

S10.000 to S19.999 . . 

4.198 

14 

14 

275 

1 

11 

914 

3 

10 

S20.000 to S24.999 . . . 

2,573 

17 

9 

178 

1 

7 

544 

4 

6 

S25.000 to $29,999 . . . 

3,250 

17 

11 

193 

1 

8 

797 

4 

g 

S30.000 to S49.999 .... 

8.793 

21 

29 

790 

2 

31 

2 592 

6 

29 

S50.000 to S74.999 .... 

4,744 

19 

16 

494 

2 

19 

1.868 

8 

21 

S75.000 or more. 

2.195 

16 

7 

235 

2 

9 

1 077 

8 

12 

Not reported. 

2,638 

10 

9 

288 

1 

11 

798 

3 

9 

Education 









8 years or less. 

9-11 years. 

1,351 

9 

4 

103 

1 

4 

228 

2 

3 

3.691 

17 

12 

260 

1 

10 

811 

4 

9 

12 years. 

12,218 

16 

40 

1,033 

1 

40 

3.266 

4 

37 

1 - 3 years college. 

6,507 

18 

22 

640 

2 

25 

2 015 

5 

23 

4 years college. 

3.797 

17 

13 

313 

1 

12 

1 507 

7 

1 7 

5 or more years college. 

2.622 

15 

9 

204 

1 

8 

1.058 

6 

12 


(Z) 

Source: 


* - i — — —■ ■ w »» w w i v_ i ii i cauii i w 

living in urban areas who fished in the Great Lakes, etc. 
by the row heading (the percent of those who fished in 
Estimate based on a small sample size. 

Sample size too small to report data reliably 
Less than .5 percent. 


s population who participated in the activity named by 
). Percent columns show the percent of each column 
the Great Lakes who lived in urban areas, etc.). 


the column (the percent of those 
s participants who are described 


U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-20 




































































Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting 

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.! 








Type of hunting 


U.S. population 

Total, all hunting 


Big game 


Characteristic 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

189,964 

100 

14,063 

7 

100 

10.745 

6 

100 

Population density of residence 









Urban. 

138,191 

73 

6,631 

5 

47 

4,777 

3 

44 

Rural. 

51.773 

27 

7,432 

14 

53 

5,969 

12 

56 

Population size of residence 









MSA. 

147,339 

78 

7,868 

5 

56 

5,809 

4 

54 

1.000,000 or more. 

81,346 

43 

3.071 

4 

22 

2.230 

3 

21 

250.000 - 999,999. 

45,601 

24 

2,911 

6 

21 

2,105 

5 

20 

50,000 - 249,999. 

20,392 

11 

1,885 

9 

13 

1,473 

7 

14 

Outside MSA. 

42,625 

22 

6,195 

15 

44 

4,937 

12 

46 

Census geographic division 









New England. 

10,180 

5 

444 

4 

3 

391 

4 

4 

Middle Atlantic. 

29,216 

15 

1,746 

6 

12 

1,587 

5 

15 

East North Central. 

32,188 

17 

2,789 

9 

20 

2.198 

7 

20 

West North Central. 

13,504 

7 

1,709 

13 

12 

1.139 

8 

11 

South Atlantic. 

33,682 

18 

2,083 

6 

15 

1,676 

5 

16 

East South Central. 

11,667 

6 

1,279 

11 

9 

886 

8 

8 

West South Central. 

19,926 

10 

1,843 

9 

13 

1,297 

7 

12 

Mountain. 

10,092 

5 

1,069 

11 

8 

843 

8 

8 

Pacific. 

29,508 

16 

1,101 

4 

8 

729 

2 

7 

Age 








100 

Total. 

189,964 

100 

14,063 

7 

100 

10,745 

6 

16 to 17 years. 

6,530 

3 

662 

10 

5 

434 

7 

4 

18 to 24 years. 

23,023 

12 

2,016 

9 

14 

1,517 

7 

14 

25 to 34 years. 

42.931 

23 

3,930 

9 

28 

3.105 

7 

29 

35 to 44 years. 

38.341 

20 

3,369 

9 

24 

2.616 

7 

24 

45 to 54 years. 

27,021 

14 

2,073 

8 

15 

1,606 

6 

15 

55 to 64 years. 

21,085 

11 

1,177 

6 

8 

893 

4 

8 

65 years and older. 

31.032 

16 

837 

3 

6 

574 

2 

5 

Sex 









Male. 

90,369 

48 

12,995 

14 

92 

9,920 

11 

92 

Female. 

99,595 

52 

1,068 

1 

8 

825 

1 

8 

Race 









White. 

162,367 

85 

13,572 

8 

97 

10,441 

6 

97 

Black . 

18,395 

10 

294 

2 

2 

170 

1 

2 

All others. 

9,202 

5 

197 

2 

1 

134 

1 

1 

Annual household income 









Under S10.000. 

18,585 

10 

673 

4 

5 

484 

3 

5 

SI0,000 to SI9.999 . 

29,864 

16 

1,830 

6 

13 

1,443 

5 

13 

S20.000 to S24.999 . 

15,188 

8 

1,322 

9 

9 

1,064 

7 

10 

S25.000 to S29.999 . 

18,727 

10 

1,602 

9 

11 

1,306 

7 

12 

S30.000 to S49.999 . 

42,689 

22 

4,289 

10 

31 

3,301 

8 

31 

550,000 to S74.999 . 

24,448 

13 

2,059 

8 

15 

1,541 

6 

14 

S75.000 or more. 

- 13,579 

7 

947 

7 

7 

621 

5 

6 

Not reported. 

26,884 

14 

1,341 

5 

10 

985 

4 

9 

Education 









8 years or less. 

14,311 

8 

595 

4 

4 

436 

3 

4 

9-11 years. 

21,595 

11 

1,735 

8 

12 

1,346 

6 

13 

12 years. 

77,293 

41 

6.250 

8 

44 

5,010 

6 

47 

1 - 3 years college. 

36,725 

19 

2.896 

8 

21 

2,174 

6 

20 

4 years college. 

22,920 

12 

1,567 

7 

11 

1,064 

5 

10 

5 or more years college. 

17,120 

9 

1,020 

6 

i 7 

716 

4 

7 


6-21 






































































Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters (continued) 

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.] 


Type of hunting 




Small game 


Migratory bird 

Other animals 

Characteristic 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

7,642 

4 

100 

3.009 

2 

100 

1,411 

1 

100 

Population density of residence 










Urban. 

3,531 

3 

46 

1,600 

1 

53 

456 

(Z) 

32 

Rural.. 

4,111 

8 

54 

1,410 

3 

47 

955 

2 

58 

Population size of residence 










MSA.. 

4,161 

3 

54 

1,883 

1 

63 

619 

(Z) 

44 

1.000,000 or more. 

1,533 

2 

20 

757 

1 

25 

187 

(Z) 

13 

250,000 - 999,999. 

1,653 

4 

22 

666 

1 

22 

271 

1 

19 

50,000 - 249,999. 

975 

5 

13 

461 

2 

15 

160 

1 

11 

Outside MSA. 

3,480 

8 

46 

1,126 

3 

37 

792 

2 

56 

Census geographic division 










New England. 

234 

2 

3 

53 

1 

2 

50 

(Z) 

4 

Middle Atlantic. 

964 

3 

13 

195 

1 

6 

231 

1 

16 

East North Central. 

1,599 

5 

21 

372 

1 

12 

299 

1 

21 

West North Central. 

1,154 

9 

15 

339 

3 

11 

175 

1 

12 

South Atlantic. 

1,098 

3 

14 

451 

1 

15 

208 

1 

15 

East South Central. 

803 

7 

11 

313 

3 

10 

153 

1 

11 

West South Central. 

887 

4 

12 

722 

4 

24 

120 

1 

8 

Mountain. 

431 

4 

6 

212 

2 

7 

90 

1 

6 

Pacific. 

472 

2 

6 

353 

1 

12 

85 

(Z) 

6 

Age 










Total. 

7,642 

4 

100 

3,009 

2 

100 

1,411 

1 

100 

1 6 to 17 years. 

452 

7 

6 

154 

2 

5 

77 

1 

£ 

1 8 to 24 years. 

1,245 

5 

16 

528 

2 

18 

289 

1 

20 

25 to 34 years. 

2,158 

5 

28 

867 

2 

29 

385 

1 

27 

35 to 44 years. 

1,775 

5 

23 

752 

2 

25 

338 

1 

24 

45 to 54 years. 

1,010 

4 

13 

412 

2 

14 

192 

1 

14 

55 to 64 years. 

555 

3 

7 

182 

1 

6 

85 

(Z) 

6 

65 years and older. 

447 

1 

6 

115 

(Z) 

4 

47 

(Z) 

3 

Sex 










Male. 

7,241 

8 

95 

2,854 

3 

95 

1,313 

1 

93 

Female. 

401 

(Z) 

5 

155 

(Z) 

5 

99 

(Z) 

7 

Race 

White. 

7,306 

4 

96 

2,920 

2 

97 

1,372 

1 

97 

Black . 

235 

1 

3 

40 

(Z) 

1 

*31 

*(Z) 

*2 

All others. 

101 

1 

1 

49 

1 

2 

*8 

*(Z) 

*1 

Annual household income 

Under SI 0.000. 

438 

2 

6 

91 

(Z) 

3 

70 

(Z) 

5 

SI0.000 to $19,999 . 

957 

3 

13 

224 

1 

7 

211 

1 

15 

S20.000 to S24.999 . 

674 

4 

9 

258 

2 

9 

146 

1 

10 

S25.000 to $29,999 . 

877 

5 

11 

291 

2 

10 

178 

1 

13 

S30.000 to $49,999 . 

2,283 

5 

30 

945 

2 

31 

442 

1 

31 

S50.000 to S74.999 . 

1,161 

5 

15 

562 

2 

19 

184 

1 

13 

S75.000 or more. 

513 

4 

7 

376 

3 

12 

79 

1 

6 

Not reported. 

739 

3 

10 

262 

1 

9 

102 

(Z) 

7 

Education 










8 years or less. 

325 

2 

4 

57 

(Z) 

2 

59 

(Z) 

4 

9-11 years. 

950 

4 

12 

261 

1 

9 

163 

1 

12 

12 years. 

3,340 

4 

44 

1,094 

1 

36 

649 

1 

46 

1 - 3 years college. 

1,583 

4 

21 

742 

2 

25 

312 

1 

22 

4 years college. 

867 

4 

11 

532 

2 

18 

152 

1 

11 

5 or more years college. 

577 

3 

8 

322 

2 

11 

76 

(Z) 

5 


Note. Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those 
living in urban areas who hunted big game, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the 
row heading (the percent of big game hunters who lived in urban areas, etc.). 

(Z) Less than .5 percent. 

* Estimate based on a small sample size 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-22 




























































Table 6-14. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 1990 

INumbers in thousands.] 



1 

U.S. population 

Sportsmen 
(fished or hunted) 


Fished only 


Characteristic 

Number 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

partici¬ 

pated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

35,530 

100 

14,011 

39 

100 

12,281 

35 

100 

Population density of residence 









Urban. 

24,720 

70 

8.441 

34 

60 

7,731 

31 

63 

Rural. 

10,810 

30 

5,570 

52 

40 

4,550 

42 

37 

Population size of residence 









MSA. 

26,817 

75 

9,681 

36 

69 

8,845 

33 

72 

1.000.000 or more. 

14,355 

40 

4,482 

31 

32 

4,196 

29 

34 

250,000 - 999,999. 

8,642 

24 

3.409 

39 

24 

3,094 

36 

25 

50,000 - 249,999. 

3,819 

11 

1,790 

47 

13 

1,555 

41 

13 

Outside MSA. 

8,713 

25 

4,330 

50 

31 

3,436 

39 

28 

Census geographic division 

New England. 

1,645 

5 

650 

39 

5 

605 

37 

5 

Middle Atlantic. 

4,893 

14 

1,571 

32 

11 

1,463 

30 

12 

East North Central. 

6,088 

17 

2,645 

43 

19 

2,328 

38 

19 

West North Central. 

2,611 

7 

1,470 

56 

10 

1,231 

47 

10 

South Atlantic. 

5,906 

17 

2,125 

36 

15 

1,867 

32 

15 

East South Central. 

2,307 

6 

993 

43 

7 

779 

34 

6 

West South Central. 

4,258 

2,196 

12 

1,690 

977 

40 

12 

1,385 

844 

33 

11 

Mountain. 

6 

45 

7 

38 

7 

Pacific. 

5,626 

16 

1,891 

34 

13 

1,781 

32 

15 

Age 









6 to 8 years. 

11,194 

32 

4.045 

36 

29 

3,879 

35 

32 

9 to 11 years. 

10,824 

30 

4,471 

41 

32 

4,093 

38 

33 

1 2 to 15 years. 

13,512 

38 

5,496 

41 

39 

4,309 

32 

35 

Sex 









Male, total. 

18,185 

5,692 

51 

8,836 

2.416 

49 

63 

7,292 

40 

59 

6 to 8 years. 

16 

42 

17 

2,279 

40 

19 

9 to 11 years. 

5,582 

16 

2.801 

50 

20 

2,469 

44 

20 

1 2 to 15 years. 

6,911 

19 

3,619 

52 

26 

2,545 

37 

21 

Female, total. 

17,345 

49 

5,175 

30 

37 

4,989 

29 

41 

6 to 8 years. 

5,501 

15 

1,629 

30 

12 

1,600 

29 

13 

9 to 11 years. 

5,242 

15 

1,669 

32 

12 

1,625 

31 

13 

12 to 15 years. 

6,601 

19 

1,877 

28 

13 

1,764 

27 

14 

Race 









White. 

28,936 

81 

12,856 

44 

92 

11,186 

39 

91 

Black. 

4,453 

13 

629 

14 

4 

593 

13 

5 

All others. 

2,141 

6 

527 

25 

4 

502 

23 

4 

Annual household income 









Under SI0,000. 

3,623 

10 

837 

23 

6 

761 

21 

6 

SI0.000 to SI9.999 . 

5,401 

15 

1,753 

32 

13 

1,533 

28 

12 

S20.000 to S24.999 . 

2,828 

8 

1,013 

36 

7 

869 

31 

7 

S25.000 to S29.999 . 

3,706 

10 

1,522 

41 

11 

1,312 

35 

11 

S30.000 to 549,999 . 

9,186 

26 

4,323 

47 

31 

3,801 

41 

31 

S50.000 to S74.999 . 

4,869 

14 

2,376 

49 

17 

2,110 

43 

17 

S75.000 or more. 

2,539 

7 

1,199 

47 

9 

1,056 

42 

9 

Not reported. 

3,379 

10 

988 

29 

7 

837 

25 

7 


(continued) 


6-23 






























































Table 6-14. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 1990 (continued) 

(Numbers in thousands.] 




Hunted only 


Fished and hunte 

d 

Characteristic 

Number 

Percent 

who 

participated 

Percent 

Number 

Percent 

who 

participated 

Percent 

Total persons. 

221 

1 

100 

1,509 

4 

100 







Population density of residence 

Urban. 

84 

(Z) 

38 

626 

3 

41 

Rural. 

137 

1 

62 

883 

8 

59 

Population size of residence 

MSA . 

*102 

*(Z) 

*46 

734 

3 

49 

1 000 000 or more. 

25 

(Z) 

11 

261 

2 

17 

250 000 - 999.999. 

28 

(Z) 

13 

286 

3 

19 

50 000 - 249 999. 

48 

1 

22 

187 

5 

12 

Outside MSA. 

120 

1 

54 

775 

9 

51 

Census geographic division 

New England. 

*5 

*(Z) 

*2 

40 

2 

3 

Middle Atlantic. 

*18 

*(Z) 

*8 

90 

2 

6 

East North Central. 

*33 

•1 

*15 

285 

5 

19 

West North Central. 

29 

1 

13 

210 

8 

14 

South Atlantic. 

43 

1 

20 

215 

4 

14 

East South Central. 

25 

1 

11 

190 

8 

13 

West South Central. 

*29 

•1 

*13 

276 

6 

18 

Mountain. 

25 

1 

11 

108 

5 

7 

Pacific . 

*15 

*(Z) 

*7 

94 

2 

6 

Age 

6 to 8 years. 

*13 

*(Z) 

*6 

153 

* 1 

10 

9 to 11 years. 

35 

(Z) 

16 

342 

3 

23 

12 to 15 years. 

174 

1 

78 

1,013 

7 

67 

Sex 

Male, total. 

188 

1 

85 

1,357 

7 

90 

6 to 8 years. 

*9 

*(Z) 

*4 

128 

2 

9 

9 to 11 years. 

30 

1 

13 

303 

5 

20 

12 to 15 years. 

149 

2 

67 

925 

13 

61 

Female, total. 

34 

(Z) 

15 

152 

1 

10 

6 to 8 years. 


25 

(Z) 

2 

9 to 11 years. 

*5 

*(Z) 

*2 

39 

1 

3 

12 to 15 years. 

24 

(Z) 

11 

88 

1 

6 

Race 

White. 

210 

1 

95 

1,460 

5 

97 

Black. 



29 

1 

2 

All others. 

*4 

*(Z) 

*(Z) 

1 

*2 

21 

1 

1 

Annual household income 

Under SI0,000. 

*16 

*7 

60 

2 

4 

S10.000 to S19.999. 

29 

13 

191 

4 

13 

S20.000 to $24,999. 

*13 

*(Z) 

1 

1 

*6 

131 

5 

9 

S25.000 to S29.999. 

37 

17 

172 

5 

11 

S30.000 to 549,999. 

63 

28 

459 

5 

30 

$50,000 to S74.999. 

*20 

*(Z) 

*1 

*9 

246 

5 

16 

S75.000 or more. 

*20 

*24 

*9 

123 

5 

8 

Not reported. 

*1 

*11 

127 

4 

8 






Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those 
living in urban areas who fished only, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row 
heading (the percent of those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported are from screening interviews in which one adult 
household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months 
worth of activity. 

* Estimate based on a small sample size. 

... Sample size too small to report data reliably 
(Z) Less than .5 percent. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-24 




























































Table 6-15. Demographic Estimates for Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by State of Residence in 1990 

(Numbers in thousands.) 


Sportsman's state of residence 


Fished or hunted 

Fished only 

Hunted only 

Fished and hunted 

Popula¬ 

tion 

Number 

Percent 

of 

popula¬ 

tion 

Number 

Percent 

of 

popula¬ 

tion 

Number 

Percent 

of 

popula¬ 

tion 

Number 

Percent 

of 

popula¬ 

tion 

U.S.. total. 

35,530 

14,011 

39 

12,281 

35 

221 

1 

1,509 

4 

Alabama. 

621 

274 

44 

220 

35 



50 

8 

Alaska. 

85 

61 

72 

52 

61 



8 

10 

Arizona. 

543 

188 

35 

171 

31 



*13 

*2 

Arkansas. 

369 

185 

50 

125 

34 



58 

16 

California. 

4,274 

1,252 

29 

1,211 

28 



*37 

*1 

Colorado. 

475 

252 

53 

227 

48 



*20 

*4 

Connecticut. 

409 

147 

36 

140 

34 



*6 

*2 

Delaware. 

95 

35 

37 

33 

34 



*2 

*2 

Florida. 

1,591 

595 

37 

556 

35 



*29 

*2 

Georgia. 

1,013 

335 

33 

288 

28 

... 

... 

39 

4 

Hawaii. 

157 

50 

32 

48 

30 



*2 

*1 

Idaho. 

181 

105 

58 

84 

47 

*5 

*3 

16 

9 

Illinois. 

1,619 

620 

38 

575 

36 



42 

3 

Indiana. 

824 

390 

47 

328 

40 

... 

... 

60 

7 

Iowa. 

411 

225 

55 

186 

45 

... 

... 

35 

8 

Kansas . 

377 

195 

52 

162 

43 


... 

28 

7 

Kentucky. 

545 

264 

48 

207 

38 

*8 

*2 

48 

9 

Louisiana. 

704 

266 

38 

202 

29 

*14 

*2 

50 

7 

Maine. 

171 

90 

53 

77 

45 

... 

... 

12 

7 

Maryland. 

630 

169 

27 

154 

24 

... 

... 

*11 

*2 

Massachusetts. 

706 

249 

35 

238 

34 



*11 

*2 

Michigan. 

1,354 

587 

43 

514 

38 



59 

4 

Minnesota. 

644 

394 

61 

334 

52 


... 

54 

8 

Mississippi. 

433 

177 

41 

123 

28 

*7 

*2 

46 

11 

Missouri. 

725 

388 

54 

325 

45 


... 

58 

8 

Montana. 

125 

73 

59 

54 

43 

*3 

*3 

16 

13 

Nebraska. 

242 

140 

58 

119 

49 



18 

8 

Nevada . 

162 

53 

33 

47 

29 

... 

... 

*4 

*3 

New Hampshire. 

155 

73 

47 

69 

44 



*3 

*2 

New Jersey. 

981 

295 

30 

285 

29 

... 

... 

... 

... 

New Mexico. 

257 

92 

36 

77 

30 

*4 

*2 

*11 

*4 

New York. 

2,341 

649 

28 

624 

27 

... 

... 

*23 

*1 

North Carolina. 

903 

310 

37 

273 

30 



47 

5 

North Dakota. 

101 

64 

63 

51 

50 

*2 

*2 

11 

11 

Ohio. 

1,577 

632 

40 

570 

36 

... 

Ml 

58 

4 

Oklahoma. 

477 

231 

48 

206 

43 

... 


24 

5 

Oregon . 

406 

190 

47 

169 

42 

... 

... 

*15 

*4 

Pennsylvania. 

1,572 

628 

40 

554 

35 

... 

... 

59 

4 

Rhode Island. 

125 

44 

35 

43 

34 

... 

... 

... 


South Carolina. 

536 

206 

38 

178 

33 

... 

... 

27 

5 

South Dakota. 

111 

63 

57 

53 

48 

*3 

*3 

*7 

*6 

Tennessee . 

708 

279 

39 

229 

32 

... 

... 

46 

6 

Texas. 

2,708 

1,008 

37 

852 

31 

... 

... 

144 

5 

Utah. 

376 

165 

44 

142 

38 

... 

... 

20 

5 

Vermont. 

79 

47 

59 

38 

48 

... 

... 

7 

9 

Virginia. 

804 

328 

41 

299 

37 

... 

... 

*24 

*3 

Washington. 

704 

337 

48 

302 

43 

... 


31 

4 

West Virginia. 

262 

119 

45 

76 

29 

*8 

*3 

35 

13 

Wisconsin. 

714 

416 

58 

341 

48 

... 

... 

66 

9 

Wyoming. 

77 

49 

64 

40 

52 

... 

... 

8 

11 


Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing "in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical" reliability appendix. Data 
reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old 
The screening interviews required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. 

’ Estimate based on a small sample size. 

... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 

Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993. 


6-25 









































































Table 6-16. Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors: 1986 


Demographic Factor 

Percentage of total households that 
have gardens (%) 

Number of households 
(in millions) 

Total 

38 

34 

Sex of gardener 

Male 

39 

16.6 

Female 

37 

17.0 

Age of gardener (in years) 

18-29 

31 

7.7 

30-49 

39 

12.4 

50 and older 

43 

13.7 

Household composition 

Single, separated, divorced, or 

54 

8.5 

widowed 

Married, no children 

45 

11.9 

Married, with children 

44 

13.2 

Region/section 3 

East Region 

33 

7.3 

New England 

37 

1.9 

Mid-Atlantic 

32 

5.4 

Midwest Region 

50 

11.0 

East Central 

50 

6.6 

West Central 

50 

4.5 

South Region 

33 

9.0 

Deep South 

44 

3.1 

Rest of South 

29 

5.9 

West Region 

37 

6.2 

Rocky Mountain 

53 

2.3 

Pacific 

32 

4.2 

Size of Community 

City 

26 

6.2 

Suburb 

33 

10.2 

Small town 

32 

3.4 

Rural 

61 

14.0 


3 Composition of regions/sections was not provided by the NGA. 
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987. 


6-26 





Table 6-17. Characteristics of Households With a Vegetable Garden: 1976 to 1986 

[Percentage] 


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6-27 





Table 6-18. Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables: 

1986 


Vegetable 

Percent 

Artichokes 

0.8 

Asparagus 

8.2 

Beans 

43.4 

Beets 

20.6 ' 

Broccoli 

19.6 

Brussel sprouts 

5.7 

Cabbage 

29.6 

Carrots 

34.9 

Cauliflower 

14.0 

Celery 

5.4 

Chard 

3.5 

Corn 

34.4 

Cucumbers 

49.9 

Dried peas 

2.5 

Dry beans 

8.9 

Eggplant 

13.0 

Herbs 

9.8 

Kale 

3.1 

Kohlrabi 

3.0 

Leeks 

1.2 

Lettuce 

41.7 

Melons 

21.9 

Okra 

13.6 

Onions 

50.3 

Oriental vegetables 

2.1 

Parsnips 

2.2 

Peanuts 

1.9 

Peas 

29.0 

Peppers 

57.7 

Potatoes 

25.5 

Pumpkins 

10.2 

Radishes 

30.7 

Rhubarb 

12.2 

Spinach 

10.2 

Summer squash 

25.7 

Sunflowers 

8.2 

Sweet potatoes 

5.7 

Tomato 

85.4 

Turnips 

10.7 

Winter squash 

11.1 


Source: National Gardening Association, 1987. 


6-28 





Table 6-19. U.S. Household Participation in Lawn and Garden Activities: 1989 to 1993 a 


Percent Households Engaged in Activity 


Activity 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

Total 

75 

80 

78 

75 

71 

Lawn care 

57 

66 

62 

54 

54 

Indoor houseplants 

37 

43 

42 

34 

31 

Flower gardening 

41 

48 

41 

39 

39 

Insect control 

29 

39 

35 

27 

24 

Shrub care 

29 

38 

32 

27 

28 

Vegetable gardening 

32 

37 

31 

31 

26 

Tree care 

23 

31 

27 

20 

21 

Landscaping 

22 

31 

26 

22 

24 

Flower bulbs 

23 

31 

26 

23 

22 

Fruit trees 

14 

19 

15 

13 

13 

Container gardening 

11 

15 

13 

9 

11 

Raising transplants 5 

11 

15 

12 

8 

10 

Herb gardening 

7 

9 

9 

7 

8 

Growing berries 

7 

9 

7 

6 

6 

Ornamental 

5 

7 

7 

5 

6 

gardening 







a Based on national household sample survey conducted by the Gallup Organization. Subject to sampling variability. 
b Starting plants in advance of planting in ground. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


6-29 





Table 6-20. Participation in Gardening: 1992 a 


Item 

Adult Population 
(mil.) 

Percentage 

Total 

185.8 

55 

Sex: 

Male 

89.0 

46 

Female 

96.8 

62 

Race: 

White 

158.8 

57 

Black 

21.1 

39 

Other 

5.9 

42 

Age: 

18 to 24 years old 

24.1 

31 

25 to 34 years old 

42.4 

51 

35 to 44 years old 

39.8 

57 

45 to 54 years old 

27.7 

64 

55 to 64 years old 

21.2 

63 

65 to 74 years old 

18.3 

63 

75 to 96 years old 

12.3 

55 

Education: 

Grade school 

14.3 

44 

Some high school 

18.6 

50 

High school 

69.4 

53 

graduate 

39.2 

55 

Some college 

26.2 

61 

College graduate 

18.1 

65 

Graduate school 


a In percent, except as indicated. Covers activities engaged in at least once in the prior 12 months. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


6-30 





Table 6-21. DIY Home Improvement and Repair Projects Undertaken Within the Past 12 Months 3 


Project 

Millions of 
Households 

Percent of 
DIY 

Households 

Painted the interior of the home 

37.5 

60.9 

Applied weatherstripping or caulking 

26.4 

43.0 

Painted the exterior of the home 

20.3 

32.9 

Varnished or stained 
woodwork/furniture 

19.8 

32.2 

Repaired electrical wiring or outlets 

14.7 

23.9 

Replaced bathroom faucets 

14.2 

23.1 

Hung wallpaper 

14.1 

22.9 

Repaired or replaced toilet 

12.8 

20.8 

Replaced kitchen faucets 

12.7 

20.6 

Added insulation 

12.0 

19.5 

Repaired drywall 

10.5 

17.0 

Installed carpeting 

10.2 

16.6 

Installed vinyl floor covering 

9.3 

15.1 

Repaired or replaced roof 

8.2 

13.4 

Installed a ceiling fan 

8.2 

13.4 

Installed paneling 

7.6 

12.3 

Did brick or masonry work 

5.9 

9.6 

Installed a bathroom vanity 

5.0 

8.2 

Installed ceiling tile 

4.7 

7.6 

Installed a water heater 

4.2 

6.9 

Installed ceramic tile 

3.1 

5.0 

Installed a kitchen sink 

2.9 

4.7 

Replaced kitchen cabinets 

2.3 

3.8 

Installed exterior siding 

2.3 

3.7 


a Between September 1981 and September 1982. 

Source: DIYRI, 1983. 


6-31 






Table 6-22. Participation in Various Home Improvement/Repair: 1992 a 


Item 

Adult Population 
(mil.) 

Home 

Improvement/Repair 

Total 

185.8 

48 

Sex: 

Male 

89.0 

53 

Female 

96.8 

42 

Race: 

White 

158.8 

50 

Black 

21.1 

32 

Other 

5.9 

31 

Age: 

18 to 24 years old 

24.1 

33 

25 to 34 years old 

42.4 

47 

35 to 44 years old 

39.8 

58 

45 to 54 years old 

27.7 

57 

55 to 64 years old 

21.2 

53 

65 to 74 years old 

18.3 

42 

75 to 96 years old 

12.3 

20 

Education: 

Grade school 

14.3 

24 

Some high school 

18.6 

34 

High school 

69.4 

47 

graduate 

39.2 

53 

Some college 

26.2 

52 

College graduate 

18.1 

65 

Graduate school 


a In percent, except as indicated. Covers activities engaged in at least once in the prior 12 months. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


6-32 





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6-33 


black and white developing and 20% color 
developing. 





Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies (Continued) 


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6-35 


exposed to tanning agents am 




Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies (Continued) 



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6-36 




Table 6-24. Participation in Selected Sports Activities: 1993 


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6-37 


(continued on next page) 





Table 6-24. Participation in Selected Sports Activities: 1993 a (continued) 



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6-38 




Exercising with 
equipment 


Basketball 


Aerobics 


Golf 



0 5 10 15 2025X3540 


Percentage of the population 7 years old and older 


■ Female 
□Male 


Figure 6-1. Participation in the 10 Most Popular Sports Activities by Sex: 1993 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


6-39 






















































Participation in 


Exercise 


Playing sports 

Outdoor activities 


Home improvement 

Gardening 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 

Percentage of the population 18 years old and older 



Figure 6-2. Participation in Various Activities by Percentage of the Population 

18 Years Old and Older: 1992 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 





























































7. ACTIVITIES (OCCUPATIONAL) 


Working in certain occupations can increase an individual's risk of exposure to 
environmental contaminants. Some high-risk occupations are farm worker, factory and foundry 
worker, and mine worker. The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor has documented the 
number of persons employed in a variety of occupations. Data presented in this section can be 
useful in evaluating an exposed population in a specified occupation or occupational category. 
The data also can be used to determine the time duration of exposures in certain categories of 
age, race, and sex and for the general population as well. 

U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) data are accessible on the World Wide Web via the 
Internet. The Department's home page (Internet address: www.dol.gov ) contains information on 
the kinds of data available and instructions on how to conduct data searches, extract data, and 
download data files in table format. Section 11 of this document contains information on how to 
locate U.S. Government data on the Internet. 

All employment statistics generated by DOL are not accessible on the Internet. Some of 
these data are available in hardcopy format only. A copy of the table of contents from the 
Department's 1995 Employment and Earnings publication is presented in Appendix 7A at the end 
of this section to show examples of other data that are available. The Employment and Earnings 
document may be ordered by calling Superintendant of Documents at (202) 512-1800. 

7.1. POPULATION EMPLOYED 

DOL compiles statistics on the U.S. population by occupational categories. Tables 
presented in this section show population information by employment, annual average household 
data, and establishment data. Tables shown are presented as samples of the data compiled from 
household interviews and reports from employers and aggregated by DOL. More detailed data 
are provided in the publication. (See Appendix 7A.) The household interviews are obtained 
from the Current Population Survey, a sample survey of the population 16 years old and older, 
conducted each month. The household interview information is collected from about 60,000 
households in 729 sample areas, which represent all counties and independent cities in the United 


7-1 


States with coverage in all 50 States, and the District of Columbia (U.S. DOL, 1995). The data 
collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week, including the 12th of 
the month. A household consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other 
usual address. This includes related family members and all unrelated persons. A housing unit 
is regarded as a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room, when occupied or 
intended for occupancy as separate living quarters (U.S. DOL, 1995). 

The establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and 
telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in cooperation with State agencies. These 
data are for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas and represent 390,000 establishments 
employing more than 47-million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The household and 
establishment data complement one another, with each providing different information. 
Population characteristics are obtained from the household surveyed and detailed industrial 
classifications as best obtained from the establishment reports (U.S. DOL, 1995). 

Table 7-1 presents employment status of the total general U.S. population for the civilian 
labor force. It also presents information on whether this population is employed in agriculture or 
in nonagricultural industries. Table 7-2 presents employment data for persons of Mexican, Puerto 
Rican, and Cuban-origin by sex and age. Table 7-3 presents data for employed civilians by 
selected occupational categories for black, white, and Hispanic origin for years 1993 and 1994. 
Table 7-4 presents the same employment data as in Table 7-3 but for persons of Mexican, Puerto 
Rican, and Cuban origin. In Table 7-5, data are shown for persons employed in agriculture and 
nonagricultural industries by age and sex. Table 7-6 displays percent distribution of persons 
employed by six major occupational industry categories by race and sex. 

The terms white, black, and other, used to describe a person’s race, were taken directly 
from the primary source. Included in the "other" group are Native Americans (American 
Indians), Alaska Natives, and Asian and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small 
sample size, data for other races were not published by DOL. Hispanic origin refers to persons 
who identify themselves as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of 
other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race and thus were 
included in both white and black population groups. 


7-2 



7.2. POPULATIONS EMPLOYED IN DETAILED INDUSTRIAL AND 

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES 

DOL also has compiled statistics for employment in numerous detailed industrial and 
occupational categories. Table 7-7 presents employment data for selected detailed industrial 
categories by sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The percent of whites or male categories can be 
estimated using the data presented. Annual averages for household data by detailed occupation, 
sex, race, and Hispanic origin are shown in Appendix 7B at the end of this section. Employment 
data by major industry and manufacturing group are presented in Appendix 7C at the end of this 
section. 

7.3. POPULATIONS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS 

Populations of persons in public buildings can be estimated based on data collected by 
the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) on numbers and characteristics of commercial office space 
in the United States. Table 7-8 presents information for the population utilizing commercial 
office space in the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The inventory of square foot 
of area used also is shown. Table 7-9 presents information on the characteristics of commercial 
buildings (>1,000 sq ft) in the United States. These characteristics include total number of 
buildings, principal activity within the buildings, fuels used, and number of workers. 

7.4. OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES ADDRESSING MINORITY POPULATIONS 

Numerous researchers, including Rios et al. (1993) and Moses et al. (1993), have 
evaluated the effects of certain high-risk occupations on certain minorities. Rios et al. (1993) 
summarized the various factors increasing susceptibility to environmental exposure for minority 
populations using data from published documents. The factors summarized include genetic, 
occupational, developmental, disease, and social inequality. According to the authors, workers 
who may have an increased susceptibility to environmental exposures are coke oven workers in 
the steel industry, farm workers, and child laborers. The highest exposure to by-products from 
coke ovens is to the "topside" worker population on top of the oven (Rios et al., 1993). 


7-3 


The authors reported that although it has been estimated that there are 1.5- to 2.5-million 
farm workers, the actual number may be as high as 4-million persons, including dependents of 
hired farm workers and undocumented aliens. In the West, Midwest, and Southwest areas of the 
United States, migrant farm workers are predominantly young Hispanic men with families; on 
the East Coast, farm workers often are the inner-city poor and their families or males of Hispanic 
descent (Rios et al., 1993). 

The prevalence of child labor (children under 18 years of age) has increased, with 
children working in farm fields wet with pesticides (Rios et al., 1993). This is cause for concern 
because "children are known to be more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of 
environmental pollutants and toxins" (Rios et al., 1993). Another high-risk group is those who 
may be secondarily exposed to occupational pollutants brought home on clothing or other articles 
by members of their household who work in high-risk occupations. Examples of workers who 
bring home occupational pollutants are farm workers with pesticide-laden work clothing, 
construction workers with asbestos, and smelter workers with toxic metals. The number of 
people can further be defined by ethnicity and gender. 

Moses et al. (1993) collected data from scientific literature on human exposure to 
pesticides. Exposure data summarized include the number and types of pesticide used, rates of 
exposure to pesticide, exposure of agricultural workers, and exposure of children. 

Minorities comprise most of the farm workers in the United States. In 1990, DOL 
surveyed United States farm workers and found that two-thirds of the farm workers not bom in 
the United States (U.S. DOL, 1995). The ethnic groups comprising the two-thirds of the Nation's 
farm workers, who were not bom in the United States, are as follows: Mexican—92%; other 
Latinos—4%; Asian-3%; and Caribbean-1 %. Of the remaining one-third of the Nation's farm 
workers, who were bom in the United States, 40% are minorities: Latinos-34%; African 
Americans—5%; and other ethnic groups—1%. 

The authors noted that 25% of the summer-hire farm workers are children. This is a 
concern, because children are at higher risk from exposure to pesticides than are adults (Moses et 
al., 1993). This increased vulnerability is due to rapid growth rates and critically important 
sensitive developmental stages. Additional factors increasing a child's risk from exposure to 


7-4 


pesticides is a higher respiratory rate, greater exposed surface area, and greater fluid intake 
(relative to solid foods). Another possible route of exposure to pesticides for children is the 
indoor use of pesticides. When the authors calculated pesticide exposure within a child's 
breathing zone after the use of home foggers, they found pesticide exposure to the children far 
exceeded equivalent workplace standards for adults (Moses et al., 1993). 

Friedman-Simenez (1989) noted that there is minority worker (black, Latino/Hispanic, 
Asian, Native American, and undocumented workers [most often Latino or Asian] over¬ 
representation in the more hazardous jobs, thereby leading to greater risk for occupational-related 
diseases. Included in the high-risk jobs (classified by the author) were (1) operators, fabricators, 
and laborers; (2) service occupation; (3) precision production, craft, and repair; and (4) farming, 
forestry, and fishing — farm operators and managers, logging, other agricultural operations 
(Friedman-Simenez, 1989). The author noted that the evidence supporting his conclusion was 
not as rigorous or massive as most scientists would like, but the association between hazardous 
exposures and minority population is too consistent to be due to chance. For example, certain 
epidemics have been related to jobs such as coke oven workers, where the minority worker 
population on the topside (area of largest exposure) of the coke ovens is larger than for non¬ 
whites (Friedman-Simenez, 1989). 


7-5 


7.5. REFERENCES 


Friedman-Simenez, G. (1989) Occupational disease among minority workers. A common and 
preventable public health problem. J. AAOHN, Vol. 37, No. 2. 

Moses, M; Johnson, ES; Anger, WK; Burse, VW; Horstman, SW; Jackson, RJ; Lewis, RG; 
Maddy, KT; McConnell, R; Meggs, WJ; Zahm, SH (1993) Environmental equity and pesticide 
exposure. Toxicol Indus Health 9(5):913-959. 

Rios, R; Poje, GV; Detels, R. (1993) Susceptibility to environmental pollutant# among 
minorities. Toxicol Indus Health 9(5):797-820. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed, U,§, 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). (1995) Employment and earnings, vol. 42 no. 1. U.S. 
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC. 




Table 7-1. Employment Status of Civilian Noninstitutional Population 3 by Sex, Age, Race, and 

Hispanic Origin 

[In thousands] 


Employment status, sex, and age 

Total 

1993 

1994 

White 

1993 

1994 

Black 

1993 

1994 

Hispanic origin 

1993 1994 

TOTAL 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

193,550 

196,814 

163,921 

165,555 

22,329 

22,879 

15,753 

18,117 

Civilian labor force 

128,040 

131,056 

109,359 

111,082 

13,943 

14,502 

10,377 

11,975 

Percent of the population 

66.2 

66.6 

66.7 

67.1 

62.4 

63.4 

65.9 

66.1 

Employed 

119,306 

123,060 

102,812 

105,190 

12,146 

12,835 

9,272 

10,788 

Agriculture 

3,074 

3,409 

2,864 

3,162 

142 

136 

467 

560 

Nonagricultural industries 

116,232 

119,651 

99,948 

102,027 

12,004 

12,699 

8,805 

10,227 

Unemployed 

8,734 

7,996 

6,547 

5,892 

1,796 

1,666 

1,104 

1,187 

Unemployment rate 

68 

6.1 

6.0 

5.3 

12.9 

11.5 

10.6 

9.9 

Not in labor force 

65,509 

65,758 

54,562 

54,473 

8,386 

8,377 

5,377 

6,142 

Men, 16 years and older 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

92,620 

94,355 

79,080 

80,059 

10,078 

10,258 

7,825 

9,104 

Civilian labor force 

69,633 

70,817 

60,150 

60,727 

6,911 

7,089 

6,256 

7,210 

Percent of the population 

75.2 

75.1 

76.1 

75.9 

68.6 

69.1 

80.0 

79.2 

Employed 

64,700 

66,450 

56,397 

57,452 

5,957 

6,241 

5,603 

6,530 

Agriculture 

2,438 

2,554 

2,254 

2,347 

128 

118 

417 

494 

Nonagricultural industries 

62,263 

63,896 

54,143 

55,104 

5,829 

6,122 

5,186 

6,036 

Unemployed 

4,932 

4,367 

3,753 

3,275 

954 

848 

653 

680 

Unemployment rate 

7.1 

6.2 

6.2 

5.4 

13.8 

12.0 

10.4 

9.4 

Not in labor force 

22,987 

23,538 

18,929 

19,332 

3,167 

3,169 

1,569 

1,894 

Men, 20 years and older 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

85,907 

87,151 

73,711 

74,311 

9,031 

9,171 

7,063 

8,178 

Civilian labor force 

66,069 

66,921 

57,115 

57,411 

6,498 

6,646 

5,871 

6,747 

Percent of the population 

76.9 

76.8 

77.5 

77.3 

72.0 

72.5 

83.1 

82.5 

Employed 

61,865 

63,294 

53,897 

54,676 

5,710 

5,964 

5,318 

6,189 

Agriculture 

2,263 

2,351 

2,091 

2,151 

120 

115 

394 

466 

Nonagricultural industries 

59,602 

60,943 

51,806 

52,525 

5,590 

5,849 

4,924 

5,722 

Unemployed 

4,204 

3,627 

3,218 

2,735 

789 

682 

553 

558 

Unemployment rate 

6.4 

5.4 

5.6 

4.8 

12.1 

10.3 

9.4 

8.3 

Not in labor force 

19,838 

20,230 

16,596 

16,900 

2,532 

2,525 

1,192 

1,431 

Women, 16 years and older 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

100,930 

102,460 

84,841 

85,496 

12,251 

12,621 

7,928 

9,014 

Civilian labor force 

58,407 

60,239 

49,208 

50,356 

7,031 

7,413 

4,120 

4,765 

Percent of the population 

57.9 

58.8 

58.0 

58.9 

57.4 

58.7 

52.0 

52.9 

Employed 

54,606 

56,610 

46,415 

47,738 

6,189 

6,595 

3,669 

4,258 

Agriculture 

636 

855 

610 

815 

14 

18 

50 

66 

Nonagricultural industries 

53,970 

55,755 

45,805 

46,923 

6,175 

6,577 

3,619 

4,191 

Unemployed 

3,801 

3,629 

2,793 

2,617 

842 

818 

451 

508 

Unemployment rate 

6.5 

6.0 

5.7 

5.2 

12.0 

11.0 

10.9 

10.7 

Not in labor force 

42,522 

42,221 

35,633 

35,141 

5,220 

5,208 

3,808 

4,248 


(continued) 


7-7 





Table 7-1. Employment Status of Civilian Noninstitutional Population 3 by Sex, Age, Race, and 

Hispanic Origin (continued) 

[In thousands] 


Employment status, sex, and age 

Total 

1993 

1994 

White 

1993 

1994 

Black 

1993 

1994 

Hispanic origin 

1993 1994 

Women, 20 years and older 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

94,388 

95,467 

79,631 

79,980 

11,200 

11,496 

7,176 

8,122 

Civilian labor force 

55,146 

56,655 

46,413 

47,314 

6,668 

7,004 

3,846 

4,421 

Percent of the population 

58.4 

59.3 

58.3 

59.2 

59.5 

60.9 

53.6 

54.4 

Employed 

51,912 

53,606 

44,028 

45,116 

5,962 

6,320 

3,467 

3,989 

Agriculture 

599 

809 

574 

772 

13 

17 

46 

61 

Nonagricultural industries 

51,313 

52,796 

43,454 

44,344 

5,949 

6,303 

3,422 

3,928 

Unemployed 

3,234 

3,049 

2,385 

2,197 

706 

685 

378 

431 

Unemployment rate 

5.9 

5.4 

5.1 

4.6 

10.6 

9.8 

9.8 

9.8 

Not in labor force 

39,242 

38,813 

33,218 

32,666 

4,532 

4,492 

3,300 

3,701 

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years old 

Civilian noninstitutional population 

13,255 

14,196 

10,579 

11,264 

2,099 

2,211 

1,515 

1,818 

Civilian labor force 

6,826 

7,481 

5,831 

6,357 

776 

852 

660 

807 

Percent of the population 

51.5 

52.7 

55.1 

56.4 

37.0 

38.5 

43.6 

44.4 

Employed 

5,530 

6,161 

4,887 

5,398 

474 

552 

487 

609 

Agriculture 

212 

249 

199 

239 

9 

1 

28 

32 

Nonagricultural industries 

5,317 

5,912 

4,689 

5,158 

466 

547 

459 

577 

Unemployed 

1,296 

1,320 

943 

960 

302 

300 

173 

198 

Unemployment rate 

19.0 

17.6 

16.2 

15.1 

38.9 

35.2 

26.2 

24.5 

Not in labor force 

6,429 

6,715 

4,748 

4,907 

1,323 

1,360 

855 

1,010 


Civilian noninstitutional population—persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia 
who are not inmates of institutions (e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes of the aged) and not on active duty in the Armed 
Forces. 

Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not 
presented and Hispanics are included in both white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with 
data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" 
in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. 

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-8 





Table 7-2. Employment Status of Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin by Sex and 

Age [In thousands] 


Employment status, sex, 
and age 

Total Hispanic 

origin 

1993 1994 

Mexican origin Puerto Rican origin 

1993 1994 1993 1994 

Cuban origin 

1993 1994 

TOTAL 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

15,753 

18,117 

9,693 

11,174 

1,676 

1,854 

927 

1,002 

Civilian labor force 

10,377 

11,975 

6,499 

7,567 

950 

1,026 

554 

604 

Percent of the population 

65.9 

66.1 

67.0 

67.7 

56.7 

55.4 

59.8 

60.3 

Employed 

9,272 

10,788 

5,805 

6,800 

828 

907 

511 

555 

Agriculture 

467 

560 

409 

52 

8 

3 

9 

4 

Nonagricultural industries 

8,805 

10,227 

5,396 

6,298 

820 

900 

502 

551 

Unemployed 

1,104 

1,187 

693 

766 

122 

119 

43 

49 

Unemployment rate 

10.6 

9.9 

10.7 

10.1 

12,8 

11.6 

7.8 

8.1 

Not in labor force 

5,377 

6,142 

3,194 

3,608 

725 

828 

373 

398 

Men, 16 years and older 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

7,825 

9,014 

4,958 

5,803 

756 

851 

433 

485 

Civilian labor force 

6,256 

7,210 

4,043 

4,728 

534 

575 

317 

341 

Percent of the population 

80.0 

79.2 

81.5 

81.5 

70.6 

67.6 

73.3 

70.3 

Employed 

5,603 

6,530 

3,628 

4,277 

457 

512 

293 

314 

Agriculture 

417 

494 

363 

440 

7 

2 

7 

4 

Nonagricultural industries 

5,186 

6,036 

3,266 

3,837 

449 

506 

285 

310 

Unemployed 

653 

680 

414 

450 

77 

63 

25 

27 

Unemployment rate 

10.4 

9.4 

10.2 

9.5 

14.4 

11.0 

7.8 

7.9 

Not in labor force 

1,569 

1,894 

916 

1,075 

223 

276 

115 

144 

Men, 20 years and older 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

7,063 

8,178 

4,456 

5,196 

663 

744 

415 

459 

Civilian labor force 

5,871 

6,747 

3,774 

4,391 

495 

539 

308 

331 

Percent of the population 

83.1 

82.5 

84.7 

84.5 

74.7 

72.4 

74.2 

72.2 

Employed 

5,318 

6,189 

3,427 

4,025 

431 

488 

286 

307 

Agriculture 

394 

466 

343 

415 

6 

2 

7 

4 

Nonagricultural industries 

4,924 

5,722 

3,084 

3,610 

425 

482 

279 

304 

Unemployed 

553 

558 

347 

366 

63 

50 

22 

24 

Unemployment rate 

9.4 

8.3 

9.2 

8.3 

12.8 

9.4 

7.1 

7.2 

Not in labor force 

1,192 

1,432 

683 

805 

168 

206 

107 

128 

Women, 16 years and older 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

7,928 

9,014 

4,735 

5,372 

919 

1,003 

494 

517 

Civilian labor force 

4,120 

4,765 

2,456 

2,839 

417 

451 

237 

263 

Percent of the population 

52.0 

52.9 

51.9 

52.9 

45.3 

44.9 

47.9 

50.9 

Employed 

3,669 

4,258 

2,177 

2,523 

372 

395 

'218 

241 

Agriculture 

50 

66 

46 

62 

1 

— 

2 

- 

Nonagricultural industries 

3,619 

4,191 

2,130 

2,461 

371 

394 

217 

241 

Unemployed 

451 

508 

279 

316 

45 

56 

18 

22 

Unemployment rate 

10.9 

10.7 

11.4 

11.1 

10.8 

12.4 

7.7 

8.4 

Not in labor force 

3,808 

4,248 

2,279 

2,533 

503 

552 

257 

254 

Women, 20 years and older 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

7,176 

8,122 

4,213 

4,784 

845 

912 

467 

494 

Civilian labor force 

3,846 

4,421 

2,256 

2,607 

397 

425 

227 

255 

Percent of the population 

53.6 

54.4 

53.5 

54.5 

47.0 

46.6 

48.5 

51.6 

Employed 

3,467 

3,989 

2,028 

2,344 

359 

376 

211 

235 

Agriculture 

46 

61 

43 

57 

1 

— 

1 

- 

Nonagricultural industries 

3,422 

3,928 

1,985 

2,286 

358 

376 

210 

235 

Unemployed 

378 

431 

228 

263 

38 

49 

16 

19 

Unemployment rate 

9.8 

9.8 

10.1 

10.1 

9.6 

11.4 

6.9 

7.6 

Not in labor force 

3,330 

3,701 

1,957 

2,177 

448 

487 

241 

239 

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years old 









Civilian noninstitutional population 

1,515 

1,818 

1,024 

1,195 

169 

198 

44 

49 

Civilian labor force 

660 

807 

469 

569 

59 

63 

20 

18 

Percent of the population 

43.6 

44.4 

45.8 

47.6 

34.9 

31.9 

44.3 

36.7 

Employed 

487 

609 

351 

431 

38 

43 

14 

12 

Agriculture 

28 

32 

23 

29 

1 

- 

1 

- 

Nonagricultural industries 

459 

577 

327 

402 

37 

43 

13 

12 

Unemployed 

173 

198 

119 

137 

21 

20 

b 6 

b 6 

Unemployment rate 

26.2 

24.5 

25.3 

24.1 

35.1 

32.0 

( b ) 

( > 

Not in labor force 

855 

1,010 

555 

626 

110 

135 

25 

31 


a Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 
b Data are not shown where base is less than 35,000. 

Note: Data for 1 994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, 
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment 
and Earnings. 


Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-9 





Table 7-3. Employed White, Black, and Hispanic-Origin Workers by Sex, Occupation, Class of 

Worker, and Full- or Part-Time Status 
[In thousands] 


Category 

Total 

1993 1994 

White 

1993 1994 

Black 

1993 1994 

Hispanic origin 

1993 1994 

SEX 

Total (all civilian workers) 

119,306 

123,060 

102,812 

105,190 

12,146 

12,835 

9,272 

10,788 

Men 

64,700 

66,450 

56,397 

57,452 

5,957 

6,241 

5,603 

6,530 

Women 

54,606 

56,610 

46,415 

47,738 

6,189 

6,595 

3,669 

4,258 

OCCUPATION 

Managerial and professional specialty 

32,280 

33,847 

28,859 

30,045 

2,140 

2,405 

1,306 

1,517 

Executive, administrative, and managerial 

15,376 

16,312 

13,888 

14,605 

959 

1,103 

694 

807 

Professional specialty 

16,904 

17,536 

14,971 

15,439 

1,181 

1,302 

613 

709 

Technical, sales, and administrative support 

36,814 

37,306 

32,082 

32,232 

3,416 

3,637 

2,305 

2,639 

Technicians and related support 

4,014 

3,869 

3,437 

3,301 

387 

376 

200 

205 

Sales occupations 

14,245 

14,817 

12,809 

13,235 

948 

1,056 

836 

1,010 

Administrative support, including clerical 

18,555 

18,620 

15,836 

15,696 

2,081 

2,205 

1,269 

1,424 

Service occupations 

16,522 

16,912 

12,969 

13,207 

2,859 

2,890 

1,848 

2,131 

Private household 

912 

817 

721 

643 

156 

136 

197 

223 

Protective service 

2,152 

2,249 

1,728 

1,778 

374 

407 

142 

167 

Service, except private household and 

13,457 

13,847 

10,521 

10,787 

2,329 

2,346 

1,508 

1,741 

protective 

Precision production, craft, and repair 

13,326 

13,489 

11,955 

11,974 

985 

1,040 

1,226 

1,407 

Mechanics and repairers 

4,416 

4,419 

3,977 

3,928 

321 

351 

347 

363 

Construction trades 

5,004 

5,008 

4,576 

4,550 

327 

327 

473 

569 

Other precision production, craft, and repair 

3,906 

4,062 

3,402 

3,496 

337 

362 

405 

475 

Operators, fabricators, and laborers 

17,038 

17,876 

13,910 

14,416 

2,535 

2,677 

2,054 

2,474 

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 

7,415 

7,754 

5,992 

6,166 

1,092 

1167 

1,024 

1,151 

Transportation and material moving occupations 

5,004 

5,136 

4,186 

4,227 

699 

749 

431 

511 

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, laborers 

4,619 

4,986 

3,732 

4,023 

743 

760 

598 

811 

Construction laborers 

658 

740 

536 

614 

98 

92 

110 

164 

Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, 

3,962 

4,245 

3,195 

3,409 

646 

668 

489 

647 

laborers 

Farming, forestry, and fishing 

3,326 

3,629 

3,037 

3,315 

211 

187 

534 

620 

CLASS OF WORKER 

Agriculture: 

Wage and salary workers 

1,637 

1,715 

1,484 

1,521 

103 

109 

407 

495 

Self-employed workers 

1,332 

1,645 

1,275 

1,593 

39 

27 

61 

65 

Unpaid family workers 

105 

49 

104 

48 

- 

- 

- 

-- 

Nonagricultural industries: 

Wage and salary workers 

107,011 

110,517 

91,545 

93,736 

11,570 

12,236 

8,310 

9,681 

Government 

18,504 

18,293 

14,996 

14,675 

2,816 

2,870 

1,119 

1,235 

Private industries 

88,507 

92,224 

76,549 

79,061 

8,754 

9,366 

7,191 

8,446 

Private households 

1,105 

966 

867 

752 

198 

171 

225 

248 

Other industries 

87,402 

91,258 

75,682 

78,309 

8,557 

9,195 

6,966 

8,199 

Self-employed workers 

9,003 

9,003 

8,211 

8,179 

429 

458 

482 

533 

Unpaid family workers 

218 

131 

192 

112 

5 

5 

12 

13 

FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS 

Full-time workers 

98,439 

99,772 

84,530 

84,870 

10,290 

10,740 

7,786 

8,936 

Part-time workers 

20,868 

23,288 

18,282 

20,320 

1,856 

2,095 

1,487 

1,852 


— Data not available. 

Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races” 
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are 
not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the 
Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. 

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-10 





Table 7-4. Employed Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin by Selected Social and 

Economic Categories 
[In thousands] 


Category 

Total Hispanic 

Mexican 

origin 

Puerto Rican 

Cuban origin 

origin 




origin 





1993 

1994 

1993 

1994 

1993 

1994 

1993 

1994 

SEX 









Total (all civilian workers) 

9,272 

10,788 

5,805 

6,800 

828 

907 

511 

555 

Men 

5,603 

6,530 

3,628 

4,277 

457 

512 

293 

314 

Women 

3,669 

4,258 

2,177 

2,523 

372 

395 

218 

241 

OCCUPATION 









Managerial and professional specialty 

1,306 

1,517 

666 

787 

158 

177 

128 

141 

Executive, administrative, and managerial 

694 

807 

355 

426 

76 

85 

72 

75 

Professional specialty 

613 

709 

311 

361 

83 

92 

56 

67 

Technical, sales, and administrative support 

2,305 

2,639 

1,353 

1,526 

266 

281 

168 

202 

Technicians and related support 

200 

205 

109 

105 

24 

27 

17 

17 

Sales occupations 

836 

1,010 

489 

574 

78 

81 

63 

83 

Administrative support, including clerical 

1,269 

1,424 

754 

848 

165 

173 

88 

102 

Service occupations 

1,848 

2,131 

1,111 

1,300 

165 

163 

66 

65 

Private household 

197 

223 

99 

117 

5 

2 

3 

4 

Protective service 

142 

167 

79 

88 

28 

32 

8 

14 

Service, except private household and 
protective 

1,508 

1,741 

932 

1,095 

132 

126 

56 

48 

Precision production, craft, and repair 

1,226 

1,407 

838 

944 

81 

92 

52 

59 

Mechanics and repairers 

347 

363 

220 

225 

30 

32 

17 

28 

Construction trades 

473 

569 

333 

392 

21 

28 

23 

16 

Other precision production, craft, and repair 

405 

475 

285 

328 

30 

33 

12 

14 

Operators, fabricators, and laborers 

2,054 

2,474 

1,374 

1,698 

148 

183 

87 

80 

Machine operators, assemblers, and 
inspectors 

1,024 

1,151 

664 

795 

77 

81 

35 

26 

Transportation and material moving 
occupations 

431 

511 

274 

314 

36 

49 

33 

33 

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, 
laborers 

598 

811 

436 

589 

35 

52 

19 

20 

Construction laborers 

110 

164 

82 

130 

3 

6 

3 

2 

Other handlers, equipment cleaners, 
helpers, laborers 

489 

647 

354 

459 

31 

47 

16 

17 

Farming, forestry, and fishing 

534 

620 

463 

544 

10 

12 

11 

7 

CLASS OF WORKER 









Agriculture 









Wage and salary workers 

407 

495 

367 

451 

7 

2 

5 

— 

Self-employed workers 

61 

65 

42 

51 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Unpaid family workers 

- 

- 

- 

-- 

— 

- 

- 

- 

Nonagricultural industries 









Wage and salary workers 

8,310 

9,681 

5,129 

5,980 

789 

860 

457 

501 

Government 

1,119 

1,235 

701 

772 

162 

163 

46 

54 

Private industries 

7,191 

8,446 

4,428 

5,208 

627 

698 

411 

447 

Private households 

225 

248 

119 

130 

6 

3 

3 

4 

Other industries 

6,966 

8,199 

4,309 

5,078 

621 

695 

408 

443 

Self-employed workers 

482 

533 

258 

309 

31 

38 

45 

50 

Unpaid family workers 

12 

13 

9 

9 

1 

1 

- 

- 

FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS 









Full-time workers 

7,786 

8,936 

4,858 

5,626 

707 

751 

445 

475 

Part-time workers 

1,487 

1,852 

947 

1,174 

121 

156 

66 

80 


a Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately. 

~ Data not available. 

Note: Data for 1 994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, 
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994” in the February 1994 issue of Employment 
and Earnings. 

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-11 





Table 7-5. Employed Persons in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries by Age, Sex, and Class 

of Worker: 1994 

(In thousands] 


Agriculture 


Nonagricultural industries 


Wage and salary workers 


Age and Sex Private industries 



Wage and 
salary 
workers 

Self- 

employ¬ 

ed 

workers 

Unpaid 

family 

workers 

Total 

Total 

Private 

house¬ 

hold 

workers 

Other 

private 

indus¬ 

tries 

Govern¬ 

ment 

Self- 

employ¬ 

ed 

workers 

Unpaid 

family 

workers 

Total, 16 years and older 

1,715 

1,645 

49 

110,517 

92,224 

996 

91,258 

18,293 

9,003 

131 

16 to 19 years 

164 

70 

15 

5,780 

5,486 

124 

5,362 

294 

123 

9 

16 to 17 years 

81 

43 

8 

2,310 

2,208 

80 

2,128 

101 

65 

2 

18 to 19 years 

83 

26 

7 

3,470 

3,277 

44 

3,233 

193 

59 

5 

20 to 24 years 

262 

50 

8 

12,155 

11,086 

114 

10,972 

1,069 

272 

11 

25 to 34 years 

520 

240 

5 

29,726 

25,717 

173 

25,544 

4,009 

1,770 

24 

35 to 44 years 

372 

382 

5 

30,083 

24,345 

196 

24,149 

5,738 

2,725 

32 

45 to 54 years 

223 

324 

4 

20,632 

15,863 

151 

15,712 

4,769 

2,136 

29 

55 to 64 years 

114 

288 

7 

9,488 

7,524 

130 

7,394 

1,963 

1,311 

19 

65 years and older 

60 

291 

4 

2,653 

2,203 

78 

2,125 

450 

665 

8 

Men, 16 years and older 

1,330 

1,197 

27 

58,300 

49,972 

99 

49,873 

8,327 

5,560 

37 

16 to 19 years 

133 

57 

12 

2,888 

2,757 

24 

2,733 

131 

59 

6 

16 to 17 years 

63 

34 

6 

1,152 

1,105 

17 

1,088 

47 

30 

1 

18 to 19 years 

70 

23 

6 

1,736 

1,652 

3 

1,645 

84 

28 

4 

20 to 24 years 

211 

45 

6 

6,340 

5850 

15 

5,835 

490 

162 

8 

25 to 34 years 

412 

179 

2 

16,091 

14,188 

20 

14,168 

1,903 

1,053 

4 

35 to 44 years 

276 

278 

— 

15,852 

13,358 

14 

13,343 

2,495 

1,699 

5 

45 to 54 years 

162 

213 

— 

10,741 

8,559 

11 

8,548 

2,182 

1,319 

3 

55 to 64 years 

90 

199 

1 

5,004 

4,102 

12 

4,090 

902 

841 

7 

65 years and older 

45 

226 

3 

1,383 

1,158 

3 

1,155 

225 

428 

4 

Women, 16 years and older 

384 

448 

23 

52,217 

42,252 

867 

41,385 

9,965 

3,443 

95 

16 to 19 years 

30 

13 

3 

2,891 

2,728 

100 

2,628 

163 

65 

1 

16 to 17 years 

17 

10 

2 

1,158 

1,103 

63 

1,040 

55 

34 

1 

18 to 19 years 

13 

3 

- 

1,733 

1,625 

37 

1,588 

108 

31 

- 

20 to 24 years 

50 

5 

1 

5,815 

5,237 

99 

5,137 

579 

111 

1 

25 to 34 years 

108 

61 

3 

13,636 

11,529 

152 

11,377 

2,106 

717 

20 

35 to 44 years 

96 

104 

4 

14,231 

10,987 

182 

10,805 

3,244 

1,026 

27 

45 to 54 years 

61 

111 

4 

9,890 

7,304 

140 

7,164 

2,586 

816 

26 

55 to 64 years 

25 

89 

5 

4,484 

3,422 

119 

3,303 

1,062 

471 

12 

65 years and older 

14 

65 

— 

1,270 

1,044 

75 

970 

226 

238 

4 


- Data not available. 

Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, 
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1 994 issue of Employment 
and Earnings. 


Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-12 





Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 [In thousands! 


Industry and sex 


TOTAL 



Managerial and 
professional 
specialty 

Technical, sales, 
administrative support 

Service 

Precis- Operators, fabricators, 
' on laborers 

Farming, 

forestry, 







produc- . . 

. Machine 


Hand- 

■ fishing 


Execu- 





craft' °P era - 


lers. 



tive, 


Admin- 



tors. 

Trans- 

equip- 


Total 

admin- 

Techni- 

istrative 



repair 

assem- 

porta- 

ment 


employ- 

istra- Profes- 

cians 

support, 



biers. 

tion 

clean- 


ed 

tive, sional 

and 

includ- 

Private 


and 

and 

ers. 



mana- special- 

related 

ing 

house- 

Other 

inspec- 

material helpers. 



gerial ty 

support Sales 

clerical 

hold 

service 

tors 

moving 

laborers 



Agriculture 

3,409 

97 

88 

38 

14 

145 

— 

18 

42 

5 

45 

19 

2,897 

Mining 

669 

110 

76 

22 

10 

67 

— 

9 

222 

21 

109 

21 

1 

Construction 

7,493 

1,055 

138 

60 

59 

429 

— 

34 

4,263 

86 

529 

818 

22 

Manufacturing 

20,157 

2,588 

1,814 

611 

745 

2,093 

— 

290 

3,803 

6,298 

744 

1,082 

89 

Durable goods 

11,792 

1,555 

1,170 

412 

310 

1,146 

- 

152 

2,622 

3,415 

416 

514 

80 

Nondurable goods 

8,365 

1,033 

644 

200 

435 

946 

- 

138 

1,181 

2,883 

328 

569 

9 

Transportation and public 
utilities 

8,692 

1,065 

486 

329 

248 

2,337 

— 

246 

1,270 

120 

2,049 

528 

15 

Wholesale and retail trade 

25,699 

2,235 

490 

155 

10,652 

2,330 

« 

4,983 

1,440 

347 

1,012 

1,967 

87 

Wholesale trade 

4,713 

531 

89 

37 

1,880 

775 

- 

34 

296 

150 

464 

398 

60 

Retail trade 

20,986 

1,704 

402 

119 

8,772 

1,555 

— 

4,948 

1,145 

197 

548 

1,569 

27 

Finance, insurance, real 
estate 

8,141 

2,198 

272 

160 

2,029 

2,915 

— 

282 

167 

18 

17 

18 

66 

Services 

42,986 

5,649 

13,319 

2,274 

1,032 

6,864 

817 

8,654 

2,071 

825 

567 

493 

421 

Private households 

976 

4 

8 

1 

— 

10 

817 

69 

8 

- 

4 

13 

42 

Other service industries 

42,009 

5,645 

13,311 

2,272 

1031 

6,855 

- 

8,584 

2,063 

825 

464 

480 

380 

Professional services 

29,030 

3,559 

11,888 

1,968 

193 

5,083 

-- 

5,134 

470 

222 

314 

94 

105 

Public administration 

MEN 

5,814 

1,315 

853 

221 

28 

1,440 

— 

1,579 

211 

32 

64 

39 

30 

Agriculture 

2,554 

66 

52 

13 

8 

4 

- 

10 

41 

4 

42 

13 

2,300 

Mining 

564 

78 

64 

17 

8 

20 

- 

7 

220 

21 

106 

21 

-- 

Construction 

6,775 

877 

122 

49 

50 

55 

-- 

26 

4,185 

84 

518 

789 

21 

Manufacturing 

13,686 

1,824 

1,401 

471 

484 

678 

- 

212 

3,158 

3,877 

699 

799 

84 

Durable goods 

8,688 

1,139 

990 

334 

225 

399 

-- 

119 

2,178 

2,409 

397 

420 

77 

Nondurable goods 

4,998 

685 

411 

137 

259 

279 

- 

94 

980 

1,468 

302 

378 

7 

Transportation and public 
utilities 

6,223 

690 

375 

262 

139 

967 

— 

120 

1,182 

99 

1,895 

480 

15 

Wholesale and retail trade 

13,564 

1,256 

223 

60 

5,229 

519 

- 

2,314 

1,239 

213 

948 

1,519 

44 

Wholesale trade 

3,350 

351 

61 

26 

1,502 

196 

-- 

20 

279 

110 

451 

330 

24 

Retail trade 

10,213 

905 

162 

33 

3,727 

323 

-- 

2,293 

959 

103 

498 

1,189 

21 

Finance, insurance, real 
estate 

3,343 

1,071 

157 

69 

1,169 

426 

— 

190 

157 

13 

14 

16 

61 

Services 

16,425 

2,735 

5,402 

764 

443 

907 

30 

2,652 

1,867 

464 

373 

411 

377 

Private households 

105 

2 

1 

- 

-- 

3 

30 

10 

7 

- 

2 

12 

38 

Other service industries 

16,320 

2,733 

5,401 

764 

443 

904 

-- 

2,642 

1,859 

464 

371 

399 

340 

Professional services 

9,069 

1,462 

4,563 

543 

59 

523 

- 

1,115 

397 

108 

141 

65 

94 

Administration 

WOMEN 

3,317 

702 

489 

151 

14 

347 

— 

1,279 

193 

25 

58 

34 

26 

Agriculture 

855 

30 

36 

25 

6 

140 

- 

8 

-- 

- 

3 

6 

597 

Mining 

105 

32 

12 

5 

-- 

47 

- 

2 

2 

— 

— 

— 

-- 

Construction 

718 

178 

16 

10 

10 

373 

- 

6 

79 

2 

11 

29 

1 

Manufacturing 

6,471 

764 

413 

140 

261 

1,415 

-- 

78 

645 

2,421 

46 

284 

2 

Durable goods 

3,104 

416 

180 

77 

85 

747 

-- 

33 

444 

1,006 

19 

93 

1 

Nondurable goods 

3,367 

348 

233 

63 

176 

668 

- 

44 

201 

1,415 

26 

190 

1 

Transportation and public 
utilities 

2,469 

375 

111 

67 

108 

1,370 


126 

87 

21 

154 

48 


Wholesale and retail trade 

12,136 

979 

267 

96 

5,423 

1,811 

-- 

2,669 

202 

134 

64 

448 

43 

Wholesale trade 

1,363 

180 

28 

10 

378 

579 

-- 

13 

16 

40 

13 

68 

36 

Retail trade 

10,773 

799 

239 

85 

5,045 

1,232 

- 

2,655 

185 

94 

51 

380 

6 

Finance, insurance, real 
estate 

4,798 

1,127 

115 

90 

860 

2,489 


92 

10 

5 

2 

1 5 

(continued) 


7-13 






Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 (continued) 

[In thousands] 




Managerial and 
professional 
specialty 

Technical, sales, 
administrative support 

Service 

Precis¬ 

ion 

produc-' 
tion, 
craft, 
repair 

Operators, fabricators, 
laborers 

Farming, 

forestry, 

fishing 

Industry and sex 

Total 

employ¬ 

ed 

Execu¬ 

tive, 

admin¬ 

istra¬ 

tive, 

mana¬ 

gerial 

Profes¬ 

sional 

special¬ 

ty 

Techni¬ 

cians 

and 

related 

support 

Sales 

Admin¬ 

istrative 

support, 

includ¬ 

ing 

clerical 

Private 

house¬ 

hold 

Other 

a 

service 

Machine 

opera¬ 

tors, 

assem¬ 

blers, 

and 

inspec¬ 

tors 

Trans¬ 

porta¬ 

tion 

and 

material 

moving 

Hand¬ 

lers, 

equip¬ 

ment 

clean¬ 

ers, 

helpers, 

laborers 

WOMEN (continued) 

Services 

26,561 

2,912 

7,916 

1,510 

589 

5,958 

787 

6,001 

204 

361 

194 

82 

44 

Private households 

871 

1 

7 

1 

- 

7 

787 

59 

- 

- 

2 

-- 

1 

Other service industries 

25,689 

2,912 

7,910 

1,509 

588 

5,951 

- 

5,942 

204 

361 

193 

81 

40 

Professional services 

19,961 

2,097 

7,325 

1,425 

135 

4,560 

- 

4,020 

73 

114 

172 

29 

11 

Public administration 

2,497 

614 

364 

70 

15 

1,093 

- 

300 

19 

8 

6 

5 

3 

WHITE 

Agriculture 

3,162 

93 

86 

35 

14 

136 


16 

37 

5 

39 

17 

2,685 

Mining 

626 

106 

70 

21 

10 

61 

-- 

9 

209 

21 

99 

18 

1 

Construction 

6,810 

1,000 

123 

56 

58 

400 

-- 

20 

3,900 

79 

470 

679 

19 

Manufacturing 

17,230 

2,421 

1,654 

523 

695 

1,845 

- 

237 

3,302 

5,000 

608 

867 

76 

Durable goods 

10,253 

1,463 

1,067 

354 

294 

1,023 

- 

122 

2,300 

2,791 

342 

429 

68 

Nondurable goods 

6,977 

958 

588 

169 

401 

822 

- 

115 

1,002 

2,209 

267 

438 

8 

Transportation and public 

7,168 

943 

429 

290 

212 

1,847 

— 

181 

1,089 

97 

1,665 

404 

12 

utilities 

Wholesale and retail trade 

22,370 

1,977 

445 

139 

9,439 

2,080 


4,149 

1,313 

289 

852 

1,613 

73 

Wholesale trade 

4,226 

498 

75 

33 

1,751 

696 

- 

25 

271 

122 

387 

321 

47 

Retail trade 

18,144 

1,479 

370 

107 

7,688 

1,383 

- 

4,124 

1,042 

167 

465 

1,292 

26 

Finance, insurance, real 

7,100 

1,953 

239 

139 

1,893 

2,428 

- 

214 

139 

13 

14 

16 

53 

estate 

Services 

36,095 

5,045 

11,687 

1,910 

890 

5,798 

643 

6,481 

1,809 

639 

439 

384 

370 

Private households 

761 

4 

5 

- 

- 

9 

643 

41 

6 

- 

4 

11 

38 

Other service industries 

35,333 

5,041 

11,682 

1,910 

888 

5,790 

- 

6,440 

1,804 

639 

435 

373 

333 

Professional services 

24,396 

3,164 

10,413 

1,653 

164 

4,271 

- 

3,766 

397 

169 

240 

73 

86 

Public administration 

4,629 

1,067 

706 

188 

24 

1,101 

- 

1,253 

176 

23 

42 

24 

25 

BLACK 

Agriculture 

136 

2 

1 

2 


5 



1 


5 


118 

Mining 

30 

2 

1 

1 

- 

2 

- 

— 

10 

— 

4 

3 

— 

Construction 

482 

36 

4 

2 

- 

19 

- 

8 

261 

5 

43 

101 

1 

Manufacturing 

2,032 

92 

60 

49 

33 

169 

- 

43 

332 

954 

117 

173 

10 

Durable goods 

1,003 

49 

29 

27 

10 

75 

- 

26 

202 

448 

63 

65 

9 

Nondurable goods 

1,029 

43 

30 

22 

23 

94 

- 

17 

130 

506 

53 

108 

— 

Transportation and public 

1,193 

80 

39 

25 

29 

385 

— 

46 

147 

21 

318 

102 

1 

utilities 

Wholesale and retail trade 

2,174 

128 

22 

7 

802 

159 


531 

76 

40 

131 

272 

7 

Wholesale trade 

305 

12 

8 

1 

61 

46 

— 

7 

14 

18 

67 

62 

6 

Retail trade 

1,869 

116 

13 

5 

741 

113 

— 

523 

62 

21 

64 

210 

— 

Finance, insurance, real 

737 

157 

22 

10 

88 

365 

— 

55 

20 

1 

_ 

2 

10 

estate 

Services 

5,095 

415 

1,051 

255 

101 

814 

136 

1,786 

165 

135 

108 

93 

35 

Private households 

171 

-- 

2 

- 

— 

1 

136 

25 

1 

— 

— 

— 

.. 

Other service industries 

4,924 

415 

1,049 

254 

101 

813 

— 

1,761 

163 

135 

108 

92 

34 

Professional services 

3,498 

294 

956 

225 

23 

622 

— 

1,179 

52 

46 

68 

19 

15 

Public administration 

956 

191 

102 

25 

- 

284 

- 

283 

27 

8 

18 

12 

2 


Includes protective service, not shown separately. 

Data not available. 

Note: Data for 1 994 are not directly comparable with data for 1 993 and earlier years. For additional information, 
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment 
and Earnings. 

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-14 







Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994 

[In thousands] 


Percent of total 


Industry 

Total 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

TOTAL, 16 years and older 

123,060 

46.0 

10.4 

8.8 

Agriculture 

3,409 

25.1 

4.0 

16.4 

Agricultural production, crops 

1,011 

23.4 

4.2 

25.4 

Agricultural production, livestock 

1,319 

27.3 

1.5 

5.5 

Veterinary services 

164 

69.6 

3.4 

0.9 

Landscape and horticultural services 

750 

8.9 

8.4 

25.2 

Agricultural services, n.e.c. 3 

165 

47.7 

3.1 

24.0 

Mining 

669 

15.7 

4.5 

5.5 

Metal mining 

61 

10.0 

0.9 

10.8 

Coal mining 

116 

5.6 

6.8 

0.1 

Oil and gas extraction 

387 

21.3 

3.7 

6.6 

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel 

106 

9.7 

6.1 

4.3 

Construction 

7,493 

9.6 

6.4 

10.5 

Manufacturing 

20,157 

32.1 

10.1 

9.9 

Durable goods 

11,792 

26.3 

8.5 

8.4 

Lumber, wood products, except furniture 

732 

15.0 

12.9 

7.0 

Logging 

145 

7.4 

17.0 

0.9 

Sawmills, planing mills, millwork 

386 

16.2 

12.7 

7.7 

Wood buildings and mobile homes 

60 

6.1 

3.2 

7.8 

Miscellaneous wood products 

141 

21.3 

11.4 

10.5 

Furniture and fixtures 

662 

30.2 

9.1 

12.0 

Stone, clay, glass, concrete products 

557 

22.9 

8.9 

10.5 

Glass and glass products 

189 

29.0 

7.9 

8.3 

Cement, concrete, gypsum, plaster products 

185 

10.4 

8.8 

10.7 

Structural clay, pottery, related products 

83 

30.4 

7.8 

19.3 

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products 

100 

27.9 

11.9 

7.3 

Metal industries 

2,039 

18.8 

8.3 

10.2 

Primary metal industries 

760 

14.4 

11.4 

7.3 

Blast furnaces, steel works, rolling, finishing mills 

354 

10.9 

16.5 

6.8 

Iron and steel foundries 

111 

11.2 

8.0 

3.5 

Primary aluminum industries 

143 

16.6 

6.6 

7.9 

Other primary metal industries 

152 

23.0 

6.3 

9.0 

Fabricated metal industries 

1,279 

21.4 

6.4 

12.0 

Cutlery, hand tools, general hardware 

110 

30.4 

5.6 

9.4 

Fabricated structural metal products 

494 

17.2 

6.4 

12.3 

Screw machine products 

55 

19.5 

8.0 

8.3 

Metal forging and stamping 

146 

27.1 

4.0 

8.1 

Ordnance 

59 

33.1 

5.3 

1.2 

Miscellaneous fabricated metal products (not specified) 

416 

20.5 

7.3 

14.9 

Machinery and computing equipment 

2,385 

22.9 

5.4 

5.3 

Engines and turbines 

66 

22.9 

11.2 

2.7 

Farm machinery and equipment 

114 

21.8 

7.7 

1.9 

Construction and material handling machines 

235 

13.5 

2.2 

2.2 

Metal working machinery 

295 

17.5 

3.5 

3.6 

Computers and related equipment 

535 

35.6 

6.1 

7.3 

Electrical machinery, equipment, supplies 

1,815 

40.0 

8.3 

9.7 

Household appliances 

125 

40.0 

13.3 

7.1 

Radio, TV, communication equipment 

412 

37.8 

7.5 

7.3 

Electrical machinery, equipment, supplies, n.e.c. 8 (not 
specified) 

1,278 

40.7 

8.1 

10.7 

Transportation equipment 

2,256 

21.2 

11.9 

5.8 

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment 

1,212 

22.4 

14.1 

5.0 

Aircraft and parts 

437 

19.6 

8.9 

6.2 

Ship and boat building and repairing 

197 

16.3 

17.0 

2.5 


7-15 




Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994 

(continued) (In thousands] 


Percent of total 


Industry 

Total 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

TOTAL, 16 years and older 

123,060 

46.0 

10.4 

8.8 

Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts 

321 

24.2 

5.9 

10.1 

Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment 

57 

17.7 

2.3 

11.6 

Professional and photographic equipment, watches 

690 

37.8 

6.3 

9.6 

Scientific and controlling instruments 

213 

30.3 

4.9 

6.8 

Medical, dental, optical instruments and supplies 

357 

44.0 

6.4 

12.7 

Photographic equipment and supplies 

111 

29.9 

8.2 

4.9 

Toys, amusements, sporting goods 

169 

46.1 

4.8 

16.9 

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (not specified) 

489 

39.8 

6.4 

14.0 

Nondurable goods 

8,365 

4.02 

12.3 

12.1 

Food and kindred products 

1,749 

33.7 

14.1 

18.3 

Meat products 

475 

35.8 

20.8 

25.0 

Dairy products 

161 

25.3 

5.1 

11.9 

Canned, frozen, preserved fruits and vegetables 

220 

43.0 

9.7 

24.9 

Grain mill products 

141 

21.5 

5.4 

7.7 

Bakery products 

240 

31.8 

16.4 

13.0 

Sugar and confectionery products 

104 

44.7 

16.6 

16.1 

Beverage industries 

203 

24.6 

10.7 

9.7 

Miscellaneous food and kindred products (not specified) 

204 

39.9 

16.4 

24.1 

Tobacco manufacture 

50 

30.2 

23.1 

4.2 

Textile mill products 

643 

47.1 

25.1 

6.6 

Knitting mills 

108 

64.3 

15.6 

11.1 

Carpets and rugs 

67 

37.2 

35.4 

6.3 

Yarn, thread, fabric mills 

403 

46.0 

27.4 

4.7 

Apparel and other finished textile products 

1,009 

71.4 

15.2 

21.4 

Apparel and accessories, except knits 

834 

73.6 

14.3 

23.1 

Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 

175 

60.8 

19.3 

13.3 

Paper and allied products 

703 

25.0 

10.6 

8.3 

Pulp, paper, paperboard mills 

293 

17.2 

9.2 

3.9 

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products 

194 

35.8 

9.2 

7.4 

Paperboard containers and boxes 

217 

26.1 

13.6 

15.0 

Printing, publishing, and allied products 

1,848 

42.1 

6.8 

7.6 

Newspaper publishing and printing 

504 

43.3 

5.9 

5.8 

Printing, publishing, allied industries, except newspapers 

1,344 

41.6 

7.1 

8.3 

Chemicals and allied products 

1,259 

33.3 

11.7 

8.0 

Plastics, synthetics, resins 

154 

26.3 

8.7 

15.5 

Drugs 

297 

46.3 

11.9 

5.5 

Soaps and cosmetics 

190 

47.6 

20.0 

12.0 

Paints, varnishes, related products 

70 

22.4 

11.9 

14.2 

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals 

499 

24.5 

8.9 

5.1 

Petroleum and coal products 

175 

23.5 

9.7 

10.1 

Petroleum refining 

151 

24.0 

9.0 

10.8 

Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 

795 

32.2 

10.4 

11.0 

Tires and inner tubes 

79 

12.6 

5.2 

0.6 

Other rubber products, plastics footwear, belting 

158 

31.3 

10.9 

8.8 

Miscellaneous plastics products 

558 

35.1 

10.6 

13.2 

Leather and leather products 

135 

51.2 

6.3 

16.8 

Footwear, except rubber and plastic 

71 

50.8 

1.9 

16.0 

Transportation, communications, and other public utilities 

8,692 

28.4 

13.7 

7.8 

Transportation 

5,587 

26.0 

14.1 

8.7 

Railroads 

288 

9.3 

11.3 

5.9 

Bus service and urban transit 

560 

30.0 

25.7 

8.8 

Taxicab service 

132 

8.4 

26.8 

12.4 

Trucking service 

2,184 

15.2 

10.8 

8.2 


7-16 




Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994 

(continued) (In thousands] 


Industry 


TOTAL, 16 years and older 

Warehousing and storage 
U.S. Postal Service 
Water transportation 
Air transportation 

Services incidental to transportation 
Communications 

Radio and TV broadcasting and cable 
Telephone communications 
Utilities and sanitary services 
Electric light and power 
Gas and steam supply systems 
Electric and gas, and other combinations 
Water supply and irrigation 
Sanitary services 
Wholesale and retail trade 
Wholesale trade 
Durable goods 

Motor vehicles and equipment 

Furniture and home furnishings 

Lumber and construction materials 

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 

Metals and minerals, except petroleum 

Electrical goods 

Hardware, plumbing, heating supplies 
Machinery, equipment, and supplies 
Scrap and waste materials 
Miscellaneous wholesale trade, durable goods 
Nondurable goods 

Paper and paper products 
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products 
Apparel, fabrics, notions 
Groceries and related products 
Farm products-raw materials 
Petroleum products 
Alcoholic beverages 
Farm supplies 

Miscellaneous wholesale trade nondurable goods (not 
specified) 

Retail trade 

Lumber and building material retailing 
Hardware stores 

Retail nurseries and garden stores 
Department stores 
Variety stores 

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 

Grocery stores 

Retail bakeries 

Food stores, n.e.c. 8 

Motor vehicle dealers 

Auto and home supply stores 

Gasoline service stations 

Miscellaneous vehicle dealers 

Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe 


Percent of total 


Total 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

123,060 

46.0 

10.4 

8.8 

150 

25.3 

11.7 

16.8 

883 

38.2 

21.0 

8.0 

187 

15.5 

13.8 

5.9 

801 

35.7 

11.3 

8.4 

386 

57.7 

5.7 

12.7 

1,560 

45.3 

13.5 

6.1 

397 

42.0 

9.7 

6.5 

1,134 

46.6 

14.9 

6.0 

1,545 

20.0 

12.5 

6.2 

635 

21.7 

8.4 

4.1 

183 

22.2 

13.2 

9.3 

155 

25.1 

17.4 

4.3 

233 

16.8 

12.1 

7.8 

329 

15.3 

16.9 

8.2 

25,699 

47.2 

8.5 

9.7 

4,713 

28.9 

6.5 

9.2 

2,499 

27.2 

5.0 

7.7 

226 

26.0 

3.3 

9.9 

106 

25.4 

11.3 

15.6 

176 

20.2 

4.5 

5.5 

396 

35.1 

6.0 

6.2 

74 

25.8 

5.3 

7.9 

305 

33.0 

5.0 

5.1 

268 

26.7 

4.0 

5.9 

614 

24.9 

2.2 

5.5 

206 

16.5 

11.4 

15.3 

129 

33.2 

5.6 

9.7 

2,214 

30.8 

8.1 

10.9 

122 

40.1 

4.9 

8.1 

194 

37.1 

7.6 

7.1 

124 

45.0 

8.9 

17.0 

867 

25.7 

10.6 

13.5 

89 

24.6 

1.0 

5.6 

134 

29.3 

6.3 

7.1 

126 

14.2 

10.4 

7.8 

151 

29.5 

5.9 

5.8 

407 

39.2 

5.8 

11.3 

20,986 

51.3 

8.9 

9.9 

551 

26.4 

6.5 

5.7 

219 

37.0 

4.7 

3.9 

110 

34.3 

2.5 

8.3 

2,202 

69.4 

11.6 

10.2 

134 

66.8 

13.8 

9.6 

138 

59.9 

11.7 

12.2 

3,071 

50.5 

9.2 

9.3 

183 

59.5 

8.4 

11.9 

206 

47.8 

7.3 

13.1 

1,121 

19.3 

5.4 

8.6 

424 

17.1 

7.0 

8.7 

374 

32.1 

6.8 

9.3 

102 

23.5 

0.3 

2.1 

831 

73.1 

11.1 

12.6 


7-17 




Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994 

(continued) (In thousands] 


Percent of total 


Industry 

Total 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

TOTAL, 16 years and older 

123,060 

46.0 

10.4 

8.8 

Shoe stores 

154 

61.5 

20.4 

11.4 

Furniture and home furnishings stores 

613 

37.2 

7.2 

6.6 

Household appliance stores 

116 

26.9 

6.6 

8.1 

Radio, TV, and computer stores 

388 

30.4 

7.2 

7.6 

Music stores 

141 

39.1 

5.5 

8.6 

Eating and drinking places 

6,333 

53.2 

11.0 

12.8 

Drug stores 

559 

64.1 

6.9 

5.5 

Liquor stores 

131 

36.6 

12.2 

6.7 

Sporting goods, bicycles, hobby stores 

402 

50.9 

3.3 

6.8 

Book and stationery stores 

233 

52.8 

8.1 

6.0 

Jewelry stores 

169 

59.0 

3.5 

9.4 

Gift, novelty, souvenir shops 

193 

82.2 

3.2 

4.2 

Sewing, needlework, piece goods stores 

60 

82.0 

7.2 

7.6 

Catalog and mail order houses 

168 

69.1 

8.0 

5.0 

Vending machine operators 

85 

30.9 

5.0 

8.5 

Direct selling establishments 

349 

75.4 

4.4 

9.7 

Fuel dealers 

130 

27.5 

1.6 

2.9 

Retail florists 

186 

72.7 

3.5 

6.3 

Finance, insurance, real estate 

8,141 

58.9 

9.1 

6.7 

Banking 

1,959 

70.3 

11.8 

7.6 

Savings institutions, including credit unions 

320 

78.1 

5.8 

8.2 

Credit agencies, n.e.c. 3 

545 

64.3 

10.7 

7.2 

Security, commodity brokerage, investment companies 

737 

38.7 

6.7 

3.7 

Insurance 

2,472 

61.2 

8.9 

4.6 

Real estate, including real estate insurance offices 

2,108 

48.6 

7.6 

8.9 

Services 

42,986 

61.8 

11.9 

7.8 

Private households 

976 

89.3 

17.5 

25.4 

Other service industries 

42,009 

61.2 

11.7 

7.3 

Business, automobile, repair services 

7,304 

36.3 

11.2 

10.0 

Advertising 

272 

52.6 

5.6 

4.2 

Services to dwellings and other buildings 

849 

49.2 

16.4 

20.3 

Personnel supply services 

804 

61.3 

20.5 

6.7 

Computer and data processing 

1,017 

34.5 

7.1 

3.8 

Detective and protective services 

477 

17.6 

24.0 

10.6 

Business services, n.e.c. 3 

1,645 

51.5 

8.2 

7.6 

Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers 

165 

28.8 

10.5 

7.6 

Automobile parking and carwashes 

196 

16.1 

22.1 

22.5 

Automotive repair and related services 

1,185 

10.9 

6.5 

12.2 

Electrical repair shops 

126 

13.3 

5.6 

12.5 

Miscellaneous repair services 

569 

15.7 

5.5 

10.6 

Personnel services, except private household 

3,363 

63.2 

12.5 

12.3 

Hotels and motels 

1,328 

54.7 

16.1 

17.8 

Lodging places, except hotels and motels [200] 

136 

56.2 

5.1 

0.7 

Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 

480 

55.7 

13.6 

15.7 

Beauty shops 

863 

89.4 

9.8 

7.4 

Barber shops 

96 

22.4 

23.7 

10.0 

Funeral service and crematories 

97 

31.7 

5.3 

5.4 

Entertainment and recreation services 

2,134 

42.6 

8.4 

7.9 

Theaters and motion pictures 

539 

39.6 

8.7 

8.0 

Videotape rental 

141 

58.0 

4.7 

8.2 

Bowling centers 

53 

43.4 

1.7 

7.6 

Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services 

1,402 

42.2 

8.9 

7.9 

Professional and related services 

29,030 

68.8 

12.0 

6.0 


7-18 




Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994 

(continued) [In thousands] 


Industry 

Total 

employed 

Women 

Percent of total 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

TOTAL, 16 years and older 

123,060 

46.0 

10.4 

8.8 

Hospitals 

5,009 

76.5 

16.4 

5.5 

Health services, except hospitals 

5,579 

78.9 

13.3 

6.8 

Offices and clinics of physicians 

1,404 

74.9 

5.3 

7.8 

Offices and clinics of dentists 

596 

77.4 

2.2 

7.2 

Offices and clinics of chiropractors 

105 

59.8 

0.2 

4.5 

Offices and clinics of optometrists 

71 

65.0 

0.6 

7.4 

Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c. 3 

117 

69.6 

6.5 

2.8 

Nursing and personal care facilities 

1,692 

84.7 

23.2 

5.9 

Health services, n.e.c. 3 

1,593 

79.5 

15.9 

7.3 

Educational services 

9,703 

68.2 

11.1 

6.3 

Elementary and secondary schools 

6,447 

74.6 

11.8 

7.1 

Colleges and universities 

2,743 

52.3 

9.7 

4.7 

Vocational schools 

102 

53.6 

13.7 

5.7 

Libraries 

196 

84.2 

12.1 

3.6 

Educational services, n.e.c. 3 

216 

71.6 

7.0 

3.6 

Social services 

3,046 

81.3 

17.5 

7.8 

Job training and vocational rehabilitation services 

241 

51.9 

15.2 

4.2 

Child day care services 

902 

95.8 

16.8 

6.1 

Family child care homes 

433 

98.6 

10.8 

8.9 

Residential care facilities, without nursing 

442 

73.0 

18.4 

9.7 

Social services, n.e.c. 3 

1,027 

71.7 

21.2 

9.0 

Other professional services 

5,694 

46.3 

5.6 

4.4 

Legal services 

1,286 

55.0 

5.2 

5.3 

Museums, art galleries, zoos 

99 

60.1 

9.0 

3.3 

Labor unions 

69 

44.1 

6.5 

3.8 

Religious organizations 

873 

45.1 

8.3 

5.4 

Membership organizations, n.e.c. 3 

363 

63.3 

11.3 

4.1 

Engineering, architectural, surveying services 

795 

21.7 

3.0 

4.6 

Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping services 

640 

54.1 

4.0 

3.2 

Research, development, testing services 

639 

41.3 

5.5 

3.1 

Management and public relations services 

659 

43.4 

5.2 

4.2 

Miscellaneous professional and related services 

271 

53.6 

1.4 

2.6 

Forestry and fisheries 

177 

23.5 

4.9 

10.8 

Forestry 

112 

30.1 

6.2 

12.8 

Fishing, hunting, trapping 

65 

12.2 

2.4 

5.8 

Public administration 

5,814 

43.0 

16.4 

5.8 

Executive and legislative offices 

150 

61.4 

9.6 

3.1 

General government, n.e.c. 3 

574 

51.0 

19.7 

5.9 

Justice, public order, safety 

2,264 

30.9 

14.7 

5.9 

Public finance, taxation, monetary policy 

420 

60.7 

14.5 

5.3 

Administration of human resources programs 

761 

67.5 

23.2 

6.8 

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs 

281 

36.0 

11.4 

4.4 

Administration of economic programs 

613 

44.3 

14.9 

6.0 

National security and international affairs 

751 

36.3 

18.0 

6.0 


a N.e.c. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of occupations that 
cannot be more specifically identified. Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed are 
not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. 

Note: Data for 1 994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional 
information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 
issue of Employment and Earnings. 

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995. 


7-19 





Table 7-8. Inventory of Commercial Office Space for the Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1994 
[As of December 31, except population as of July 1. Data based on responses from individuals knowledgeable 
in the local markets. Represents primarily the metropolitan areas as indicated, but in many cases may exclude 

outlying counties beyond the central portion.] 


Metropolitan areas 

Resident 

popula¬ 

tion, 

1992 

(1,000) 

Inventory 
(1,000 
sq. ft.) 

Metropolitan areas 

Resident 

popula¬ 

tion, 

1992 

(1,000) 

Inventory 
(1,000 
sq. ft.) 

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA 

872 

13,043 

Milwaukee-Waukesha, Wl PMSA 

1,450 

24,724 

Atlanta, GA MSA 

3,143 

98,145 

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI MSA 

2,618 

46,308 

Austin-San Marcos, TX MSA 

901 

19,999 

Nashville, TN MSA 

1,023 

12,454 

Baltimore, MD PMSA 

2,433 

23,701 

New Jersey-Central/Northern 6 

3,897 

151,094 

Birmingham, AL MSA 

859 

15,360 

New Orleans, LA MSA 

1,303 

21,737 

Boston, MA-NH PMSA 

3,211 

87,822 

New York City, NY PSMA C 

9,705 

450,422 

Buffalo-Niagra Falls, NY MSA 

1,194 

7,491 

Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA 

2,640 

35,872 

Charlotte, NC MSA 

1,212 

19,593 

Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA 
MSA 

1,497 

16,434 

Chicago, IL PMSA 

7,561 

147,637 

Oakland, CA PMSA 

2,148 

42,337 

Cincinnati, OH PMSA 

1,560 

21,887 

Oklahoma City, OK MSA 

984 

15,460 

Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH PMSA 

2,221 

35,646 

Orange County, CA PMSA 

2,485 

54,436 

Columbus, OH MSA 

1,394 

25,155 

Orlando, FL MSA 

1,305 

20,932 

Dallas, TX PMSA 

4,215 

116,348 

Philadelphia, PA PMSA d 

4,944 

82,888 

Dayton, OH MSA 

962 

6,717 

Phoenix, AZ MSA 

2,330 

22,907 

Denver, CO PMSA 

1,715 

55,207 

Pittsburgh, PA MSA 

2,406 

28,463 

Detroit, Ml PMSA 8 

4,308 

55,651 

Portland-Vancouver, OR PMSA 

1,897 

16,430 

Fort Lauderdale, FL PMSA 

1,301 

16,035 

Providence, Rl MSA 

1,131 

6,102 

Fort Worth, TX PMSA 

1,419 

18,038 

Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC MSA 

909 

16,919 

Fresno, CA MSA 

805 

11,875 

Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA 

896 

19,377 

Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, Ml MSA 

964 

7,963 

Sacramento-Yolo, CA MSA 

1,563 

25,993 

Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC 
MSA 

1,078 

21,707 

St. Louis, MO MSA 

2,519 

38,842 

Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC MSA 

853 

4,064 

Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT MSA 

1,128 

10,647 

Hartford, CT MSA 

1,156 

20,877 

San Antonio, TX MSA 

1,379 

15,804 

Honolulu, HI MSA 

863 

14,582 

San Diego, CA MSA 8 

2,601 

42,506 

Houston, TX PSMA 

3,530 

111,802 

San Francisco, CA PMSA 

2,523 

90,055 

Indianapolis, IN MSA 

1,424 

18,425 

San Jose, CA PMSA 

1,528 

34,500 

Jacksonville, FL MSA 

953 

19,272 

Seattle, WA PMSA* 

2,124 

29,562 

Kansas City, MO-KS MSA 

1,617 

34,226 

Syracuse, NY MSA 

752 

8,195 

Las Vegas, NV MSA 

971 

6,346 

Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 

MSA 9 

2,107 

19,714 

Los Angeles, CA PMSA 

9,054 

143,379 

Tulsa, OK MSA 

732 

12,074 

Louisville, KY MSA 

968 

13,730 

Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV PMSA h 

4,630 

168,215 

Memphis, TN MSA 

1,034 

18,408 

West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL MSA 

901 

6,707 

Miami, FL PMSA 

2,008 

21,941 

Wichita, KS MSA 

501 

5,800 


MSA = metropolitan statistical area. 

PMSA = primary metropolitan statistical area. 
b Represents only the suburban portion of the metropolitan area. 

Data are for area identified by source as New Jersey-Central/Northern with a market area of Bergen, Essex, 
Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middelsex, Monmouth, Somerset, and Union Counties. 
d Represents primarily Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Rockland, and Westchester Counties. 

Represents only the Pennsylvania portion of the metropolitan area. 
f Represents only Bexar County. 

Represents only the central business district portion of Seattle. 
b Represents only Pinneallas and Hillsborough Counties. 

Excludes the Maryland portion of the metropolitan area and some outlying counties in Virginia. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


7-20 






Table 7-9. Commercial Office Buildings—Selected Characteristics: 1992 
[Excludes buildings 1,000 square feet or smaller. Building type based on predominant activity in which the 
occupants were engaged. Based on a sample survey of building representatives conducted between August and 
December 1 992; therefore, subject to sampling variability.] 


Characteristic 

Number of 
buildings 
(1,000) 

Characteristic 

Number of 
buildings 
(1,000) 

All buildings 

4,806 

Region 




Northeast 

771 



Midwest 

1,202 

Year constructed 


South 

1,963 

1899 or before 

169 

West 

870 

1900 to 1919 

255 



1920 to 1945 

724 

Fuels used alone or in combination 


1946 to 1959 

880 

Electricity 

4,616 

1960 to 1969 

783 

Natural gas 

2,665 

1970 to 1979 

982 

Fuel oil 

559 

1980 to 1989 

884 

Propane 

337 

1990 to 1992 

128 

District heat 

95 



District chilled water 

28 

Principal activity within building 


Any other 

163 

Public assembly 

644 



Education 

301 

Workers 


Food sales 

130 

Fewer than 5 

2,718 

Food service 

260 

5 to 9 

895 

Health care 

63 

10 to 19 

561 

Lodging 

154 

20 to 49 

405 

Mercantile/services 

1,272 

50 to 99 

130 

Office 

749 

100 to 249 

64 

Parking garage 

24 

250 or more 

31 

Public order and safety 

60 



Warehouse 

761 

Weekly operating hours 


Other 

69 

39 or less 

1,039 

Vacant 

319 

40 to 48 

1,278 



49 to 60 

1,004 

Government owned 

599 

61 to 84 

645 

Nongovernment owned 

4,206 

85 to 167 

478 



168 (open continuously) 

362 


a Includes religious worship. 

Note: Composition of regions is presented in section 2.4. 
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995. 


7-21 













































































. 










































































































' 

















APPENDIX 7A 


EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

































































. 



















































































































APPENDIX 7A 


EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 





























































Employment and Earnings 


Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker 

Editors’ Note 

With this issue, seasonally adjusted unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Popula¬ 
tion Survey (household survey) have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Because of the 
survey changes introduced in January 1994, only seasonally adjusted data for 1994 have been revised. Revised 
current data appear in summary table A, tables A-l through A-12, and D-l through D-10. 

The article appearing on page 10 discusses the effect of the revisions, describes the seasonal adjustment method, 
and includes the seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the major labor force series for January-June 
1995. 

Annual averages for 1994 may differ slightly from the results that would be obtained by averaging the 12 published 
monthly estimates, because they reflect the use of a revised set of survey data for January that incorporates correc¬ 
tions to some minor editing problems in the original survey data for that month. 


Contents 


Page 


List of statistical tables . 2 

Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error. 7 

Employment and unemployment developments, December 1994 . 8 

Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series . 10 

Summary tables and charts.. 14 

Explanatory notes and estimates of error . 227 

Index to statistical tables . 264 


Statistical tables 


Source 


Historical SeasooaUy 
adjusted 


Not 

seasonally 

adjusted 


Other 

features 


Household data. 

Establishment data: 
Employment: 

National. 

State. 

Area. 

Hours and earnings: 

National. 

State and area . 

Local area labor force data: 

Regional. 

State. 

Area. 

Household data: 

Quarterly averages .... 
Annual averages. 

Establishment data: 

Annual averages. 


16 

50 


51 


18 

54 

59 

67 

129 

131 

141 


27 


71 

84 

84 

102 

125 


136 

136 


150 


162 

222 


7 A-l 


























Monthly Household Data 


Page 

Historical 

A-l. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date . 16 

A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1984 to date. 17 

Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment Status 

A-3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age . 18 

A-4. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin . 19 

A-5. Employment and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age. 21 

Characteristics of the Employed 

A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation. class of worker, and part-time status. 22 

A-7. Employed persons by age and sex . 23 

Characteristics of the Unemployed 

A-8. Unemployed persons by age and sex . 23 

A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex. 24 

A-10. Unemployment rates by occupadon, industry, and selected demographic characterisdcs . 25 

A—11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment . 26 

A-12. Unemployed persons by duradon of unemployment . 26 

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment Status 

A—13. Employment status of the civilian noninsdtudonal populadon by age, sex, and race. 27 

A-14. Employment status of the civilian noninsdtudonal populadon by race, sex, and age. 30 

A—15. Employment status of the civilian noninsdtudonal populadon 16 to 24 years of age by school 

enrollment, educadonal attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. 31 

A-16. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race . 33 

Characteristics of the Employed 

A-17. Employed persons by occupadon, sex, and age . 34 

A-l 8. Employed persons by occupadon, race, and sex . 35 

A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupadon. 36 

A-20. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker . 37 

A-21. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work . 38 

A-22. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working 

less than 35 hours and usual full- or part-dme status. 38 

A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status . 39 

A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or 

part-dme status. 40 

A-25. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full-or part-dme status. 41 

Characteristics of the Unemployed 

A-26. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex. 42 

A—27. Unemployed persons by occupadon and sex . 43 

A—28. Unemployed persons by industry and sex. 44 

A-29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race . 45 

A-30. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duradon of unemployment . 46 

A—31. Unemployed persons, total and full-time workers, by duradon of unemployment. 46 

A-32. Unemployed persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment. 47 

A-33. Unemployed persons by occupadon, industry, and duradon of unemployment. 48 

Persons Not In the Labor Force 

A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex . 48 

Multiple Jobholders 

A-35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characterisdcs. 49 

Vletnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans 

A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age. 49 


7 A-2 






































Monthly Establishment Data 


Historical 

B—1. Employees on noofarra payrolls by major industry, 1944 to date . 50 

B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarra 

payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date . 51 

Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment 

National 

B—3. Employees on nonfarra payrolls by major industry and selected component groups . 54 

B—4. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group. 56 

B—5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 

and manufacturing group . 57 

B—6. Diffusion indexes of employment change. 58 

States 

B—7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by State and major industry. 59 

Hours and Earnings 

National 

B-8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls 

by major industry and manufacturing group . 67 

B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm 

payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group . 68 

B-10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry. 69 

B—11. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private 

nonfarm payrolls by major industry . 70 

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment 

National 

B—12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry . 71 

B-13. Women employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group. 83 

States and Areas 

B-14. Employees on nonfarm payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry. 84 

Hours and Earnings 
National 

B-15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm 

payrolls by detailed industry. 102 

B-15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles 

(SIC 3761) manufacturing . 122 

B-16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls. 123 

B-17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private 

nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars . 124 

States and Areas 

B-18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in 

States and selected areas. 125 

Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data 
Seasonally Adjusted Data 

C-l. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions. 129 

C-2. Labor force status by State. 131 

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data 

C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas. 136 


7A-3 


























Quarterly Household Data 


Page 

Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment Status 

D—1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex and age . 141 

D-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin . 142 

Characteristics of the Employed 

D—3, Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age . 144 

D—4. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-time status. 145 

D-5. Employed persons by age and sex . 146 

Characteristics of the Unemployed 

D-6. Unemployed persons by age and sex . 146 

D-7. Unemployment rates by age and sex . 147 

D—8. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics . 148 

D-9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment . 149 

D-10. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment . 149 

Not Seasonally Adjusted Data 

Employment Status 

D-l 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin . 150 

D-12. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin population by sex and age. 151 

Characteristics of the Employed 

D-l 3. Employed white, black, and Hispanic-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and 

full- and part-time status. 152 

D-14. Employed Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, 

and full- and part-time status . 153 

D-15. Employed persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin . 154 

Characteristics of the Unemployed 

D-16. Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin . 154 

D-17. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin . 155 

D-18. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin . 155 

Weekly Earnings Data 

D-19. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics. 156 

D-20. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics. 157 

D-21. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salaiy workers by occupation and sex . 158 

Vietnam—era Veterans and Nonveterans Data 

D-22. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age. 159 

D-23. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin. 159 


7A-4 





























Annual Averages—Household Data 

- 




Employment Status 


Page 


1 . 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 


Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1931 to dale....... 

Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1962 to date. 

Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race___ 

Employment status of the Hispanic-origin population by age and sex......... 

Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin.. 

Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin population by sex and age.. 

Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school enrollment, 

educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin------ 

Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race—....... 


162 

163 

164 

167 

168 

169 

170 
172 


Characteristics of the Employed 


9. 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 . 

21 . 

22 . 


23. 


Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age...... 

Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex.—..... 

Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin..... 

Employed white, black, and Hispanic-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, 

and full- or part-time status............ 

Employed Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin workers by sex, occupation, 

class of worker, and full- or part-time status...... 

Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and race_____ 

Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker- 

Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker--- 

Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation....—--................--- 

Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin.......... 

Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work----- 

Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 

35 hours and usual full- or part-time status.......................................... 

Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status.. 

Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex. age. race, marital status, 

and usual full- or part-time status... 

Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status...... 


173 

174 

175 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 
188 
192 

192 

193 

194 

195 


Characteristics of the Unemployed 

24. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex ..«.........—... 196 

25. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex---- 197 

26. Unemployed persons by industry and sex .-.———. 198 

27. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and age...—... 199 

28. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin......----- 200 

29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment....—.. 201 

30. Unemployed total and full-time workers by duration of unemployment................ 201 

31. Unemployed persons by selected demographic characteristics and duration of unemployment- 202 

32. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment .... 203 

33. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, age, race, and active jobsearch methods used.—....—-204 

34. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and active jobsearch methods used.. 205 

Persons Not In the Labor Force 

35. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex —.-.~ 206 


Multiple Jobholders 

36. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics.. 

Weekly Earnings Data 

37. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics. 

38. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics. 

39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex 


206 


207 

208 
209 


7A-5 




























Annual Averages—Household Data—Continued 


Page 

Union Affiliation Data 

40. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics. 214 

41. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation 

and selected characteristics. 215 

42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry. 216 

43. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, 

occupation, and industry ....... 217 

Employee Absences Data 

44. Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers by age and sex. 218 

45. Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry. 219 

Vletnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans Data 

46. Employment status of male Vietnam-cra veterans and nonveterans by age... 220 

47. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin. 221 

Annual Averages—Establishment Data 

Employment—National 

48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups. 222 

49. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry 

and manufacturing group. 224 

Hours and Earnlngs-Natlonal 

50. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by 

major industry and manufacturing group. 225 


7A-6 













APPENDIX 7B 


EMPLOYED PERSONS BY DETAILED OCCUPATION, 
SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN 





































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 

(Numbers in thousands) 


1994 


Occupation 


Total. 16 years and over 


Managerial and professional specialty. 

Executive, administrative, and managenal. 

Officials and administrators, public administration. 

Administrators, protective services. 

Financial managers. 

Personnel and labor relations managers. 

Purchasing managers . 

Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations. 

Administrators, education and related fields . 

Managers, medicine and health . 

Postmasters and mail supenntendents. 

Managers, food serving and lodging establishments. 

Managers, properties and real estate . 

Funeral directors . 

Management-related occupations. 

Accountants and auditors . 

Underwriters . 

Other financial officers. 

Management analysts. 

Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists. 

Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products 

Construction inspectors . 

Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction .. 


Professional specialty. 

Engineers, architects, and surveyors. 

Architects. 

Engineers. 

Aerospace engineers . 

Chemical engineers. 

Civil engineers. 

Electncal and electronic engineers. 

Industrial engineers . 

Mechanical engineers . 

Mathematical and computer scientists. 

Computer systems analysts and scientists. 

Operations and systems researchers and analysts . 

Natural scientists. 

Chemists, except biochemists . 

Geologists and geodesists. 

Biological and life scientists. 

Medical scientists . 

Health diagnosing occupations . 

Physicians. 

Oentists . 

Veterinarians .. 

Health assessment and treating occupations . 

Registered nurses . 

Pharmacists. 

Dietitians. 

Therapists. 

Respiratory therapists . 

Occupational therapists . 

Physical therapists. 

Speech therapists. 

Physicians' assistants . 

Teachers, college and university . 

Teachers, except college and university. 

Prekindergarten and kindergarten. 

Elementary school. 

Secondary school. 

Special education . 

Counselors, educational and vocational . 

Librarians, archivists, and curators . 

Librarians . 

Social scientists and urban planners. 

Economists. 

Psychologists . 


Percent of total: 


219 

196 

440 

106 

280 


81 6i 
84.11 
53.61 
47.4: 
58.6: 


i oral 

■nployed 

Women 

Black 

23,060 

46.0 

10.4 

33,847 

48.1 

7.1 

16,312 

43.0 

6.8 

598 

46.1 

12.7 

51 

27.8 

4.6 

608 

49.1 

7.0 

111 

61.6 

8.9 

130 

37.0 

1.7 

564 

34.3 

2.6 

701 

62.0 

12.2 

614 

79.7 

5.4 

52 

63.6 

8.5 

1.255 

45.4 

8.0 

479 

50.6 

6.3 

51 

16.1 

3.7 

4,269 

53.7 

8.8 

1,483 

51.8 

9.0 

88 

67.4 

3.3 

715 

48 4 

7.4 

283 

34.1 

5.5 

396 

64.9 

12.3 

233 

55.1 

3.4 

64 

7.3 

6.1 

226 

27.4 

15.4 

17,536 

52.8 

7.4 

2,030 

8.9 

3.7 

141 

16.8 

1.4 

1.866 

8.3 

3.7 

75 

14.5 

.9 

56 

7.3 

1.8 

240 

8.2 

2.8 

556 

6.7 

4.2 

245 

14.7 

5.9 

341 

5.1 

3.1 

1,186 

33.6 

6.5 

916 

31.4 

7.2 

222 

41.4 

3.9 

535 

31.0 

3.8 

144 

36.8 

4.5 

57 

13.2 

■9 

120 

36.5 

4.5 

62 

47.4 

1.1 

932 

21.5 

3.7 

628 

22.3 

4.2 

148 

13.3 

3.7 

61 

34.7 

.9 

2.708 

86.2 

8.8 

1,956 

93.8 

9.3 

182 

38.3 

2.6 

86 

92.0 

14.3 

430 

74.3 

8.3 

98 

57.8 

11.1 

50 

87.2 

9.1 

106 

66.2 

3.7 

92 

94 6 

| 3.3 

53 

54.3 

5.5 

838 

42.5 

5.0 

4,330 

74.9 

8.9 

496 

98.1 

11.0 

1.634 

85.6 

| 10 2 

1,197 

55 6 

1 7.6 

308 

i 83.7 

j 6.9 

237 

68.1 

13.7 


Hispanic 

ongin 


9.51 

10.51 

7.0: 

3.8i 

8.31 


8.8 

4.5 

4.9 

4.2 

5.9 

5.7 
6.1 

4.3 

4.3 
4 7 
4 0 
2.0 

7.9 

8.7 

1.7 
5.0 

4.4 

5.1 

4.5 

6.2 
6.1 
4. 

8 

4 
3 
3 

3 

4 
1 
2 
2 

3 

4 
3 

3 

4 
1 
1 


4.4 
5.2 

4.5 

3.4 
2.9 

4.1 

2.1 

4.5 
8.2 

.5 

3.7 

1.6 
7 8 
2.9 

4.3 

5.4 

4.2 
4 0 

3.8 
8.1 
3.7 
3.7 
4.1 

3.3 

4.9 


See footnotes at end of table 


7B-1 


iDO)K)^b)(obi’>jb(Ofoy)CJ^usuo u (£> O) 


































































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued 


(Numbers in thousands) 


1994 


Occupation 


Social, recreation, and religious workers. 

Social workers . 

Recreation workers. 

Clergy . 

Lawyers and judges. 

Lawyers. 

Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes. 

Authors. 

Technical writers. 

Designers.. 

Musicians and composers.. 

Actors and directors. 

Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers. 

Photographers. 

Editors and reporters. 

Public relations specialists . 

Athletes. 

Technical, sales, and administrative support. 

Technicians and related support . 

Health technologists and technicians. 

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. 

Dental hygienists. 

Radiologic technicians. 

Licensed practical nurses... 

Engineenng and related technologists and technicians . 

Electrical and electronic technicians . 

Drafting occupations . 

Surveying and mapping technicians . 

Science technicians. 

Biological technicians . 

Chemical technicians. 

Technicians, except health, engineering, and science . 

Airplane pilots and navigators . 

Computer programmers. 

Legal assistants. 

Sales occupations. 

Supervisors and proprietors. 

Sales representatives, finance and business services . 

Insurance sales. 

Real estate sales. 

Securities and financial services sales. 

Advertising and related sales . 

Sales occupations, other business services. 

Sales representatives, commodities, except retail . 

Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale 

Sales workers, retail and personal services. 

Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats. 

Sales workers, apparel.. 

Sales workers, shoes. 

Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings. 

Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances. 

Sales workers, hardware and building supplies.. 

Sales workers, parts . 

Sales workers, other commodities. 

Sales counter clerks . 

Cashiers. 

Street and door-to-door sales workers. 

News vendors . 

Sales-related occupations. 

Demonstrators, promoters, and models. 

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. 

Supervisors, administrative support. 

Supervisors, general office. 

Supervisors, financial records processing. 

Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks. 

Computer equipment operators. 

Computer operators ... 

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists. 


Percent of total: 


Total 

employed 

i 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

1,209 

51.4 

17.3 

5.7 

667 

69.3 

24.0 

7.0 

105 

70.5 

14.4 

3.8 

371 

11.1 

8.7 

3.2 

861 

24.8 

3.3 

3.0 

821 

24.6 

3.3 

3.1 

2,011 

47.8 

5.3 

5.3 

112 

53.3 

2.8 

2.9 

72 

57.8 

4.0 

.2 

548 

55.3 

3.4 

5.8 

164 

31.8 

10.2 

6.1 

86 

41.2 

3.8 

3.2 

225 

50.5 

4.6 

5.2 

148 

28.4 

4.6 

5.1 

267 

48.8 

5.4 

3.6 

142 

63.1 

5.0 

3.9 

81 

21.8 

10.5 

2.8 

37,306 

64.3 

9.7 

7.1 

3,869 

52.0 

9.7 

5.3 

1,590 

81.6 

13.9 

5.3 

341 

77.2 

13.9 

4.4 

97 

100.0 

.2 

2.9 

154 

74.1 

8.1 

7.6 

397 

95.1 

18.7 

4.3 

916 

19.5 

7.4 

6.2 

316 

15.1 

9.9 

5.9 

239 

19.8 

4.1 

4.5 

68 

7.8 

1.5 

3.8 

266 

36.7 

9.5 

4.3 

89 

52.9 

10.4 

1.2 

77 

25.5 

8.8 

6.6 

1,098 

40.0 

5.7 

4.8 

104 

2.6 

1.5 

.4 

549 

29.3 

6.0 

3.5 

262 

79.9 

5.4 

9.4 

14,817 

49.1 

7.1 

6.8 

4,443 

37.5 

5.3 

5.8 

2,361 

40.0 

4.8 

4.1 

601 

35.1 

5.9 

4.1 

708 

48.4 

2.6 

3.9 

391 

29.9 

4.2 

2.9 

147 

51.6 

4.5 

2.6 

515 

38.4 

7.0 

5.8 

1,476 

23.3 

2.8 

4.2 

1.445 

23.5 

2.9 

4.2 

6,440 

66.1 

10.3 

9.1 

284 

6.4 

6.3 

7.9 

442 

80.8 

10.0 

11.1 

110 

67.9 

21.3 

10.2 

159 

49.6 

4.7 

5.7 

228 

25.0 

7.5 

8.1 

253 

19.8 

4 8 

5.4 

167 

8.9 

4.0 

10.9 

1,379 

70.8 

7.2 

7.8 

209 

65 4 

8.6 

6.2 

2,745 

79.8 

14.2 

10.1 

335 

74.4 

6.1 

10.1 

130 

38.8 

3.1 

6.7 

96 

67.3 

3.6 

6.4 

63 

82.1 

5.5 

9.3 

18,620 

78.9 

11.8 

7.6 

753 

59.7 

13.6 

6.9 

465 

66.4 

13.3 

6.8 

97 

80 4 

8.7 

.9 

167 

32.1 

16.2 

10.8 

550 

60.7 

14 1 

6.9 

546 

60.6 

14.2 

6.9 

4.163 

98.0 

9.2 

6.7 


See footnotes at end of table. 


7B-2 
























































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands) 


1994 


Occupation 


Secretaries . 

Stenographers. 

Typists. 

Information clerks. 

Interviewers. 

Hotel clerks. 

Transportation ticket and reservation agents 

Receptionists. 

Records processing, except financial. 

Order clerks . 

Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping .’.’ 

Library clerks. 

File clerks. 

Records clerks. 

Financial records processing. 

Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks. 

Payroll and timekeeping clerks. 

Billing clerks... 

Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators 

Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators. 

Communications equipment operators. 

Telephone operators. 

Mail and message distributing. 

Postal clerks, except mail carriers. 

Mail carriers, postal service. 

Mail clerks, except postal service. 

Messengers. 

Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks. 

Dispatchers . 

Production coordinators. 

Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks . 

Stock and inventory clerks. 

Meter readers . 

Weighers, measurers, and checkers and samplers.. 

Expediters. 

Adjusters and investigators... 

Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators. 

Investigators and adjusters, except insurance . 

Eligibility clerks, social welfare. 

Bill and account collectors. 

Miscellaneous administrative support. 

, General office clerks... 

Bank tellers. 

Data-entry keyers. 

Statistical clerks. 

Teachers' aides . 

Service occupations. 

Private household . 

Child care workers. 

Cleaners and servants. 

Protective service. 

Supervisors . 

Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention . 

Police and detectives. 

Guards . 

Firefighting and fire prevention occupations . 

Firefighting occupations .. 

Police and detectives . 

Police and detectives, public service. 

Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers. 

Correctional institution officers. 

Guards. 

Guards and police, except public services. 

Service occupations, except private household and protective service 

Food preparation and service occupations . 

Supervisors, food preparation and service . 

Bartenders . 

Waiters and waitresses . 

Cooks . 



Percent of total: 

rotai 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

3.397 

98.9 

8.4 

6.2 

105 

95.7 

1.0 

4.4 

661 

94.1 

14.6 

9.6 

1,755 

88.4 

10.6 

9.2 

158 

81.7 

13.1 

11.9 

107 

68.6 

14.7 

6.0 

260 

72.8 

6.9 

6.9 

931 

96.4 

10.1 

10.2 

890 

78.5 

15.6 

9.2 

202 

75.1 

18.5 

8.5 

66 

86.6 

17.3 

11.9 

147 

77.7 

10.8 

5.0 

280 

78.9 

16.8 

12.7 

181 

78.0 

13.4 

6.4 

2,278 

91.4 

6.0 

5.5 

1,829 

91.9 

4.9 

5.0 

155 

91.7 

9.5 

4.7 

177 

90.0 

11.9 

8.3 

70 

90.7 

8.4 

8.8 

58 

41.5 

17.2 

9.5 

179 

866 

20.8 

8.2 

165 

88.8 

21.7 

8.3 

982 

38.9 

18.5 

7.9 

311 

44.4 

28.2 

7.8 

354 

34.0 

11.6 

8.5 

170 

50.5 

24.2 

5.9 

147 

25.7 

8.1 

8.9 

1,798 

43.6 

12.6 

9.8 

226 

51.4 

7.6 

6.6 

200 

56.0 

8.0 

8.2 

571 

28.7 

14.7 

12.9 

459 

44.1 

13.5 

9.9 

54 

12.0 

19.3 

3.9 

71 

50.9 

15.8 

5.2 

196 

65.9 

11.4 

7.5 

1,414 

74.5 

13.9 

6.8 

364 

74.6 

13.3 

4.1 

788 

74.5 

12.3 

6.0 

109 

80.6 

18.7 

16.8 

153 

69.7 

20.6 

9.9 

3,799 

81.6 

13.9 

8.4 

696 

80.2 

13.0 

8.1 

441 

90.4 

10.4 

9.2 

627 

83.8 

18.3 

7.2 

75 

81.6 

23.4 

7.9 

582 

90.3 

14.3 

14.6 

16,912 

59.6 

17.1 

12.6 

817 

96.3 

16.7 

27.2 

286 

97.3 

8.4 

20.5 

500 

95.8 

20.0 

31.0 

2.249 

16.7 

18.1 

7.4 

219 

12.0 

12.4 

4.5 

50 

2.5 

3.2 

8 

109 

12.2 

12.3 

4.7 

60 

18.8 

19.7 

3.4 

210 

2.1 

9.7 

5.5 

195 

2.1 

9.1 

5.4 


15.6 

17.8 

5.6 

532 

13.2 

13.8 

6.2 

130 

16.4 

12.2 

5.6 

305 

19.3 

27.1 

4.5 

851 

22.9 

22.0 

10.8 

717 

15.8 

24.1 

11.4 

13,847 

64.3 

16.9 

12.6 

5.9SO 

57.9 

12.4 

13.4 

3)3 

66.7 

10.7 

10.0 

322 

55.1 

2.9 

4.4 

1,446 

78.6 

5.5 

7.6 

2,071 

43.3 

j- 

17.9 

16.8 


See footnotes at end of table. 


7B-3 
























































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued 


(Numbers in thousands) 


1994 


Occupation 


Food counter, fountain and related occupations. 

Kitchen workers, food preparation.. 

Waiters’ and waitresses' assistants. 

Miscellaneous food preparation . 

Health service occupations. 

Dental assistants. 

Health aides, except nursing . 

Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants. 

Cleaning and building service occupations . 

Supervisors. 

Maids and housemen . 

Janitors and cleaners . 

Pest control occupations. 

Personal service occupations. 

Supervisors. 

Barbers . 

Hairdressers and cosmetologists. 

Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities. 

Public transportation attendants. 

Welfare service aides . 

Family child care providers . 

Early childhood teachers' assistants . 

Precision production, craft, and repair. 

Mechanics and repairers. 

Supervisors . 

Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors. 

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers. 

Automobile mechanics. 

Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics. 

Aircraft engine mechanics. 

Small engine repairers. 

Automobile body and related repairers . 

Heavy equipment mechanics... 

Industrial machinery repairers. 

Electrical and electronic equipment repairers. 

Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment 

Data processing equipment repairers. 

Telephone installers and repairers. 

Heating, air conditioning, and refngeration mechanics. 

Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers. 

Office machine repairers . 

Millwnghts . 

Construction trades. 

Supervisors . 

Construction trades, except supervisors. 

Brickmasons and stonemasons . 

Tile setters, hard and soft. 

Carpet installers. 

Carpenters. 

Drywall installers. 

Electricians. 

Electrical power installers and repairers . 

Painters, construction and maintenance. 

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. 

Concrete and terrazzo finishers . 

Insulation workers . 

Roofers . 

Extractive occupations . 

Precision production occupations. 

Supervisors ... 

Precision metalworking. 

Tool and die makers. 

Machinists. 

Precious stones and metals workers (jewelers). 

Sheet-metal workers. 

Precision woodworking occupations. 

Cabinet makers and bench carpenters . 

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers . 

Dressmakers ... 

Upholsterers. 


Percent of total: 


Total 

employed 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

origin 

351 

70.2 

11.2 

8.9 

265 

73.7 

9.7 

9.8 

433 

47.6 

12.8 

21.8 

679 

48.6 

16.9 

19.7 

2,157 

87.9 

26.4 

8.9 

188 

96.6 

2.7 

10.2 

333 

78.1 

25.6 

7.8 

1,636 

88.8 

29.3 

8.9 

2,948 

45.2 

22.4 

17.7 

160 

40.8 

23.8 

16.8 

680 

83.3 

27.9 

20.2 

2,048 

34.0 

20.8 

17.1 

50 

5.7 

10.2 

5.2 

2,782 

80.1 

13.6 

8.3 

127 

69.5 

7.0 

2.2 

98 

21.8 

27.6 

10.3 

753 

90.6 

10.3 

8.0 

201 

39.0 

10.2 

6.7 

104 

81.1 

13.9 

5.7 

81 

84.8 

29.6 

15.2 

428 

98.7 

10.8 

9.0 

416 

96.4 

14.4 

7.5 

13,489 

9.3 

7.7 

10.4 

4,419 

4.5 

7.9 

8.2 

236 

9.9 

5.3 

6.5 

4,183 

4.2 

8.1 

8.3 

1,734 

1.2 

6.6 

9.7 

864 

1.0 

6.8 

11.4 

306 

.4 

9.1 

6.6 

129 

4.6 

6.3 

7.0 

52 

- 

2.9 

6.8 

186 

.4 

1.6 

12.5 

151 

1.1 

5.1 

7.6 

561 

3.2 

9.6 

7.0 

666 

12.4 

9.8 

7.0 

160 

7.4 

11.1 

10.3 

163 

18.0 

7.6 

3.6 

191 

16.8 

9.9 

7.5 

277 

.5 

5.7 

7.3 

923 

5.8 

9.0 

7.7 

61 

2.1 

2.4 

2.0 

80 

4.2 

2.8 

- 

5,008 

2.2 

6.5 

11.4 

704 

1.4 

4.6 

4.6 

4,304 

2.3 

6.9 

12.5 

190 

.6 

15.0 

16.7 

56 

3.0 

3.6 

11.1 

114 

2.4 

4.2 

15.1 

1,265 

1.0 

4.6 

9.9 

154 

1.7 

4.6 

24.6 

659 

2.1 

6.1 

6.3 

116 

1.8 

13.1 

6.9 

543 

63 

7.5 

17.7 

508 

.7 

7.2 

12.4 

75 

.3 

19.3 

19.3 

64 

2.5 

13.0 

15.7 

180 

- 

6.3 

20.7 

142 

1.0 

5.9 

8.5 

3.921 

23.9 

9.0 

11.8 

1,254 

18.8 

8.8 

9.8 

903 

6.5 

6.0 

6.2 

141 

1.5 

3.3 

.8 

492 

4.4 

7.6 

6.4 

56 

23.6 

.8 

22.2 

127 

8.3 

6.2 

4.0 

132 

10.8 

7.1 

6.6 

87 

4,4 

6.7 

5.2 

214 

54.5 

8.9 

20 4 

82 

95.8 

6.5 

12.4 

61 

24.3 

7.6 

24.6 


See footnotes at end of table. 


7B-4 























































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued 


(Numbers m thousands) 


Occupation 


Precision workers, assorted materials. 

Optical goods workers. 

Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians. 

Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers. 

Precision food production occupations. 

Butchers and meat cutters. 

Bakers. 

Food batchmakers .’’’’ 

Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers. 

Inspectors, testers, and graders. 

Plant and system operators. 

Water and sewage treatment plant operators. 

Stationary engineers . 

Operators, fabricators, and laborers. 

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.'. . 

Machine operators and tenders, except precision 

Metalworking and plastic working machine operators . 

Punching and stamping press machine operators. 

Gnnding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators 

Metal and plastic processing machine operators . 

Molding and casting machine operators . 

Woodworking machine operators. 

Sawing machine operators. 

Printing machine operators. 

Printing press operators. 

Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators. 

Winding and twisting machine operators . 

Textile sewing machine operators. 

Pressing machine operators. 

Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators. 

Machine operators, assorted materials. 

Packaging and filling machine operators. 

Mixing and blending machine operators. 

Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators.. 

Painting and paint spraying machine operators. 

Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food . 

Slicing and cutting machine operators . 

Photographic process machine operators. 

Fabncators, assemblers, and hand working occupations. 

Welders and cutters. 

Assemblers. 

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers. 

Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners. 

Production testers. 

Graders and sorters, except agricultural . 

Transportation and material moving occupations... 

Motor vehicle operators . 

Supervisors... 

Truck drivers . 

Drivers-sales workers . 

Bus drivers . 

Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs . 

Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles. 

Rail transportation . 

Water transportation . 

Matenal moving equipment operators. 

Operating engineers. 

Crane and tower operators.... 

Excavating and loading machine operators. 

Grader, dozer, and scraper operators. 

Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators. 

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers . 

Helpers, construction and extractive occupations. 

Helpers, construction trades. 

Construction laborers. 

Production helpers. 

Freight, stock, and material handlers. 

Garbage collectors. 


1994 


Total 

employed 


550 

72 

61 

339 

457 

266 

141 

50 

137 

129 

273 

68 

124 

17,876 

7,754 

5,011 

430 

126 

136 

157 

91 

134 

89 

436 

311 

1,139 

58 

619 

127 

207 

2,693 

390 

122 

64 

197 

67 
196 

86 

1,994 

577 

1,202 

749 

520 

58 

162 

5,136 

3,882 

94 
2,815 

164 

511 

241 

176 

108 

68 
1,078 

237 

66 

95 
88 

483 

4,986 

113 

106 

740 

67 

2.024 

50 


Women 


55.6 

52.3 

36.9 

65.3 

33.9 

22.9 

43.1 

66.3 

27.3 

26.6 
5.0 

3.2 
3.5 

24.3 

38.1 
38.5 

15.3 

25.4 
14.0 
21.8 

30.3 

13.7 

11.7 

24.9 

15.9 

74.4 

73.1 
86.0 

62.8 

59.3 

31.5 

58.7 

10.2 
10.0 

16.6 

3.3 

27.4 

57.1 

31.5 

4.4 
41.0 

52.9 

53.6 

35.4 

56.8 

9.4 
11.0 

14.9 

4.5 

10.5 
47.0 

10.3 

2.1 

1.5 

1.7 

4.7 

1.7 
1.7 

2.0 

6.9 

18.1 

3.6 
3.1 
3.6 

21.3 
20.1 

1.3 


Hispanic 

ongin 


16.6 

9.6 

14.9 

18.9 

24.1 

25.2 

20.9 

27.2 

8.4 

8.7 

6.8 
4.6 

6.5 

13.8 

14.8 

15.8 

10.8 
10.8 
16.8 
12.8 

10.4 

10.5 

11.4 
12.0 

13.6 
. 20.0 

24.1 

21.6 

19.1 
16.0 

22.5 

17.8 

10.5 

16.1 
2.9 

25.0 

13.8 
13.0 

11.7 

12.9 

13.1 

11.1 

5.2 

21.4 

10.0 

10.4 

11.6 

10.7 

5.7 

8.8 

11.7 

2.3 

3.1 

9.5 

5.6 
2.5 

5.2 

9.2 
12.2 

16.3 

25.2 

24.9 

22.2 

23.6 

12.9 

14.6 


Percent of total: 


Black 


12.7 
7.6 

4.5 

15.5 

10.5 
12.2 

8.2 

7.5 
11.4 
10.1 
10.1 

16.6 

9.5 

15.0 

15.1 
16.0 

8.8 

8.3 

9.2 

11.9 

9.8 

7.9 

10.1 
10.1 

11.3 

21.8 

40.4 

19.4 
18.7 
24.6 

16.3 

17.4 

19.5 
10.1 

14.1 
21.0 

11.5 

11.6 
12.4 

8.6 

15.1 
16.0 
15.0 
10.6 
21.6 

14.6 

14.7 

9.5 
12.4 

7.6 

25.6 

22.6 
12.0 
12.7 

7.0 

14.6 
5.1 
6.8 
7.0 

4.9 

23.3 

15.3 

14.2 

14.7 

12.4 

11.4 

16.4 
28.1 


See footnotes at end of table. 


7B-5 




























































































HOUSEHOLD DATA 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued 


(Numbers in thousands) 



1994 

Occupation 

Total 

employed 

Percent of total: 

Women 

Black 

Hispanic 

ongin 

Stock handlers and baggers. 

1,135 

25.9 

13.4 

13.1 

Machine feeders and offbearers .. 

83 

35.7 

17.4 

11.1 

Garage and service station related occupations 

184 

5.2 

12.2 

9.3 

Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 

276 

11.8 

19.0 

20.6 

Hand packers and packagers . 

296 

60.9 

15.1 

23.6 

Laborers, except construction. 

1,240 

3,629 

1,453 

1,271 

60 

18.2 

15.1 

15.4 

Farming, forestry, and fishing. 

19.3 

5.1 

17.1 

Farm operators and managers . 

25 4 

.2 

2.0 

Farmers, except horticultural. 

26 7 

.2 

.8 

Horticultural specialty farmers . 

9 2 

1.0 

8.9 

Managers, farms, except horticultural . 

110 

18 8 


10.1 

Other agricultural and related occupations 

2,176 

821 

15.3 

8.3 

27.1 

Farm occupations, except managerial . 

17.2 

6.7 

37.5 

Farm workers . 

748 

1,172 

125 

864 

16 6 

6 7 

37.9 

Related agricultural occupations. 

15 2 

9 5 

22.4 

Supervisors. 

4.1 
5 9 

4 5 

18 0 

Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm . 

1 (16 

23.0 

Animal caretakers, except farm. 

118 

60 4 

5 9 

3.6 

Graders and sorters, agricultural products .... 

61 

73.9 

9.6 

58.5 

Forestry and logging occupations. 

132 

7 0 

9.9 

11.9 

Timber cutting and logging occupations 

86 

1.0 

13.3 

4.4 

Fishers, hunters, and trappers . 

52 

6.2 

1.9 

7.4 



NOTE: Generally, data (or occupations with fewer than 50,000 comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional 

employed are not published separately but are included in the totals for .nformation, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective 

the appropnate categones shown. Data for 1994 are not directly January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Eam/ngs. 


7B-6 

































APPENDIX 7C 


ESTABLISHMENT DATA: ANNUAL AVERAGES BY 
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING GROUP (NONFARM) 























































ESTABLISHMENT DATA 
EMPLOYMENT 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 


(In thousands) 


Industry 


Total . 

Total private. 

Goods-producing . 

Mining .. 

Metal mining. 

Coal mining . 

Oil and gas extraction. 

Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels. 

Construction. 

General building contractors. 

Heavy construction, except building ... 
Special trade contractors. 

Manufacturing. 

Durable goods . 

Lumber and wood products. 

Furniture and fixtures. 

Stone, clay, and glass products. 

Primary metal industries . 

Blast furnaces and basic steel 

products. 

Fabricated metal products. 

Industrial machinery and equipment 
Electronic and other electrical 

equipment. 

Transportation equipment. 

Motor vehicles and equipment. 

Aircraft and parts. 

Instruments and related products ... 
Miscellaneous manufacturing. 

Nondurable goods . 

Food and kindred products. 

Tobacco products. 

Textile mill products . 

Apparel and other textile products .. 

Paper and allied products . 

Printing and publishing. 

Chemicals and allied products.. 

Petroleum and coal products.. 

Rubber and misc. plastics products 
Leather and leather products . 


861.9 

123.7 


877.6 

119.9 


903.8 

117.5 


1991 

1992 

1993 

1994° 

108,256 

108,604 

110,525 

113.423 

89,854 

89,959 

91,708 

94,382 

23,745 

23,231 

23.256 

23,584 

689 

635 

611 

604 

55.9 

53.2 

50.4 

50.7 

135.5 

126.8 

109.1 

113.8 

392.9 

352.6 

350.8 

338.8 

104.5 

101.8 

100.8 

101.0 

4,650 

4,492 

4.642 

4,916 

1,140.4 

1,076.8 

1,110.8 

1,166.9 

726.6 

711.2 

707.5 

720.8 

2,783.3 

2,704.1 

2,823.3 

3,028.2 

18,406 

18,104 

18,003 

18,064 

10,569 

10,277 

10,172 

10,267 

675.2 

679.9 

703.1 

731.2 

474.7 

477.7 

485.2 

495.8 

521.5 

513.3 

515.8 

529.3 

722.6 

694.5 

679.3 

686.5 

262.7 

250.3 

238.8 

233.9 

1,355.1 

1,329.1 

1,332.5 

1,366.4 

1,999.6 

1,928.6 

1,918.4 

1,944.7 

1,591.1 

1,528.1 

1,520.2 

1,551.8 

1,890.0 

1,829.6 

1,750.2 

1,728.4 

788.8 

812.5 

832.6 

885.5 

669.2 

611.7 

541.8 

479.0 

974.0 

928.5 

892.6 

854.8 

365.5 

367.6 

374.6 

378.1 

7,837 

7,827 

7,831 

7,797 

1,666.9 

1,662.5 

1,675.6 

1,667.2 

49.0 

47.5 

42.8 

39.3 

670.0 

674.1 

674.8 

672.1 

1,006.0 

1,007.2 

984.6 

954.4 

687.9 

690.3 

689.4 

684.0 

1,535.6 

1,506.5 

1,513.1 

1,528.7 

1,075.9 

1,084.1 

1,078.4 

1,053.7 

ifinn 

157.6 

151.3 

148.2 


934.6 

114.5 


Service-producing 


84,511 


85,373 


87,269 


89,839 


Transportation and public utilities. 

Transportation. 

Railroad transportation. 

Local and interurban passenger transit 

Trucking and warehousing . 

Water transportation. 

Transportation by air. 

Pipelines, except natural gas. 

Transportation services . 

Communications and public utilities. 

Communications . 

Electric, gas, and sanitary services. 


5,762 

3,502 

262.0 

354.1 
1,606.0 

183.6 

732.7 
19.0 

344.0 

2,260 

1,298.8 

961.2 


i 

l 


5,721 

3,498 

254.3 

361.4 
1,611.2 

173.3 
730.1 

19.2 

348.4 
2.223 

1.268.9 

954.0 


5,787 

3,587 

249.9 

374.1 

1,684.8 

166.6 

736.5 

18.4 

356.4 

2,201 

1,257.3 

943.0 


5,842 

3.666 

244.9 

387.4 
1.748.7 

166.3 

733.5 
17.7 

367.3 
2.176 

1,255.2 

920.5 


See footnotes at end of table. 


7C-1 















































































ESTABLISHMENT DATA 
EMPLOYMENT 
ANNUAL AVERAGES 


48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group—Continued 


(In thousands) 


Industry 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994" 

Wholesale trade . 

6,081 

5,997 

5,958 

6,059 

Durable goods . 

3,531 

3.446 

3,410 

3,460 

Nondurable goods. 

2,550 

2,552 

2.549 

2,598 

Retail trade. 

19,284 

19,356 

19,717 

20,303 

Ruilriing materials and garden supplies. 

746.5 

757.7 

780.8 

837.7 

General merchandise stores . 

2.452.8 

2,451.0 

2.460.6 

2,468.1 

Pond stores .... . 

3,203.7 

3,179.8 

3,208.4 

3,243.2 

Automotive dealers and service 

stations . 

1,983.8 

1.966.3 

2,020.7 

2.147.4 

Apparel and accessory stores . 

1,150.6 

1,130.9 

1.147.4 

1,149.8 

Furniture and home furnishings stores . . 

801.4 

799.8 

828.2 

895.6 

Eating and drinking places. . 

6.476.3 

6,609.3 

6,810.6 

7,055.0 

Miscellaneous retail establishments . 

2.468.4 

2,461.4 

2.460.0 

2.506.5 

Finance, Insurance, and real estate . 

6.646 

6,602 

6,712 

6,789 

Finance. 

3,187 

3,160 

3,217 

3,254 

Depository institutions. 

2,164.2 

2,095.7 

2,078.6 

2,041.5 

Nondepository institutions . 

379.4 

405.5 

447.7 

476.6 

Security and commodity brokers. 

419.6 

440.1 

467.6 

503.0 

Holding and other investment offices. 

223.6 

219.0 

223.0 

233.3 

Insurance. 

2,161 

2,152 

2,181 

2,182 

Insurance carriers. 

1,494.6 

1.495.6 

1,518.4 

1,517.0 

Insurance agents, brokers, and service . 

666.3 

656.6 

662.1 

664.5 

Real estate. 

1,299 

1,290 

1,314 

1,353 

Services' . 

28,336 

29,052 

30.278 

31,805 

Agricultural services. 

486.5 

489.6 

514.9 

552.4 

Hotels and other lodging places . 

1,589.4 

1,576.4 

1,590.6 

1,606.9 

Personal services . 

1,111.5 

1,116.2 

1,135.9 

1,137.2 

Business services. 

5,086.2 

5,315.3 

5,784.9 

6,447.8 

Personnel supply services. 

1,484.5 

1,629.3 

1,924.3 

2.340.5 

Auto repair, services, and parking . 

881.8 

881.3 

943.9 

1,043.4 

Miscellaneous repair services. 

341.0 

347.0 

362.2 

380.4 

Motion pictures. 

410.9 

400.9 

415.4 

482.8 

Amusement and recreation services . 

1,122.2 

1,188.1 

1,245.6 

1,268.4 

Health services . 

8,182.9 

8,490.0 

8,766.6 

9,031.1 

Hospitals. 

3.655.1 

3,749.9 

3,786.8 

3,789.5 

Legal services. 

911.9 

913.5 

928.2 

942.5 

Educational services. 

1,709.7 

1,677.6 

1,686.1 

1,745.5 

Social services. 

1,844.8 

1,958.6 

2.086.2 

2,249.3 

Museums and botanical and zoological 

gardens . 

69.1 

72.7 

75.5 

79.1 

Membership organizations . 

1,981.9 

1,973.0 

2.031.5 

2,053.7 

Engineering and management services . 

2,433.4 

2,470.8 

2,535.5 

2,609.9 

Services, nec . 

39.9 

41.3 

40.8 

40.5 

Government. 

18,402 

18,645 

18,817 

19,041 

Federal. 

2,966 

2,969 

2,915 

2.870 

State . 

4.355 

4,408 

4,484 

4,553 

Education. 

1,767.6 

1,798.6 

1,829.3 

1,862.2 

Other State government. 

2.587.2 

2,609.6 

2,654.8 

2.691.0 

Local . 

11,081 

11.267 

11,417 

11,618 

Education. 

6,135.7 

6,219.5 

6,347.7 

6.474.2 

Other local government . 

4.945.1 

5,048.0 

5.069.5 

5,143.5 






' Includes other Industries, not shown separately. 
p = preliminary. 

NOTE: Establishment survey estimates are currently projected from 


March 1993 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are 
introduced, all unadjusted data from April 1993 forward are subject to 
revision. 


7C-2 














































































8. BEHAVIORAL AND/OR CULTURAL PRACTICES 


The effects of lifestyle, personal behavioral, and/or cultural practices could be a source of 
contaminant exposure or could increase one's exposure to toxic environmental contaminants. 
Exposure to these contaminants due to either behavioral (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, 
drug use) or cultural practices may result in adverse health effects. The sections below 
summarize studies that provide population estimates of persons engaging in certain behavioral 
and/or cultural practices that are known to increase the risk of exposure to environmental 
contaminants. 

8.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS 

This section presents population estimates on time activity patterns based on type of 
activity and presence in specific locations and microenvironments. 

8.1.1. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996) 

The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) conducted by EPA, is the largest 
and most current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data for 
9,386 respondents in the 48 contiguous States were collected via minute-by-minute, 24-hour 
diaries between October 1992 and September 1994. The survey collected information on 
duration and frequency of selected activities. Demographic information was collected for each 
respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be generated according to specific subgroups of 
the U.S. population (e.g., by gender, age, race, employment status, census region, season). The 
participants' responses were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and 
other demographic factors to ensure that results were representative of the U.S. population. The 
weighted sample matches the 1990 census population for each gender, age group, and census 
region. In addition, the day-of-week and seasonal responses are distributed equally. 

NHAPS data on the time spent in selected activities and the corresponding population 
participating in these activities are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook , Section 14, 
Tables 14-19 through 14-92. For example, data are included on the number of persons who 


8-1 


and they included (1) 65 migrant agricultural families of Mexican descent, bom in Texas or 
Mexico, and (2) 26 families of "Anglo" heritage, bom in Texas, Arkansas, or Oklahoma. The 
interviews used questionnaires to ask the family spokesperson (usually the wife) to estimate the 
incidence of pica in these families. Table 8-2 presents results of the interviews. In the families 
of "Anglo" descent, 14 families (54%) observed pica in children, with 11 cases observed in their 
own or a relative's child. Table 8-2 also shows that 19 and 7% of the respondents reported pica 
in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively. The families of Mexican descent reported 32, 
38, and 15% of pica incidences in children, pregnant women, and nonpregnant women, 
respectively. Pica in men was not reported by either group. The potential causes of pica were 
attributed to cultural, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors in the groups studied. The authors 
stated that apparently the urge for some women to eat clay and cornstarch represents a cultural 
practice passed down from generations and is an accepted behavior in their community (Bruhn 
and Pangbom, 1971). 

8.2.2. Geophagia in Rural Mississippi: Environmental and Cultural Contexts and 

Nutritional Implications (Vermeer and Frate, 1979) 

Vermeer and Frate (1979) investigated the environmental and cultural factors surrounding 
geophagia (deliberate consumption of earth/soil) in the black population in a mral county of 
Mississippi. Geophagia, the practice of eating earth, also referred to as pica, is known to have 
occurred since prehistoric times in all ethnic, social, and economic groups and was reported to 
occur most frequently in the rural South in both black and white populations. Early historical 
records indicate that geophagia was transferred primarily from Africa via slave trade into the 
New World (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). The authors reported that the custom continued when 
blacks migrated to the urban North, where laundry starch became a substitute for the clays 
commonly consumed. 

The study was conducted in Holmes County, Mississippi, which at the time had a 
predominantly (71%) black population composed of rural small communities (200-500 people) 
where the social life centered on the church. Of the households sampled, females headed 41%. 
The survey questionnaires on geophagia were in three parts: the nutrition study, the perinatal 


8-4 


study, and the health utilization study. In the nutrition study, 500 black households were 
surveyed randomly, but geophagia questionnaires were administered to only 50 households 
(10%) of the sampled population. Of these 50 households, 229 individuals (56 women, 33 men, 
115 children, and 25 adolescents) were surveyed. In the perinatal study, geophagia information 
was obtained from 142 pregnant women. The health utilization survey sampled 200 households, 
of which 20 were given the geophagia questionnaires. In all three studies, geophagia was defined 
as the consumption of clay on a regular basis over a period of weeks (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). 

The nutrition study results presented in Table 8-3 show neither male adults nor 
adolescents practiced geophagia, but 57% of the women and 16% of the children (under 13 
years) practiced geophagia (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). The perinatal study revealed that 28% of 
pregnant and postpartum women practiced geophagia. An additional 19% of respondents in this 
population group consumed other materials, mainly commercial products (e.g., laundry starch, 
dry powdered milk, and baking soda) (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). 

8.3. SMOKING, DRUG USE, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 

This section presents summaries of studies on behavioral and social practices, such as 
smoking, drug use, and alcohol consumption, which could potentially increase an individual's 
exposure to environmental contaminants. 

8.3.1. Results From the National School-Based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and 

Progress Toward Achieving Related Health Objectives for the Nation (Kann et al., 

1993) 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed the Youth Risk 
Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) as an ongoing project to evaluate priority high health 
risk behaviors among adolescents nationwide. Kann et al. (1993) presented partial results from 
that 1991 survey, which employed a three-stage cluster sample design that consisted of students 
in public, parochial, and other private schools in grades 9 through 12, in all 50 States and the 
District of Columbia. The questionnaires administered to the students collected information on 
priority health risk behaviors related to unintentional and intentional injury, tobacco use, alcohol 


8-5 


and other drug use, sexual behavior (i.e., unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted 
diseases, including HIV infection), dietary behavior, and physical activity. 

The survey sampled 13,568 students, of which data from 12,272 (90%) of the students 
were usable. Of the survey respondents, 14% were blacks, 9% were Hispanic, 70% were white, 
and 7% were from other ethnic groups. The data obtained from the survey were based on either a 
30-day or 12-month recall. The percentages of white, black, and Hispanic youths who reported 
engaging in the specific high-risk behaviors during the survey period are presented in Table 8-4. 
A higher percentage of whites (15%) frequently smoked cigarettes, compared with Hispanics 
(7%) and blacks (3%). Table 8-4 also indicates that 54% of Hispanic, 53% of white, and 42% of 
black students consumed at least one drink of alcohol during the 30 days before the survey. 

Three percent of Hispanics, 2% of whites, and 1% of blacks used cocaine during the 30 days 
preceding the survey. Table 8-5 presents results in percentages of the dietary behavior and 
physical activity among the students grouped by gender, grade level, and race. A higher 
proportion of male students (15%) consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables than 
female students (10%). 

8.3.2. Cigarette Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Urban Blacks and Whites 

(Hahn et al., 1990) 

Hahn et al. (1990) studied smoking behavior among blacks and whites in a 
population-based sample of 2,626 residents aged 35 to 74 years in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. 
Surveys of the general population conducted in this area were of two parts: the first series was 
conducted from 1980 to 1982, and the second series was initiated in December 1985. The 
second series of surveys conducted used a two-stage sample design and updated census 
information. Individuals in a cluster sample of households in the seven-county area were 
randomly selected. Home interviews were conducted in which information on health behaviors, 
attitudes, and knowledge were collected. Following the home interviews, survey clinics were 
conducted in neighborhood churches in which questionnaires were completed. These 
questionnaires provided physiological measurements related to risk factors. 


8-6 


Results from the survey are presented in Tables 8-6 through 8-8 (Hahn et al., 1990). 

Ratios in these tables are the presented value out of 100 percent. Table 8-6 shows that more 
blacks (aged 35 to 74 years) were current smokers than whites in the same age group. Table 8-6 
also shows that the ratio of former smokers to those who had ever smoked was greater for white 
men than for black men and greater for white women than for black women. Table 8-7 indicates 
that persons with educations beyond high school smoked less, regardless of their race or sex. 
Table 8-8 presents data on current smokers' smoking cessation behavior. Whites were more 
likely than blacks to attempt to quit smoking. Among men, whites were more likely than blacks 
to successfully quit smoking. More black men than white men planned to reduce the number of 
cigarettes smoked per day, and more white women than black women tried brands with low 
nicotine and tar. Hahn et al. (1990) concluded that important factors preventing smokers from 
quitting included the number of cigarettes smoked daily, lack of desire to cease smoking, and the 
physiological difficulty of quitting. 

8.3.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking Initiation in the United 

States (Escobedo et al., 1990) 

Escobedo et al. (1990) estimated the age-specific incidence of cigarette smoking initiation 
by race/ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment by analyzing the smoking history data of 
young adults, aged 18 to 35 years, in the 1987 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 
1982-1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Both NHIS and 
HHANES were based on personal interviews of households in the United States. Escobedo et al. 
(1990) noted that HHANES was not representative of the Hispanic population in the United 
States; however, the geographic areas surveyed included a substantial proportion of Hispanics. 
Data from 14,764 out of 44,123 individuals surveyed in NHIS and 3,123 out of 9,643 individuals 
surveyed in HHANES were employed in the analysis conducted by Escobedo et al. (1990). 

The incidence of smoking initiation at a specific age was determined as being the number 
of individuals who had started smoking cigarettes at that age divided by the number of 
individuals who had not started smoking regularly before that age (Escobedo et al., 1990). The 
authors reported that from both surveys "ever smokers" were considered to be those respondents 


8-7 


who answered yes to the question, "Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?" 
Among all race/ethnic groups, smoking initiation occurred at ages as young as 9 years of age, 
increased rapidly after 11 years of age, peaked at 17 to 19 years of age, and declined substantially 
after 19 years of age (Escobedo et al., 1990). 

Escobedo et al. (1990) calculated age-specific smoking initiation rates by gender and 
educational attainment. Table 8-9 presents the smoking initiation rates (percent) by gender, age, 
and race/ethnicity. Of all men who started smoking at 18 years old or younger, Hispanic men had 
the highest smoking initiation rate, and black men had the lowest rate. Table 8-9 also shows that 
smoking initiation rates were similar among men who started smoking between the ages of 19 
and 35 years, with black men showing the highest rate (22%). Among the females who started 
smoking at 18 years or younger, white and Puerto Rican American women had the highest 
initiation rate. Compared with men of both age groups, women had lower smoking initiation 
rates in all race/ethnic groups. Table 8-10 summarizes the smoking initiation rates by age, 
race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. A comparison of respondents with more than a high 
school education to those who had less than high school education showed that respondents with 
less than high school education had higher smoking initiation rates for all age groups and all 
races and ethnic groups. Table 8-10 also shows that among all race/ethnic groups, initiation rates 
were highest during adolescence (12 to 18 years old) and lowest during childhood (11 years old 
and younger). 

8.3.4. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995) 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census provides summary statistics on social, political, and 
economic characteristics of the U.S. population. Table 8-11 presents data on persons who used 
certain drugs in 1993 grouped by age of user, gender, race/ethnicity, and region. Table 8-11 also 
shows the users in 1993 of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, smokeless tobacco, crack 
cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, and analgesics. 


8-8 


8.3.5. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1993) 

The U.S. Public Health Service, through the Indian Health Service (IHS), provides health 
care to Native Americans and produces annual information on the health status of the people it 
serves. IHS population statistics are based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data and include 
American Indians, Eskimos, and Alaska Natives residing in or near reservations (U.S. DHHS, 
1993). Mortality rates, by age and gender, resulting from alcoholism and drug-related incidents 
were collected for the IHS population and are presented in Tables 8-12 and 8-13. It should be 
noted that mortality rates cited in this section are indirect estimates of exposure. Mortality (as 
compared to incidence or prevalence) is influenced by other factors, such as general health and 
nutrition and access to medical care. 

Table 8-12 indicates that mortality rates from alcohol consumption are much higher for 
Native Americans and Alaska Natives than for all other races in the United States for all age 
groups and both genders. Table 8-13 presents data on drug-related deaths and indicates that the 
rates are higher for Native Americans than for other races at ages 15 to 24 years. At ages 25 to 
34 years, the rate of drug-related deaths for Native Americans is higher than the rate for whites. 
At ages 45 to 54 and 55 to 64 years, drug-related death rates are higher for Native Americans 
than for all other races in both genders, and at ages 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years, the rate is lower 
for Native Americans than for all other races in both genders. 

8.4. CULTURAL USE OF MERCURY 

Another example of behavioral or cultural practices that could increase a population's 
exposure to toxic environmental contaminants is the cultural use of mercury for religious, 
medical, or cosmetic purposes (TDH, 1993). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s 
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a National Alert warning 
of the "continued pattern of metallic mercury exposure in persons using certain folk medicines or 
participating in certain ethnic or religious practices" (ATSDR, 1997). Mercury exposures may 
be potentially greater for populations of Caribbean and Hispanic/Latino descent, who use 
mercury for religious and/or medicinal purposes as well as in cosmetics (CDC, 1996). Sales 
persons working in botanicas stores that specialize primarily in selling religious items and herbs 


8-9 


used for preparing folk medicines and also for promoting good health estimated that Puerto 
Ricans, Dominicans, and ‘other Hispanics’ make up about 90% of mercury buyers and that more 
than two-thirds of buyers are women (Zayas and Ozuah, 1996). 

These practices may present opportunities for increased exposures to a percentage of the 
adult Caribbean and Hispanic populations (Hispanic Health Council, 1993). Children may be 
subject to greater exposures from the practice of sprinkling mercury on the floor near children’s 
beds to bring good luck, which could result in increased exposures to children who crawl and 
play on the floor (U.S. EPA, 1993). 

Zayas and Ozuah (1996) identified 41 botanicas in Hispanic neighborhoods in Bronx, 
New York, and in 1995, researchers surveyed botanica workers on the cost, sale, uses, and 
purchasers of mercury. 

From the Zayas and Ozuah (1996) report, Wendroff (1996) estimates that the 35 New 
York botanicas sell a total of 157 mercury capsules per day. Wendroff (1996) estimated that 
"annual sales totaling 47,000 [capsules] could result in 13,800 individual dwellings each having 
a dose of some 9 grams of mercury (the mean weight of a mercury capsule) sprinkled on their 
respective floors in the course of one year." 


8-10 


8.5. REFERENCES 


Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1997) National alert: A warning 
about continuing patterns of metallic mercury exposure. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of 
Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic 
Substance and Disease Registry. ATSDR Internet address: 
http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/alerts/970626.html (Feb. 17, 1998). 

Behrman, LE; Vaughan, VC, III. (1983) Textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 
Company. 

Bruhn, CM; Pangbom, RM. (1971) Reported incidence of pica among migrant families. J Am 
Dietit Assoc 58:417-420. 

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1996) Mercury poisoning associated with 
beauty cream. May 17, 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. U.S. Public Health 
Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and 
Prevention. 

Danford, DC. (1982) Pica and nutrition. AnnRevNutr. 2:303-322. 

Escobedo, LG; Anda, RF; Smith, PF; Remington, PL; Mast, EE. (1990) Sociodemographic 
characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States - implications for smoking 
prevention policy. JAMA 264(12): 1550-1555. 

Forfar, JO; Ameil, GC, eds. (1984) Textbook of pediatrics. 3rd ed. London: Churchill 
Livingstone. 

Hahn, PL; Folsom, AR; Sprafka, JM; Norsted, SW. (1990) Cigarette smoking and cessation 
behaviors among urban blacks and whites. Public Health Rep 105(3):290-295. 

Hispanic Health Council. (1993) Metallic mercury (azogue) and your health. Environmental 
Health Unit information booklet no. 1. Environmental Health Unit, Hispanic Health Council, 
Hartford, CT. 

Illingworth, RS. (1983) The normal child. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 

Kann, L; Warren, W; Collins, JL; Ross, J; Collins, B; Kolbe, LJ. (1993) Results from the 
national school-based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and progress toward achieving related 
health objectives for the nation. Publ Health Rep 108 (suppl.l):47-55. 

Kaplan, HI; Sadock, BJ. (1985) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry/IV. Baltimore: 
Williams and Wilkins. 


8-11 


Lourie, RS; Layman, EM; Millican, FK. (1963) Why children eat things that are not food. 
Children 10:143-146. 

Robinson, JP; Thomas, J. (1991) Time spent in activities, locations, and microenvironments: a 
California-national comparison. Prepared by Environmental Monitoring systems Laboratory, 

Las Vegas, NV, for the Exposure Assessment Research Division,, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA contract no. 68-01-7325. 

Sayetta, R.B. (1986) Pica: an overview. American Family Physician. 33(5): 181-185. 

TDH. (1993) Mercury Poisoning Associated with Beauty Cream: Texas, New Mexico, and 
California, 1995-1996. The Texas Department of Health, New Mexico Department of Health 
(NMDH), and San Diego County Health Department (SDCHD). 1996 

Tsang, AM; Klepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human 
Activity Pattern survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockheed Martin for the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under contract no. 8-W6-001, delivery 
order no. 13. Draft report. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1996) Exposure factors handbook. SAB Review Draft. 
August, 1996. Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of 
Research and Development. EPA/600/P-95/002Bc. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1993) RM2 assessment document for cultural uses of 
mercury. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. 

Vermeer, DE; Frate, DA. (1979) Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural 
contexts and nutritional implications. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2129-2135. 

Wendroff, AP. (1996) June 11, 1996, letter to Amina Wilkins, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, from A.P. Wendroff, Mercury Poisoning Project, 544 Eighth St., Brooklyn, NY 11215. 

Zayas, L; Ozuah, P. (1996) Letter to the editor. Am J Public Health. 86(1): 111. 


8-12 


Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and Spending Time 
in Various Locations and Microenvironments During the 24-hour Day 

Included in the Diary 


Percentage of Survey Respondents Participating in Activities or Time in Various Places 






the Day the Diary Was Compiled 


Code Description 

California 3 

National 13 




n = 1,762 

n = 5,358 

Relevance to Exposure 0 



(%) 

(%) 


Activity 




0 

Travel 

91 

91 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene 

1 

Sleep 

100 

100 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene 

2 

Household work - family and 
personal care 

95 

100 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene 

3 

Cook 

49 

61 

potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking 

4 

Eat 

95 

98 

potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking 

5 

Shopping/errands 

49 

49 

potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking 

6 

Work/study residences 

49 

52 

potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking 

7 

Leisure/communication - indoors 
(TV-resting-reading) 

92 

94 

potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking 

8 

Physical activities 

24 

23 

highly elevated breathing rate 

9 

Cultural/social 

54 

71 

highly elevated breathing rate 

Locations 




0 

Autoplaces (garage, auto 

19 

5 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and volatile 


repair...) 



organic compounds 

1 

Indoor residence/kitchen 

77 

87 

potential exposure to smoke and gas 

2 

Indoor residence/other rooms 

99 

99 

potential exposure to smoke and gas 

3 

Indoor offices and factories 

40 

47 

potential exposure to various pollutants based on job 

4 

Indoor restaurant/bar 

35 

28 

potential exposure to various pollutants based on job 

5 

Indoor other locations (not 
residence) 

72 

78 

potential exposure to ambient pollutants 

6 

Outdoor/yard, outside of 
residence 

30 

41 

potential exposure to ambient pollutants 

7 

Outdoor/other, parks 

47 

19 

potential exposure to ambient pollutants 

8 

In locations with internal 
combustion 

86 

90 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene 

9 

Other vehicles 

4 

1 

potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene 

Microenvironments 8 




1 

Auto places 

19 

5 


2 

Restaurant/bar 

35 

28 


3 

In vehicles with internal 
combustion 

86 

90 


4 

In other vehicles 

4 

1 


5 

Physical activity/outdoor 

16 

13 


6 

Physical activity/indoor 

10 

11 


7 

Work/study-residence 

10 

11 


8 

Work/study-other places 

41 

46 


9 

Cooking 

49 

61 


10 

Other activities/kitchen 

67 

83 



8-13 






Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and Spending Time 
in Various Locations and Microenvironments During the 24-hour Day 

Included in the Diary (continued) 


Percentage of Survey Respondents Participating in Activities or Time in Various Places 

the Day the Diary Was Compiled 



Code Description 

California 3 
n = 1,762 

(%) 

National 
n = 5,358 

(%) 

Relevance to Exposure 0 

11 

Chores/child care 

92 

99 


12 

Shopping/errands 

45 

46 


13 

Other/outdoor 

59 

47 


14 

Social/cultural 

47 

62 


15 

Leisure-eat/indoor 

95 

97 


16 

Sleep/indoor 

99 

100 



b California Air Resources Board, 1987-88 study. 

Americans' Use of Time, 1985 national study. 

For exposure relevance, see activity and locations section. 


Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. 


8-14 






Table 8-2. Incidence of Pica Reported by Wives of Migrant Workers of Mexican and “Anglo” Heritage 


Group Exhibiting Pica 

Observation of Pica 


Number Observing Pica in 
Own or in Relative's Families 


Mexican Families 



Children 

21 

32 

12 

Pregnant Women 

25 

38 

13 

Nonpregnant Women 

10 

15 

1 


"Anglo" Families 



Children 

14 

54 

11 

Pregnant Women 

5 

19 

3 

Nonpregnant Women 

2 

7 

1 


Source: Bruhn and Pangbom, 1971. 





Table 8-3. Incidence of Geophagia Practice by Surveyed Population in Holmes Co., Mississippi 3 


Population 

Total Number of 
Survey Population 

Number of 
Geophagia 
Practitioners 

Geophagia 

Practitioners 

Percentage 

Women 

56 

32 

57 

Men 

33 

0 

0 

Children 

115 

18 

16 

Adolescents 

25 

0 

0 

Pregnant and Postpartum Women 

142 

40 

28 


Data source: Nutrition and Perinatal Survey, Health Research Project. 

Source: Vermeer and Frate, 1979. 


8-16 





Table 8-4. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents Reporting High Health Risk Behavior by Ethnic Group” 


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8-17 


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1 


Table 8-5. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents Reporting High Health Risk Dietary 

Behavior and Physical Activity by Sex, Grade, and Ethnic Group 3 


Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity 

Category Ate 5 or more Ate no more than 2 servings Engaged in 


servings of fruits of foods typically high in fat moderate physical 
and vegetables 13 _content 6 _activity 0 


Sex 

Female 

10.5 ± 1.4 C 

72.9 ± 1.6 

41.2 ± 4.2 


Male 

15.2 ± 1.6 

57.2 ±3.3 

40.7 ±3.3 

Grade 

9 

14.7 ±3.3 

63.5 ±2.4 

49.3 ±3.2 


10 

14.0 ± 1.8 

62.1 ±4.3 

42.9 ±4.8 


11 

12.2 ± 1.4 

66.0 ±2.5 

39.4 ±3.3 


12 

10.3 ± 1.6 

68.1 ±2.7 

32.4 ±3.8 

Race or Ethnicity 

White 

13.9 ± 1.4 

64.4 ±2.7 

37.6 ±4.2 


Black 

6.8 ± 1.4 

61.3 ± 3.5 

49.4 ± 5.7 


Hispanic 

9.7 ±2.0 

72.0 ±2.4 

49.6 ± 8.1 

Total 


12.9 ± 1.2 

64.9 ± 2.2 

40.9 ±3.5 


All percentages are reported with 95% confidence intervals. 

Consumed during the day preceding the survey. 

Included walking or bicycling for at least 30 minutes during the day preceding the survey. 
Source: Kann et al., 1993. 


8-18 





Table 8-6. Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Black and White Men and 
Women Aged 35 to 74 Years by Percents (Minnesota Heart Survey) 


Smoker Characteristic 

Never Smoked 

Former Smoker 

Current Smoker 

Ratio 3 

Men b 

Black 

26 

30 

43 

41 

White 

30 

44 

25 

64 

Black-White difference 

-4 

-14 

18 

-23 

95% CL 

-9, 1 

CO 

1 

o' 

CSI 

1 

13, 23 

-30, -16 

Women d 

Black 

49 

18 

33 

35 

White 

46 

29 

24 

54 

Black-White difference 

3 

-11 

9 

-19 

95% CL 

-2, 8 

-16, -6 

4, 14 

-26, -12 


a Ratio of former smokers to those who ever smoked (value out of 100%) 
b N - 459 Black; N = 76 White 
c CL = confidence limits 
d N = 593 Black; N = 811 White 

NOTE: All values out of 100 percent. 

Source: Hahn et al., 1990. 


8-19 





Table 8-7. Age- and Education-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Black and 

White Men and Women (Minnesota Heart Survey) 


' 






Population 






High School or Less 



More Than High School 


Characteristic 


Men 

Women 


Men 

Women 


35-54 

55-74 

35-54 

55-74 

35-54 

55-74 

35-54 

55-74 


years 

years 

years 

years 

years 

years 

years 

years 

Black 









Percent 

51 

43 

41 

29 

41 

32 

32 

24 

Number 

138 

105 

184 

154 

147 

69 

176 

68 

White 









Percent 

35 

26 

27 

33 

23 

23 

23 

12 

Number 

138 

119 

205 

166 

371 

135 

332 

108 

Black-White Difference 









Percent 

16 

17 

14 

-4 

18 

9 

9 

12 

95 Percent CL 

4, 28 

5, 29 

5, 23 

-14, 6 

9, 27 

-4, 22 

1,17 1, 23 

Note: CL = confidence limits. 









Source: Hahn et al., 1990. 










8-20 





Table 8-8. Current Smokers' Smoking Cessation Behaviors in Percents (Minnesota Heart Survey) 


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8-21 






Table 8-9. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Sex, Age at Smoking Onset, and Race/Ethnicity 


Initiation Rate (%) a 

Males Females 

Race/Ethnicity Total 



si8 Years 

19-35 Years 

< 18 Years 

19-35 Years 


White 

39 

15 

38 

14 

47 

Black 

30 b 

22 b 

u 

CM 

15 

40 d 

Mexican American 

47 b 

19 

21 c 

14 

45 

Cuban American 

43 

17 

28 c 

15 

45 

Puerto Rican American 

00 

12 

CO 

00 

o 

17 

51 


a Initiation rate is defined as the percentage of persons who started to smoke in an age interval among persons who 
never smoked in that age interval. 

b Initiation rate is significantly different from that among whites of the same sex and age interval. 
c Initiation rate among women is significantly less than that among men of the same race/ethnicity and age interval. 
d Initiation rate is significantly less than that among whites. 

Source: Escobedo et al., 1990. 


8-22 





Table 8-10. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Age at Smoking Onset, Race/Ethnicity,and Educational 

Attainment 


Race/Ethnicity and Age at 
Smoking Onset 

>High School Education 

Initiation Rate, % 

<High School 
Education 

Rate Ratio (95%) b 
Confidence Interval 

White 




<11 years 

1.4 

6.6 

4.9 (3.5, 6.8) 

12-18 years 

33.4 

64.6 

1.9 (1.8, 2.0) 

1 9-35 years 

14.4 

15.9 

1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 

Black 




< 11 years 

0.7 

2.5 

3.5 (1.5, 8.3) 

12-18 years 

22.3 

41.1 

1.8 (1.6, 2.2) 

1 9-35 years 

18.6 

15.2 

0.8 (0.6, 1.2) 

Hispanic 




< 11 years 

2.0 

2.5 

1.3 (0.7, 2.2) 

1 2-1 8 years 

28.3 

40.6 

1.4 (1.2, 1.7) 

1 9-35 years 

14.0 

19.3 

1.4 (1.1, 1.7) 


Initiation rate is defined as the percentage of persons who started to smoke in an age interval among persons who 
b never smoked in that age interval. 

Rate ratio is the initiation rate among persons with less than a high school education divided by the initiation rate 
among persons with a high school education or more. 

Source: Escobedo et al., 1990. 


8-23 





Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs by Age of User: 1993 

[Percent of Total Population] 



Sex 

Race/Ethnicity 

Region 


Substance and Age Group Total 3 






Male Female 

White 15 Black b Hispanic 

Northeast Midwest South 

West 


CURRENT USERS 


Cigarettes: Total 

24.2 

26.2 

22.3 

24.7 

23.4 

21.2 

25.4 

24.3 

24.3 

22.7 

12-17 years 

9.6 

9.3 

10.0 

11.0 

4.0 

8.4 

10.5 

11.1 

8.4 

9.0 

18-25 years 

29.0 

30.9 

27.2 

32.7 

16.3 

25.5 

32.9 

26.9 

29.7 

26.7 

26-34 years 

30.1 

31.4 

28.8 

31.1 

30.5 

24.8 

30.6 

30.7 

31.8 

26.2 

35 years and older 

23.8 

26.7 

21.3 

23.4 

28.0 

21.5 

24.5 

24.5 

23.3 

22.9 

Alcohol: Total 

49.6 

57.4 

42.5 

52.7 

37.6 

45.6 

54.1 

48.6 

44.9 

54.2 

12-17 years 

18.0 

18.3 

17.7 

19.2 

13.1 

17.5 

20.4 

19.5 

15.4 

18.1 

1 8-25 years 

59.3 

64.5 

54.3 

65.3 

45.0 

49.9 

61.0 

61.2 

55.6 

62.4 

26-34 years 

62.8 

70.1 

55.7 

66.3 

54.5 

56.0 

65.0 

64.7 

58.9 

64.6 

35 years and older 

48.8 

59.1 

39.9 

51.5 

35.5 

47.1 

54.7 

47.0 

42.8 

55.1 

Marijuana: Total 

4.3 

6.0 

2.8 

4.2 

5.6 

4.7 

4.2 

3.5 

4.3 

5.5 

12-17 years 

4.9 

5.5 

4.3 

4.5 

5.8 

6.7 

5.0 

5.0 

3.7 

6.7 

1 8-25 years 

11.1 

16.5 

5.7 

12.5 

9.2 

7.8 

10.2 

10.2 

11.2 

10.9 

26-34 years 

6.7 

9.0 

4.5 

6.8 

9.9 

4.1 

5.2 

5.2 

6.1 

8.7 

35 years and older 

1.9 

2.5 

1.4 

1.7 

2.7 

2.9 

1.5 

1.5 

2.1 

2.7 

Cocaine: Total 

0.6 

0.9 

0.4 

0.5 

1.3 

1.1 

0.7 

0.5 

0.6 

0.8 

12-17 years 

0.4 

0.4 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

1.0 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.6 

18-25 years 

1.5 

1.7 

1.4 

1.6 

1.3 

2.1 

1.9 

0.5 

1.5 

2.3 

26-34 years 

1.0 

1.6 

0.4 

0.9 

1.8 

1.1 

1.3 

0.8 

0.9 

1.0 

35 years and older 

0.4 

0.6 

0.2 

0.2 

1.4 

0.7 

0.3 

0.5 

0.3 

0.4 

Smokeless tobacco: Total 

2.9 

5.9 

0.2 

3.5 

1.5 

1.1 

2.2 

3.0 

3.9 

2.0 

12-17 years 

2.0 

3.9 

_C 

2.7 

0.2 

0.9 

0.9 

2.2 

2.9 

1.1 

18-25 years 

6.4 

12.7 

0.2 

8.5 

1.1 

1.9 

4.2 

6.9 

7.7 

5.5 

26-34 years 

4.4 

8.9 

0.1 

5.9 

0.2 

1.0 

1.6 

4.2 

6.6 

3.8 

35 years and older 

1.9 

3.7 

0.3 

1.9 

2.5 

0.8 

2.3 

2.0 

2.2 

0.6 

EVER USED 

Crack: Total 

1.8 

2.6 

1.1 

1.6 

3.4 

2.0 

1.7 

1.2 

1.7 

3.0 

12-17 years 

0.4 

0.2 

0.5 

0.2 

0.3 

1.2 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.7 

18-25 years 

3.5 

4.6 

2.5 

4.0 

2.1 

3.5 

3.3 

2.4 

3.5 

4.9 

26-34 years 

4.2 

5.9 

2.5 

3.8 

7.2 

3.2 

3.5 

3.0 

4.4 

5.7 

35 years and older 

0.9 

1.5 

0.4 

0.7 

3.3 

1.1 

1.1 

0.6 

0.5 

1.9 

Inhalants: Total 

5.3 

7.4 

3.3 

5.8 

2.9 

4.9 

4.3 

5.1 

4.7 

7.3 

12-17 years 

5.9 

5.5 

6.3 

6.5 

1.7 

7.7 

5.7 

4.7 

4.6 

9.7 

18-25 years 

9.9 

12.4 

7.4 

12.4 

2.0 

7.2 

10.4 

11.5 

8.3 

10.4 

26-34 years 

9.4 

12.9 

6.1 

11.5 

4.0 

5.0 

7.7 

8.9 

10.1 

10.5 

35 years and older 

2.8 

4.7 

1.1 

2.8 

3.1 

3.0 

1.9 

2.9 

2.1 

4.8 

Hallucinogens: Total 

8.7 

11.8 

5.9 

10.1 

3.0 

5.9 

7.6 

7.5 

7.6 

13.2 

12-17 years 

2.9 

3.4 

2.4 

3.1 

0.2 

4.1 

2.0 

2.0 

2.6 

5.5 

18-25 years 

12.5 

15.2 

9.9 

15.8 

1.9 

7.8 

10.6 

12.5 

11.2 

16.4 

26-34 years 

15.9 

19.7 

12.2 

19.6 

5.3 

6.7 

13.7 

14.1 

15.1 

10.8 

35 years and older 

6.6 

10.0 

3.7 

7.3 

3.1 

5.1 

6.1 

5.8 

5.1 

11.01 

Stimulants: Total d 

6.0 

7.4 

4.8 

6.9 

3.0 

3.9 

6.2 

4.4 

5.2 

9.3 

12-17 years 

2.1 

2.0 

2.2 

2.5 

0.2 

2.2 

0.9 

2.1 

2.0 

3.1 

18-25 years 

6.4 

7.2 

5.7 

8.0 

1.3 

4.4 

4.9 

5.3 

4.6 

11.8 

26-34 years 

10.5 

12.1 

8.9 

12.7 

3.2 

5.8 

7.8 

9.7 

9.0 

16.1 

35 years and older 

5.3 

7.0 

3.8 

5.7 

4.2 

3.3 

6.8 

3.1 

4.8 

7.4 

Sedatives: Total d 

3.4 

4.1 

2.8 

3.6 

2.2 

2.2 

2.8 

2.0 

3.3 

6.1 

12-17 years 

1.4 

1.2 

1.6 

1.4 

0.9 

2.2 

1.2 

0.6 

1.5 

2.4 

18-25 years 

2.7 

3.4 

2.0 

3.1 

1.5 

2.4 

2.2 

1.4 

2.8 

4.3 

26-34 years 

4.8 

5.5 

4.0 

5.9 

1.8 

2.2 

3.7 

4.2 

5.0 

5.9 

35 years and older 

3.6 

4.4 

4.4 

3.5 

2.9 

2.1 

3.0 

1.8 

3.1 

7.2 


(continued) 


8-24 





Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs, by Age of User: 1993 (continued) 

[Percent of Total Population] 


Substance and Age Group 

Total 3 

Sex 

Male 

Female 

Race/Ethnicity 

White 6 Black 6 

Region 

Hispanic Northeast Midwest South 

West 

Tranquilizers: Total 0 * 

4.6 

5.0 

4.1 

5.2 

2.3 

2.8 

3.7 

4.3 

4.2 

6.3 

12-17 years 

1.2 

1.0 

1.4 

1.4 

0.4 

1.1 

1.0 

0.4 

1.6 

1.9 

18-25 years 

5.4 

45.8 

4.9 

7.0 

1.2 

2.4 

4.0 

4.3 

6.2 

6.2 

26-34 years 

7.1 

8.0 

6.2 

8.4 

3.0 

3.6 

5.3 

6.9 

7.1 

8.9 

35 years and older 

4.2 

4.6 

3.8 

4.5 

2.9 

3.0 

3.6 

4.4 

3.2 

6.3 

Analgesics: Total 0 * 

5.8 

6.7 

4.9 

6.3 

3.5 

3.9 

5.3 

4.3 

5.3 

8.8 

1 2-17 years 

3.7 

2.8 

4.5 

4.1 

2.7 

3.2 

3.7 

3.0 

3.3 

5.1 

18-25 years 

8.7 

9.3 

8.1 

10.6 

4.6 

4.4 

7.6 

7.8 

7.4 

12.5 

26-34 years 

9.0 

11.1 

7.0 

10.3 

3.4 

5.9 

7.0 

7.4 

8.0 

14.0 

35 years and older 

4.4 

5.4 

3.6 

4.6 

3.5 

2.8 

4.5 

3.0 

4.2 

6.7 


Includes other races, not shown separately. 

Non-Hispanic. 

Low precision; no estimate reported. 

Nonmedical use; does not include over-the-counter drugs. 


Source: Bureau of the Census, 1995. 





Table 8-12. Alcoholism Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives by Age and Sex a 


Age Group 

Both Sexes 

Male 

Female 

Under 5 years 

— 

— 

— 

5-14 years 

— 

— 

— 

15-24 years 

4.8 

6.5 

3.1 

25-34 years 

27.6 

34.3 

21.2 

35-44 years 

6.15 

84.9 

39.7 

45-54 years 

95.6 

125.7 

68.0 

55-64 years 

97.3 

126.9 

71.7 

65-74 years 

76.4 

123.9 

38.8 

75-84 years 

34.4 

64.0 

14.4 

85 years+ 

24.5 

33.4 

19.4 


U.S. ALL RACES 



Under 5 years 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

5-14 years 

0.0 

0.0 

— 

15-24 years 

0.3 

0.5 

0.1 

25-34 years 

2.7 

3.9 

1.6 

35-44 years 

10.1 

15.6 

4.7 

45-54 years 

18.3 

28.4 

8.7 

55-64 years 

23.7 

37.9 

11.2 

65-74 years 

19.3 

33.4 

8.4 

75-84 years 

10.8 

21.5 

4.4 

85 years+ 

3.8 

10.2 

1.3 


U.S. WHITE 



Under 5 years 

0.0 

— 

0.0 

5-14 years 

0.0 

0.0 

— 

15-24 years 

0.3 

0.5 

0.1 

25-34 years 

2.0 

3.0 

1.1 

35-44 years 

7.5 

11.8 

3.3 

45-54 years 

14.7 

22.9 

6.8 

55-64 years 

21.4 

34.1 

10.0 

65-74 years 

18.2 

31.7 

7.9 

75-84 years 

10.1 

20.3 

4.2 

85 years+ 

3.6 

9.8 

1.1 


American Indians and Alaska natives, IHS service area, 1987-1989, and U.S. all races and white populations, 1988 (rate per 100,000 
population). 


Note: Represents zero. 0.0 rounds to zero. 

Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993. 


8-26 





Table 8-13. Drug-Related Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives by Age and Sex 8 


Age Group 

Both Sexes 

Male 

Female 

Under 5 years 

2.2 

2.2 

2.2 

5-14 years 

0.1 

- 

0.3 

15-24 years 

4.8 

4.9 

4.7 

25-34 years 

7.2 

8.6 

5.8 

35-44 years 

6.1 

5.8 

6.3 

45-54 years 

4.9 

3.9 

5.7 

55-64 years 

5.4 

3.5 

7.1 

65-74 years 

2.5 

1.9 

3.0 

75-84 years 

1.7 

- 

2.9 

85 years+ 

U.S. ALL RACES 

- 

- 

Under 5 years 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

5-14 years 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

15-24 years 

2.4 

2.7 

2.1 

25-34 years 

7.7 

11.0 

4.4 

35-44 years 

8.0 

11.3 

4.8 

45-54 years 

8.0 

4.9 

3.9 

55-64 years 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

65-74 years 

2.8 

2.6 

2.9 

75-84 years 

4.1 

4.3 

3.9 

85 years+ 

6.0 

U.S. WHITE 

6.6 

5.8 

Under 5 years 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

5-14 years 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

15-24 years 

2.3 

2.8 

1.8 

25-34 years 

6.9 

9.9 

3.9 

35-44 years 

6.5 

8.9 

4.1 

45-54 years 

4.0 

4.0 

4.1 

55-64 years 

3.2 

2.9 

3.4 

65-74 years 

2.8 

2.5 

3.0 

75-84 years 

4.2 

4.4 

4.1 

85 years+ 

6.0 

6.8 

5.7 


8 American Indians and Alaska natives, IHS service area, 1987-1989, and U.S. all races and white populations, 1988 (rate per 100,000 
population). 

Note: Represents zero. 0.0 rounds to zero. 

Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993. 


8-27 












































































































































































































































































































































9. DRINKING WATER AND FOOD 


The ingestion of contaminated food and water is a potential source of human exposure to 
toxic compounds. This section focuses on the available data for populations consuming water 
from specific sources, populations who breastfeed, and populations who consume certain foods. 

9.1. POPULATION CONSUMING DRINKING WATER BY SOURCE OF WATER 

SUPPLY 

The consumption of contaminated drinking water is a potential source of exposure to 
toxic compounds. Contaminants may be present in drinking water before, during, and after 
treatment. The majority of public water systems treat their water as necessary to ensure that the 
water is safe to drink. Contaminants may differ depending on the source of water supply (i.e., 
surface water or groundwater). 

EPA established a National Public Water Systems Supervision Program in 1974 under 
the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Table 9-1 presents data for populations served 
from public water systems for 1994 (U.S. EPA, 1995). The table presents these data for the 
number of systems and the population served by community water systems, nontransient 
noncommunity water systems, and transient noncommunity water systems. The data also are 
presented by the source of water (i.e., ground or surface). Table 9-2 presents the same type of 
data for 1993 (U.S. EPA, 1994). 

In 1994, a total of 186,822 water systems in 50 States, on Native American lands, and in 
U.S. territories were classified as public water systems. The largest percentage of the population 
is served by community water systems (Table 9-1). 

9.2. POPULATION USING BOTTLED WATER 

Through the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 

1996), information was collected for the general population on the duration and frequency of 
selected activities and the time spent in selected microenvironments via 24-hour diaries. More 
than 9,000 individuals from 48 contiguous States participated in NHAPS. The survey was 


9-1 


conducted between October 1992 and September 1994. Participants were selected using a 
Random Digit Dial (RDD) method and Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). 
Individuals were interviewed to categorize their 24-hour routines (diaries) and/or answer follow¬ 
up exposure questions related to exposure events. The response rate was 63 percent, overall. 

Data were collected for a maximum of 91 different activities based on selected socioeconomic 
(gender, age, race, education, etc.) and geographic (census region, State, etc.) factors and 
time/season (day of week, month) and weighted to ensure that results were representative of the 
U.S. population. The weighted sample matches the 1990 U.S. census population for each gender, 
age group, census region, and the day-of-week and seasonal responses are equally distributed 
(Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). As part of the survey, data also were collected for the source of 
water used in the household and for the population in the survey who used bottled water for 
drinking water. These data are presented in Tables 9-3 and 9-4. 

9.3. POPULATION BREASTFEEDING 

Breast milk is a potential source of exposure to toxic chemicals among nursing infants. 
Some chemical compounds accumulate in fatty tissues and may be transferred to breastfed 
infants in the lipid portion of breast milk. In many cases, nursing infants obtain most of their 
dietary caloric and fluid intakes from breast milk, thus they have high risk of exposure to 
contaminants in breast milk. Information on the volume of breast milk consumed over a period 
of time is required to estimate the potential breast milk contaminant dose in infants. (See 
Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997), Section 14.) In addition, identification of the 
population who breastfeeds is needed. The available data for the percentage of the population 
who breastfeeds are presented below. 

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Institute of Medicine reviewed the published 
literature to determine the incidence of breastfeeding in the United States by different 
demographic characteristics. Statistics on breastfeeding in the United States were obtained from 
a 1989 survey entitled, "Nutrition During Lactation" (NAS, 1991). 


9-2 


Results from the survey (NAS, 1991) indicated that 52.2% of women who delivered 
babies in 1989 breastfed their newborn infants. The NAS report also revealed that 19.6% of 
these infants were still breastfed at the age of 5 to 6 months. The data presented in Table 9-5 
show the percentage of mothers who breastfeed among whites, blacks, and Hispanics grouped by 
marital status, education, maternal age, employment, family income, and U.S. regions. The data 
show that of the three racial/ethnic groups, more white mothers breastfed infants (58.5%), while 
the lowest percentage were black mothers (23%), followed by Hispanic mothers at 48.4%. 
According to the data in Table 9-5, breastfeeding of newborns and at 5 to 6 months is directly 
related to family income (i.e., the higher the income, the higher the rate of breastfeeding in all 
three ethnic groups). The highest percentage of mothers who breastfeed were found in the 
Mountain and Pacific regions for all racial/ethnic groups. A conservative estimate for the 
breastfed population could be developed by applying these percentages to the number of live 
births in a year, assuming all of the live births will have a lifespan of at least 1 year. This 
estimate would capture breast-fed infants up to 12 months. The Bureau of Census provide vital 
statistics data by year, race, and location (State, Region) in the yearly statistical abstracts 
publications. Breast milk ingestion rates are presented in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 
13. 

9.4. POPULATION CONSUMING SELECTED FOODS/FOOD GROUPS 

Ingestion of contaminated foods is a pathway of human exposure to toxic chemicals. 
Fruits and vegetables and grain products may become contaminated, for example, from 
deposition of ambient pollutants in the air, irrigation waters, soil additives, pesticides, and 
fertilizers. Fish and shellfish may become contaminated from pollutants in the surface waters 
and sediments. Meat, poultry, and dairy products can become contaminated if the animals are 
exposed to contaminated media such as soil, water, or feed crops. 

EPA analyzed 3 years (1989, 1990, and 1991) of data from the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals to generate distributions of 
intake rates for various (1) fruit and vegetable items/groups; (2) grain products; (3) meat, poultry, 
and dairy products; and (4) fish and shellfish. As part of this analysis, the percentages of 


9-3 


populations consuming the various foods were estimated. These populations are presented with 
the corresponding intake tables in the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997). A 
discussion of how the analyses were performed and the caveats also are presented in the 
handbook in their respective sections. Information on various food groups can be found in the 
Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997) as follows: 

• Fruits and vegetables: Section 9, Tables 9-3 to 9-11; 

• Fish and shellfish: Section 10, Tables 10-7 to 10-44; 

• Meat, poultry, and dairy products: Section 11, Tables 11-1 to 11-4; 

• Grain products, Chapter 12, Tables 12-1 to 12-10; and 

• Homeproduced food items: Section 13, Tables 13-8 to 13-70. 


9-4 


9.5. REFERENCES 


National Academy of Sciences (NAS). (1991) Nutrition during lactation. National Academy of 
Sciences Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 

Tsang, AM; Klepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human 
Activity Patterns Survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockheed Martin, for the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA contract no. 68-W6-001, 
delivery order no. 13. Draft report. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1994) The national public water systems supervision 
program. The FY 1993 compliance report. The Office of Water, Washington, DC; 

EPA 812-R-94-001. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1995) The national public water systems supervision 
program. The FY 1994 compliance report. Office of Water, Washington, DC; 

EPA 812-R-95-001. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1997) Exposure factors handbook. August 1997. 
Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and 
Development. EPA/600/P-95/002Fabc. 


9-5 




Table 9-1. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States: 1994 


Systems 


CWS a 


Source 


Surface Water 


Ground Water 


Total 


Percent of 
Total PWS 


No. of Systems 

10,625 

(19%) 

46,122 

(3%) 

56,747 

(100%) 

30% 

Population Served 

152,491,000 

(63%) 

90,558,000 

(37%) 

243,049,000 

(100%) 

NA 

NTNCWS 

No. of Systems 

766 

(3%) 

22,873 

(97%) 

23,639 

(100%) 

13% 

Population Served 

596,000 

(10%) 

5,645,000 

(90%) 

6,241,000 

(100%) 

NA 

TNCWS c 

No. of Systems 

2,099 

(2%) 

104,337 

(98%) 

106,436 

(100%) 

57% 

Population Served 

900,000 

(7%) 

12,709,000 

(93%) 

13,609,000 

(100%) 

NA 

ALL PWS d,e 

No. of Systems 

13,490 

(7%) 

173,332 

(93%) 

186,822 

(100%) 

100% 


a CWS--Community water systems - Provides drinking water primarily to residential areas; provides water to the same population year 
round. 

b NTNCWS-Nontransient noncommunity water systems. A PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months 
of the year; includes places such as schools, factories, and hospitals that have their own water supplies, 
c TNCWS--Transient noncommunity water systems. For transitory customers in nonresidential areas such as campgrounds, motels, and 
gas stations. 

d Includes systems that obtain their drinking water from other PWS. 

e Because an individual can be served by more than one category of PWS, the total population served by all PWS is not cumulative and 
therefore cannot be determined. 

Note: NA = Not applicable. 

(%) = Percent of total systems in that specific system category or percent of total population in a system 
category (i.e., 10,625 CWS is 19% of 56,747 total systems and 152,491,000 is 63% of total population 
served (243,049,000 people) by CWS. 

Source: U.S. EPA, 1995. 


9-6 






Table 9-2. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States: 1993 


Systems 

Source 

Surface Water 

Ground Water 

Total 


Percent of 
Total PWS 

cws a 

No. of Systems 

10,681 

(19%) 

46,880 

(81%) 

56,561 

(100%) 

30% 

Population Served 

148,686,000 

(61%) 

93,995,000 

(39%) 

242,679,000 

(100%) 

NA 

NTNCWS 

No. of Systems 

771 

(3%) 

23,221 

(97%) 

23,992 

(100%) 

13% 

Population Served 

625,000 

(10%) 

5,690,000 

(90%) 

6,315,000 

(100%) 

NA 

TNCWS c 

No. of Systems 

2,228 

(29%) 

104,488 

(98%) 

109,714 

(100%) 

57% 

Population Served 

1,157,000 

(7%) 

14,271,000 

(93%) 

15,428,000 

(100%) 

NA 

ALL PWS ,e 

No. of Systems 

13,678 

(7%) 

173,589 

(93%) 

191,267 

(100%) 

100% 


a CWS--Community water systems. Provides drinking water primarily to residential areas; provides water to the same population year 
round. 

b NTNCWS-Nontransient noncommunity water systems. A PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months 
of the year; includes places such as schools, factories, and hospitals that have their own water supplies, 
c TNCWS-Transient noncommunity water systems. For transitory customers in nonresidential areas such as campgrounds, motels and 
gas stations. 

d Includes systems that obtain their drinking water from other PWS. 

e Because an individual can be served by more than one category of PWS, the total population served by all PWS is not cumulative and 
therefore cannot be determined. 

Note: NA = Not applicable. 

(%) = Percent of total systems in that specific system category or percent of total population in a system 
category (i.e., 10,681 CWS is 19% of 56,561 total systems, and 148,686,000 is 61% of total population 
served (242,679,000 people) by CWS. 

Source: U.S. EPA, 1994. 


9-7 





Table 9-3. Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private Water Sources 

for General Household Use 



Total N 

Public Water 

Private Well 

Other Source 

DK 

Overall 

4663 

3777 

719 

121 

46 

Gender 

Male 

2163 

1747 

338 

62 

16 

Female 

2498 

2029 

380 

59 

30 

Refused 

2 

1 

1 

- 

- 

Age (years) 

-- 

84 

73 

7 

4 

- 

1-4 

263 

211 

38 

12 

2 

5-11 

348 

285 

52 

6 

5 

12-17 

326 

251 

68 

5 

2 

18-64 

2972 

2411 

461 

71 

29 

>64 


670 

546 

93 

23 

Race / Ethnicity 

White 

3774 

2990 

659 

96 

29 

Black 

463 

410 

29 

14 

10 

Asian 

77 

72 

2 

2 

1 

Some other 

96 

85 

7 

2 

2 

Hispanic 

193 

172 

13 

5 

3 

Refused 

60 

48 

9 

2 

1 

Hispanic 

No 

4244 

3417 

676 

110 

41 

Yes 

347 

304 

31 

9 

3 

DK 

26 

18 

6 

1 

1 

Refused 

46 

38 

6 

1 

1 

Employment 

- 

926 

738 

157 

22 

9 

Full time 

2017 

1641 

304 

56 

16 

Part time 

379 

315 

53 

7 

4 

Not Employed 

1309 

1057 

200 

35 

17 

Refused 

32 

26 

5 

1 

- 

Education 

- 

1021 

812 

174 

26 

9 

High school 

399 

292 

86 

13 

8 

High school graduate 

1253 

981 

228 

21 

12 

< College 

895 

733 

131 

23 

8 

College graduate 

650 

571 

60 

14 

5 

Postgraduate 

445 

388 

40 

13 

4 

Census Region 3 

Northwest 

1048 

822 

187 

31 

8 

Midwest 

1036 

822 

179 

20 

15 

South 

1601 

1273 

276 

38 

14 

West 

978 

860 

77 

32 

9 

Day of Week 

Weekday 

3156 

2552 

489 

77 

38 

Weekend 

1507 

1225 

230 

44 

8 


(continued) 


9-8 






Table 9-3. Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private Water Sources 

for General Household Use (continued) 



Total N 

Public Water 

Private Well 

Other Source 

DK 

Season 

Winter 

1264 

983 

224 

42 

15 

Spring 

1181 

973 

171 

26 

11 

Summer 

1275 

1057 

174 

31 

13 

Falle 

943 

764 

150 

22 

7 

Asthma 

No 

4287 

3477 

652 

117 

41 

Yes 

341 

274 

59 

3 

5 

DK 

35 

26 

8 

1 

- 

Angina 

No 

4500 

3646 

695 

115 

44 

Yes 

125 

100 

18 

5 

2 

DK 

38 

31 

6 

1 

- 

Bronchitis / Emphysema 

No 

4424 

3582 

683 

115 

44 

Yes 

203 

167 

30 

4 

2 

DK 

36 

28 

6 

2 

— 


Composition of Census Regions is provided in Sec. 2.4. 

Note: N = Number of respondents; DK = don't know; Refused = respondent refused to answer; — = missing 
data. 

Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 


9-9 





Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water in the Home 


Total N 

N 


Overall 

4663 

2650 

Gender 

* 

2 

2 

Male 

2163 

1241 

Female 

2498 

1407 

Age (years) 

* 

84 

46 

1-4 

263 

126 

5-11 

348 

193 

12-17 

326 

185 

18-64 

2972 

1588 

> 64 

670 

512 

Race / Ethnicity 

* 

60 

29 

White 

3774 

2259 

Black 

463 

186 

Asian 

77 

39 

Some other 

96 

45 

Hispanic 

193 

92 

Hispanic 

* 

46 

22 

No 

4244 

2438 

Yes 

348 

171 

DK 

26 

19 

Employment 

* 

958 

512 

Full Time 

2017 

1062 

Part Time 

379 

211 

Not Employed 

1309 

865 

Education 

High School 

1021 

552 

High School 

399 

272 

Graduate 

1253 

741 

< College 

895 

485 

College Graduate 

650 

354 

Postgraduate 

445 

246 

Census Region 

Northeast 

1048 

563 

Midwest 

1036 

654 

South 

1601 

916 

West 

978 

517 

Day of Week 

Weekday 

3156 

1775 

Weekend 

1507 

875 


Respondents 


% 

N 

% 

N 

% 

56.8 

2006 

43.0 

7 

0.2 


100.0 

* 

* 

* 

* 

57.4 

918 

42.4 

4 

* 

56.3 

1088 

43.6 

3 

* 


54.8 

38 

45.2 

* 

* 

47.9 

137 

52.1 

* 

* 

55.5 

155 

44.5 

* 

* 

56.7 

141 

43.3 

* 

* 

53.4 

1380 

46.4 

4 

0.1 

76.4' 

155 

23.1 

3 

0.4 


48.3 

31 

51.7 

* 

* 

59.9 

1508 

40.0 

7 

0.2 

40.2 

277 

59.8 

* 

* 

50.6 

38 

49.4 

* 

* 

46.9 

51 

53.1 

* 

* 

47.7 

101 

52.3 

* 

* 


47.8 

24 

52.2 

* 

* 

57.5 

1798 

42.4 

7 

0.2 

49.1 

177 

50.9 

* 

* 

73.1 

7 

26.9 

* 

* 


53.4 

446 

46.6 

* 

* 

52.7 

952 

47.2 

3 

0.1 

55.7 

168 

44.3 

* 

* 

66.1 

440 

33.6 

4 

0.3 


54.1 

469 

45.9 

* 

* 

68.2 

127 

31.8 

* 

* 

59.1 

507 

40.5 

5 

0.4 

54.2 

409 

45.7 

1 

0.1 

54.5 

296 

45.5 

* 

* 

55.3 

198 

44.5 

1 

0.2 

53.7 

483 

46.1 

2 

0.2 

63.1 

381 

36.8 

1 

0.1 

57.2 

682 

42.6 

3 

0.2 

52.9 

460 

47.0 

1 

0.1 

56.2 

1375 

43.6 

6 

0.2 

58.1 

631 

41.9 

1 

0.1 




(continued) 


9-10 




Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water in the Home 

(continued) 



Total N 

N 

% 

Respondents 

N 

% 

N 

% 

Overall 

4663 

2650 

56.8 

2006 

43.0 

7 

0.2 

Season 

Winter 

1264 

715 

56.6 

547 

43.3 

2 

0.2 

Spring 

1181 

671 

56.8 

508 

43.0 

2 

0.2 

Summer 

1275 

692 

54.3 

582 

45.6 

1 

0.1 

Fall 

943 

572 

60.7 

369 

39.1 

2 

0.2 

Asthma 

No 

4287 

2454 

57.2 

1826 

42.6 

7 

0.2 

Yes 

341 

180 

52.8 

161 

47.2 

* 

* 

DK 

35 

16 

45.7 

19 

54.3 

* 

* 

Angina 

No 

4500 

2542 

56.5 

1952 

43.4 

6 

0.1 

Yes 

125 

87 

69.6 

37 

29.6 

1 

0.8 

DK 

38 

21 

55.3 

17 

44.7 

* 

* 

Bronchitis / Emphysema 

No 

Yes 

4424 

2518 

56.9 

1899 

42.9 

7 

0.2 

DK 

203 

113 

55.7 

90 

44.3 

* 

* 


36 

19 

52.8 

17 

47.2 

* 

* 


Note: N = Number of respondents; * = missing data; DK = don't know. 
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. 


9-11 





Table 9-5. Percentage of Mothers Breast Feeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital 
and Infants at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the U.S. in 1989 a by 
Ethnic Background and Selected Demographic Variables 


Category 

Total 

Newborns 5-6 Mo 
Infants 

White 

Newborns 5-6 Mo 
Infants 

Black 

Newborns 

5-6 Mo 
Infants 

Hispanic 6 

Newborns 5-6 Mo 

Infants 

All mothers 

52.2 

19.6 

58.5 

22.7 

23.0 

7.0 

48.4 

15.0 

Parity 

Primiparous 

52.6 

16.6 

58.3 

18.9 

23.1 

5.9 

49.9 

13.2 

Multiparous 

51.7 

22.7 

58.7 

26.8 

23.0 

7.9 

47.2 

16.5 

Marital status 

Married 

59.8 

24.0 

61.9 

25.3 

35.8 

12.3 

55.3 

18.8 

Unmarried 

30.8 

7.7 

40.3 

9.8 

17.2 

4.6 

37.5 

8.6 

Maternal age 

<20 yr 

30.2 

6.2 

36.8 

7.2 

13.5 

3.6 

35.3 

6.9 

20-24 yr 

45.2 

12.7 

50.8 

14.5 

19.4 

4.7 

46.9 

12.6 

25-29 yr 

58.8 

22.9 

63.1 

25.0 

29.9 

9.4 

56.2 

19.5 

30-34 yr 

65.5 

31.4 

70.1 

34.8 

35.4 

13.6 

57.6 

23.4 

£35 yr 

66.5 

36.2 

71.9 

40.5 

35.6 

14.3 

53.9 

24.4 

Maternal education 

No college 

42.1 

13.4 

48.3 

15.6 

17.6 

5.5 

42.6 

12.2 

College 11 

70.7 

31.1 

74.7 

34.1 

41.1 

12.2 

66.5 

23.4 

Family income 

<$7,000 

28.8 

7.9 

36.7 

9.4 

14.5 

4.3 

35.3 

10.3 

$7,000-$14,999 

44.0 

13.5 

49.0 

15.2 

23.5 

7.3 

47.2 

13.0 

$15,000-$24,999 

54.7 

20.4 

57.7 

22.3 

31.7 

8.7 

52.6 

16.5 

>$25,000 

66.3 

27.6 

67.8 

28.7 

42.8 

14.5 

65.4 

23.0 

Maternal employment 

Full time 

50.8 

10.2 

54.8 

10.8 

30.6 

6.9 

50.4 

9.5 

Part time 

59.4 

23.0 

63.8 

25.5 

26.0 

6.6 

59.4 

17.7 

Not employed 

51.0 

23.1 

58.7 

27.5 

19.3 

7.2 

46.0 

16.7 

U.S. Census Region 6 

New England 

52.2 

20.3 

53.2 

21.4 

35.6 

5.0 

47.6 

14.9 

Middle Atlantic 

47.4 

18.4 

52.4 

21.8 

30.6 

9.7 

41 .4 

10.8 

East North Central 

47.6 

18.1 

53.2 

20.7 

21.0 

7.2 

46.2 

12.6 

West North Central 

55.9 

19.9 

58.2 

20.7 

27.7 

7.9 

50.8 

22.8 

South Atlantic 

43.8 

14.8 

53.8 

18.7 

19.6 

5.7 

48.0 

13.8 

East South Central 

37.9 

12.4 

45.1 

15.0 

14.2 

3.7 

23.5 

5.0 

West South Central 

46.0 

14.7 

56.2 

18.4 

14.5 

3.8 

39.2 

11.4 

Mountain 

70.2 

30.4 

74.9 

33.0 

31.5 

11.0 

53.9 

18.2 

Pacific 

70.3 

28.7 

76.7 

33.4 

43.9 

15.0 

58.5 

19.7 


Mothers were surveyed when their infants were 6 months of age. Mothers were asked to recall the method 
of feeding the infant when in the hospital, at age 1 week, at months 1 through 5, and on the day preceding 
completion of the survey. Numbers in the columns labeled ”5-6 Mo Infants" are an average of the 5-month 
and previous-day responses. 

Based on data from Ross Laboratories. 

Hispanic is not exclusive of white or black. 

College includes all women who reported completing at least 1 year of college. 

States within each census region are listed in text sec. 2.4. 

Source: NAS, 1991. 


9-12 





10. SOCIOECONOMICS 


A variety of socioeconomic and demographic factors (such as income and poverty level) 
may be associated with increased exposure to environmental contaminants. A growing concern 
exists among physicians, researchers, and social scientists that people with low incomes and who 
reside in minority neighborhoods are more likely than other Americans to suffer adverse health 
effects from pollution and other environmental contaminants (Hearn, 1993). Other areas of 
concern for increased risk are hazardous occupations, unsatisfactory diets, and inadequate 
education. 

10.1. POVERTY THRESHOLD ESTIMATES 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996) has estimated the poverty thresholds for 1995 in its 
publication, Preliminary Estimates of Poverty Thresholds in 1995. These data, presented in 
Table 10-1, are based on size of family unit and income. The Census Bureau data are accessible 
on the World Wide Web via the Internet. The U.S. Census Bureau's home page (Internet 
address: www.census.gov ) contains information on the kinds of data available and instructions on 
how to conduct data searches, extract data, and download data files. Section 11 contains 
information on how to access U.S. Government data on the Internet. 

10.2. INCOME LEVEL 

Low income negatively affects many aspects of an individual’s life, including housing, 
unemployment, diet, and access to education and medical care. The combined effects of living 
on a low income contribute to an increased risk of exposure to environmental pollutants. For a 
variety of reasons, often a greater percentage of minorities in the United States are living in 
poverty than are whites—the majority population. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census data indicate that in 1990 the percentage of persons in the 
United States living below the poverty level (defined by the Census Bureau as $13,359 per year 
in 1992 for a nonfarm family of four) was 13.5% for all races, 10.7% for whites, 31.9% for 
blacks, and 28.1% for Hispanics (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992). 

10.2.1. Digest of Education Statistics (U.S. Department of Education, 1995) 

The U.S. Department of Education (1995) presented information on poverty rates and 
income by State for 1990 and 1993. These data are based on the U.S. Bureau of the Census 

10-1 


/ 


Current Population Reports. Data for household income and poverty rates by State are presented 
in Table 10-2. Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ethnicity are 
presented in Table 10-3. 

10.2.2. March Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b) 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) characterized the poverty status of persons in the 
United States by gender. Data are presented for the years 1966 to 1994 in Table 10-4. 

10.2.3. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

1993) 

A more complete economic profile of ethnic groups in the United States, including level 
of education attained, rate of unemployment, household income, and percentage of age groups 
living below the poverty level, is presented in Table 10-5. This study was conducted to 
specifically evaluate the Native American and Alaska Native populations. However, data for 
other population subgroups were evaluated for comparison purposes. The data in Table 10-5 
indicate that blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans have a greater percentage of their 
populations living below the poverty level than do whites. Most significantly, for blacks, 
Hispanics, and Native Americans, approximately one-third to almost one-half of the total 
population under the age of 18 are living in poverty (U.S. DHHS, 1993). Table 10-5 also 
indicates that the percent of unemployed blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Alaska 
Natives are significantly higher than the unemployment levels for whites and higher than for all 
races (U.S. DHHS, 1993). 

10.2.4. Inner-City Asthma— The Epidemiology of an Emerging U.S. Public Health 
Concern (Weiss et al, 1992) 

Weiss et al. (1992) addressed the problems lower income groups often experience in 
obtaining consistent medical care. The authors suggest that this factor contributes to the 
increased severity of childhood asthma in inner-city children. Lower income inner-city residents 
often lack transportation needed to get to medical facilities, and once there, they may experience 
communication problems with the medical providers (Weiss et al., 1992). In addition, language 
barriers and lack of education can result in an inability to follow instructions necessary to ensure 
recovery from an illness or chronic medical condition (Weiss et al., 1992). 


10-2 


10.2.5. Nutrition Intakes of Individuals from Food-Insufficient Households in the United 
States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997) 

Low income can affect the diet by limiting the selection of foods purchased. Recent 
efforts by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services have focused on measuring the prevalence of hunger and food insecurity in the 
United States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997). The USDA analyzed the diets of preschoolers, adult 
women, and the elderly with 24-hour recall data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food 
Intake by Individuals (CSFII). The study estimated the extent to which individuals in food- 
insufficient households were likely to have low intakes of nutrients (Rose and Oliveira, 1997). 
Dietary intake is affected by factors that are social, cultural, and economic. The study considered 
variables such as race and ethnicity, household size, and the economic status of the household. 
Table 10-6 presents descriptive statistics on selected socioeconomic characteristics. It shows that 
household income and education level of the household head were lower for individuals from the 
food-insufficient households. Table 10-7 presents weighted means nutrient intakes for both 
household types expressed as a percentage of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). 

10.3. HOMELESS POPULATION 

According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) (1997), poverty and 
homelessness are inextricably linked. "Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, 
food, childcare, health care, and eduction. Often it is housing, which absorbs a high proportion 
of income, that must be dropped" (NCH, 1997). 

To measure homelessness with 100% accuracy is impossible (NCH, 1997). NCH (1997) 
reported the following estimates: 


Year 

Number of People 

How Estimated 

1988 

500,000 - 600,000 

People found in shelters, soup 
kitchens, and congregating in the 

street for 1 week 

1996 

760,000/night 

Based on a projeted annual increase 


1.2-2 million/1-year 

of 5% using the 1988 estimate 

1985-1990 

4.95 - 9.32 million 

1990 national telephone survey with 
former homeless people 


10-3 





It appears, according to NCH (1997) "that 12 million of adult residents in the U.S. have been 
literally homeless at some point in their lives." Survey response rates and estimate errors were 
not provided in the fact sheet. 

The U.S. Conference of Mayors (U.S. COM) (1997) surveyed 29 cities in the U.S. to 
assess the status of hunger and homelessness. The data were collected from November 1996 
through October 1997. Percentages reported for survey questions do not include non-responses 
(U.S. COM, 1997). Results of the survey showed that substance abuse and lack of needed 
services led the list for cause of homelessness in the survey cities. Other causes (in order of 
frequency) were lack of affordable housing, mental illness and lack of needed services, low 
paying jobs, domestic violence, and changes and cuts in public assistance (U.S. COM, 1997). In 
the survey cities, people remain homeless an average of 5 months (U.S. COM, 1997). The 
composition of the homeless population in the survey cities is presented in Table 10-8, and the 
population, poverty, and unemployment data are presented in Table 10-9. A survey response rate 
was not provided. 


10-4 


10.4. REFERENCES 


Hearn, W. (1993) Toxic toll—environmental hazards intensify the public health problems caused 
by poverty. Am Med News, February 15, 1993, p. 27. 

National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) (1997) How many people experience 
homelessness? Fact Sheet #2. Washington, DC: National Coalition for the Homeless. 

Rose, D.; Oliveira, V. (1997) Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households 
in the United States. Am. J. Pub. Health. 87(12): 1956-1961. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992) Statistical abstract of the United States: 1992. 112th ed. 
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) March current population survey. Unpublished data. U.S. 
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Poverty Statistics Branch, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996) Preliminary estimates of poverty thresholds in 1995. 
Unpublished data. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Poverty Statistics 
Branch, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Conference of Mayors (COM). (1997) A status report on hunger and homelessness in 
America’s cities: 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors. 

U.S. Department of Education. (1995) Digest of education statistics. U.S. Department of 
Education, Office of Education Research and Improvement, Washington, DC. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S. 
Department of Health an Human Services, Indian Health Service, Washington, DC. 

Weiss, KB; Gergen, PJ; Crain, EF. (1992) Inner-city asthma-the epidemiology of an emerging 
U.S. public health concern. Chest 101(suppl-6):362S-371S. 


10-5 


Table 10-1. Preliminary Estimate of Poverty Threshold 
(Yearly Income of Household in Dollars): 1995 


Size of Family Unit 

Estimated Threshold 
(in dollars) 

1 person 

7,761.00 

Householder under 65 years 

7,929.00 

Householder 65 years and older 

7,309.00 

2 persons 

9,935.00 

Householder under 65 years 

10,259.00 

Householder 65 years and older 

9,221.00 

3 persons 

12,156.00 

4 persons 

15,570.00 

5 persons 

18,407.00 

6 persons 

20,808.00 

7 persons 

23,573.00 

8 persons 

26,148.00 

9 or more persons 

31,159.00 


Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996. 


10-6 





Table 10-2. Household Income and Poverty Rates by State: 1990 and 1993 


Median household 
income' 

1990 2 

1993 

2 

3 


State 


Percent ot persons be tow the poverty level 


1990* 


Total 


Under 

5 

years 


5 

years 


6 to 
11 

years 


12 to 
17 

years 


18 to 
64 

years 


65 to 
74 

years 


75 

years 

and 

over 


1993 


Tottl 


Stand¬ 
ard error 


Poverty status of 5- to 
17-year-olds. 1993 


Number in 
poverty 

Number 
(in thou¬ 
sands) 

Stand¬ 
ard error 

14 

15 


Percent in 
poverty 


Percent 


Stand¬ 
ard error 


1 


10 


11 


12 


13 


16 


17 


United States 
Alabama. 


S35.025 


$31,241 


13.1 


20.1 


19.7 


18.3 


16.3 


11.0 


10.4 


16.5 


15.1 


0.22 


27.498 


10,150 


253 


20.8 


0.20 


Alaska . 

48.254 

Arizona . 

32.093 

Arkansas . 

24.643 

California. 

41,716 

Colorado . 

35.123 

Connecticut . 

48.618 

Delaware . 

40.641 

Distnd of Columbia ... 

35,807 

Florida . 

32,027 

Georgia . 

33,819 

Hawaii . 

45.248 

Idaho . 

29.433 

Illinois . 

37.854 

Indiana . 

33.558 

Iowa . 

30.565 

Kansas . 

31.803 

Kentucky . 

26.259 

Louisiana. 

25.578 

Maine . 

32.459 

Maryland . 

45.897 

Massachusetts . 

43.061 


36,148 

Minnesota . 

36.019 

Mississippi. 

23,465 

Missouri. 

30.720 

Montana . 

26.788 

Nebraska. 

30,317 

Nevada . 

36.138 

New Hampshire . 

42,335 

New Jersey . 

47,693 

New Mexico . 

28,069 

New York . 

38.415 

North Carolina. 

31.052 

North Dakota. 

27,051 

Ohio . 

33.452 

Oklahoma. 

27,475 

Oregon . 

31,755 

Pennsylvania. 

33,875 

Rhode Island. 

3/.501 

South Carolina . 

30.597 

South Dakota . 

26,223 

Tennessee . 

28.908 

Texas . 

31.482 

Utah . 

34.342 

Vermont . 

34,717 

Virginia . 

38.838 

Washington . 

36.338 

West Virginia. 

24,233 

Wisconsin. 

34.309 

Wyoming . 

31.576 


25,082 

18.3 

26.1 

25.8 

24.3 

42,931 

9.0 

13.6 

10.6 

10.9 

30,510 

15.7 

24.9 

24.2 

21.8 

23,039 

19.1 

28.5 

26.6 

25.2 

34,073 

12.5 

19.0 

19.3 

18.3 

34,488 

11.7 

17.9 

16.5 

15.3 

39.516 

6.8 

11.7 

11.9 

11.2 

36,064 

8.7 

13.3 

12.7 

11.8 

27,304 

16.9 

27.0 

25.5 

25.0 

28,550 

12.7 

20.3 

20.1 

18.8 

31.663 

14.7 

22.1 

21.3 

20.1 

42,662 

8.3 

12.6 

12.6 

11.2 

31.010 

13.3 

19.6 

18.9 

15.9 

32.857 

11.9 

18.9 

18.7 

17.0 

29,475 

10.7 

16.8 

15.8 

14.1 

28,663 

11.5 

17.5 

15.4 

14.1 

29,770 

11.5 

16.8 

16.5 

14.1 

24,376 

19.0 

27.9 

26.5 

24.6 

26,312 

23.6 

33.4 

33.0 

31.1 

27,438 

10.8 

15.7 

15.9 

14.0 

39,939 

8.3 

11.9 

11.9 

11.5 

37.064 

8.9 

14.5 

14.8 

13.8 

32,662 

13.1 

22.1 

20.4 

18.1 

33,682 

10.2 

14.8 

14.6 

12.5 

22,191 

25.2 

35.8 

35.1 

33.5 

28,682 

13.3 

20.4 

19.2 

17.8 

26,470 

16.1 

24.3 

23.0 

20.3 

31,008 

11.1 

17.3 

15.4 

13.4 

35.814 

10.2 

15.1 

14.4 

12.6 

37,964 

6.4 

8.5 

8.7 

7.3 

40,500 

7.6 

11.7 

12.6 

11.7 

26,758 

20.6 

30.3 

30.6 

27.6 

31,697 

13.0 

20.6 

21.2 

19.6 

28,820 

13.0 

19.2 

18.5 

17.2 

28,118 

14.4 

19.6 

18.4 

17.2 

31.285 

12.5 

21.1 

19.9 

17.8 

26.260 

16.7 

25.3 

23.4 

21.7 

33,138 

12.4 

19.7 

16.1 

14.8 

30,995 

11.1 

17.5 

17.0 

15.7 

33,509 

9.6 

16.3 

16.1 

13.8 

26,053 

15.4 

22.8 

21.8 

21.2 

27,737 

15.9 

23.6 

22.2 

20.2 

25.102 

15.7 

23.9 

22.5 

20.8 

28.727 

18.1 

25.6 

25.5 

24.2 

35,786 

11.4 

15.8 

14 4 

12.0 

31.065 

9.9 

13.5 

13.7 

12.5 

36,433 

10.2 

14.5 

14.5 

13.5 

35,655 

10.9 

17.0 

16.4 

14.3 

22.421 

19.7 

31.7 

30.3 

25.9 

31.766 

10.7 

17.7 

16.4 

15.0 

29.442 

11.9 

18.3 

16.2 

14.1 


22.3 

14.6 

19.2 

31.1 

17.4 

1.94 

9.8 

7.9 

6.4 

10.6 

9.1 

1.34 

19.1 

14.0 

9.3 

13.2 

15.4 

1.81 

22.7 

15.3 

18.0 

29.9 

20.0 

2.04 

17.1 

10.9 

6.5 

9.5 

18.2 

0.74 

12.5 

10.3 

8.5 

15.1 

9.9 

1.59 

8.9 

5.3 

5.6 

9.7 

8.5 

1.65 

10.8 

7.2 

8.2 

13.5 

10.2 

1.68 

24.4 

14.3 

15.5 

19.7 

26.4 

2.67 

16.8 

11.0 

9.0 

13.5 

17.8 

0.94 

18.1 

11.4 

16.5 

26.7 

13.5 

1.70 

10.8 

6.9 

6.7 

10.4 

8.0 

1.47 

13.3 

12.0 

8.7 

15.6 

13.1 

1.57 

15.0 

10.0 

8.9 

13.4 

13.6 

0.94 

11.8 

9.1 

8.7 

14.0 

12.2 

1.74 

11.7 

10.3 

8.1 

15.3 

10.3 

1.54 

11.6 

10.1 

8.5 

16.8 

13.1 

1.69 

22.4 

16.2 

17.5 

25.3 

20.4 

2.09 

29.7 

19.6 

20.5 

30.1 

26.4 

2.37 

11.5 

8.9 

11.0 

18.3 

15.4 

1.89 

10.2 

6.8 

8.8 

13.6 

9.7 

1.61 

11.0 

7.3 

7.3 

12.6 

10.7 

0.86 

15.7 

11.2 

8.7 

14.3 

15.4 

0.97 

10.6 

8.8 

8.4 

17.2 

11.6 

1.71 

31.9 

20.0 

24.0 

37.1 

24.7 

2.12 

15.1 

11.1 

11.3 

19.7 

16.1 

1.97 

17.1 

14.7 

9.9 

16.6 

14.9 

1.77 

10.8 

9.7 

8.6 

16.8 

10.3 

1.48 

11.9 

9.1 

8.4 

12.3 

9.8 

1.44 

6.2 

5.4 

7.7 

13.9 

9.9 

1.76 

10.4 

6.0 

6.8 

11.3 

10.9 

0.84 

25.2 

17.8 

13.7 

21.2 

17.4 

1.86 

17.0 

11.0 

10.0 

14.7 

16.4 

0.76 

15.3 

10.1 

15.7 

25.9 

14.4 

0.92 

14.7 

13.0 

10.8 

19.5 

11.2 

1.55 

14.6 

10.7 

8.7 

13.8 

13.0 

0.89 

18.5 

14.2 

13.5 

24.1 

19.9 

2.00 

13.3 

11.5 

8.1 

13.1 

11.8 

1.75 

13.8 

9.5 

8.7 

13.5 

13.2 

0.90 

11.0 

7.6 

8.9 

15.6 

11.2 

1.84 

19.1 

12.0 

17.3 

26.5 

18.7 

1.79 

17.3 

13.6 

11.1 

21.3 

14.2 

1.61 

18.5 

12.5 

17.2 

26.7 

19.6 

1.94 

23.0 

15.2 

14.9 

23.8 

17.4 

0.97 

10.0 

11.0 

6.4 

12.5 

10.7 

1.48 

9.8 

8.5 

9.7 

16.3 

10.0 

1.70 

11.9 

8.4 

11.6 

18.5 

9.7 

1.34 

12.2 

9.8 

7.0 

12.4 

12.1 

1.63 

22.4 

17.7 

14.1 

20.8 

22.2 

2.17 

11.9 

9.2 

6.6 

12.6 

12.6 

1.60 

11.2 

10.8 

8.4 

14.3 

13.3 

2.02 


156 

34 

20.5 

1.72 

11 

3 

9.5 

1.14 

163 

33 

23.1 

1.76 

117 

22 

25 4 

1.84 

1,623 

112 

25.7 

0.70 

70 

22 

11.3 

1.40 

82 

25 

14.9 

1.75 

17 

5 

13.7 

1.58 

44 

8 

49.3 

2.52 

666 

61 

26.9 

0.91 

207 

48 

17.5 

1.57 

26 

8 

13 4 

1.54 

38 

8 

14.2 

1.35 

406 

49 

18.2 

0.88 

123 

37 

10.8 

1.37 

61 

17 

11.1 

1.32 

79 

18 

16.0 

1.53 

177 

34 

25.7 

1.89 

376 

54 

39.4 

2.18 

47 

10 

17.7 

1.66 

100 

31 

134 

1.53 

159 

22 

16.4 

0.86 

446 

45 

24.3 

0.96 

95 

28 

12.3 

1.46 

178 

27 

31.1 

1.90 

205 

45 

20.4 

1.80 

25 

6 

14.5 

1.45 

47 

11 

13.5 

1.38 

35 

9 

13.9 

1.40 

28 

9 

13.8 

1.69 

227 

30 

16.4 

0.83 

68 

13 

18.8 

1.59 

773 

62 

24.6 

0.73 

196 

25 

17.8 

0.84 

12 

4 

9.9 

1.22 

420 

47 

18.8 

0.66 

168 

30 

23.5 

1.77 

84 

23 

14.9 

1.60 

390 

47 

17.8 

0.85 

33 

9 

20.3 

1.96 

177 

30 

26.7 

1.70 

27 

5 

16.6 

1.42 

299 

49 

30.5 

1.87 

851 

82 

22.9 

0.90 

75 

15 

15.1 

1.43 

15 

4 

14.2 

1.65 

137 

35 

11.6 

1.20 

121 

33 

12.3 

1.36 

104 

18 

31.4 

2.02 

155 

35 

15.0 

1.47 

12 

4 

11.4 

1.58 


1 | n 1993 Nodars adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers. 

2 Based on 1989 incomes collected in the 1990 Census. May differ from data denved 
from the Current Population Survey 


Source: 


U.S. Department of Education, 1995. 


10-7 
















































































































Table 10-3. Poverty Status of Persons, Families, and Children Under 18 

by Race/Ethnicity: 1959 to 1993 



Number below the poverty level, in thousands 

Percent below the poverty level 

Year and race/ 
ethnicity 


In all families 

In families with female 
householder, no 
husband present 


In all families 

In families with female 
householder, no 
husband present 

All 

persons 

Total 

House¬ 

holder 


All 

persons 

Total 

House¬ 

holder 

Related 

children 

under 

18 

Heiated 

children 

under 

18 

Total 

Related 
children 
under 18 

Total 

Related 
children 
under 18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

All racaa 













1959 . 

39.490 

34.562 

8.320 

17,208 

7.014 

4.145 

22.4 

20.8 

18.5 

26.9 

49 4 

72.2 

1960 . 

39.851 

34.925 

8.243 

17.288 

7.247 

4.095 

22.2 

20.7 

18.1 

26.5 

48.9 

68 4 

1965 . 

33.185 

28.358 

6.721 

14.388 

7,524 

4.562 

17.3 

15.8 

13.9 

20.7 

46.0 

64.2 

1970 . 

25.420 

20.330 

5,260 

10.235 

7.503 

4.689 

12.6 

10.9 

10.1 

14.9 

33.1 

53.0 

1971 . 

25.559 

20.405 

5.303 

10.344 

7.797 

4.850 

12.5 

10.8 

10.0 

15.1 

317 

53.1 

1972 . 

24,460 

19.577 

5.075 

10.082 

8.114 

5.094 

11.9 

10.3 

9.3 

14.9 

38.2 

53.1 

1973 . 

22.973 

18.299 

4,828 

9.453 

8,178 

5.171 

11.1 

9.7 

8.8 

14.2 

37.5 

52.1 

1974 . 

23.370 

18.817 

4,922 

9.967 

8.462 

5.361 

11.2 

9.9 

8.8 

15.1 

36.5 

51.5 

1975 . 

25.877 

20.789 

5,450 

10,882 

8.846 

5.597 

12.3 

10.9 

9.7 

16.8 

37.5 

52.7 

1976 . 

24.975 

19.632 

5.311 

10.081 

9.029 

5.583 

11.8 

10.3 

9 4 

15.8 

37.3 

52.0 

1977 . 

24.720 

19.505 

5.311 

10.028 

9.205 

5.658 

11.6 

10.2 

9.3 

16.0 

36.2 

50.3 

1978 . 

24.497 

19.062 

5.280 

9.722 

9.269 

5.687 

11.4 

10.0 

9.1 

15.7 

35.6 

50.6 

1979 . 

26.072 

19.964 

5.461 

9,993 

9.400 

5.635 

11.7 

10.2 

9.2 

16.0 

34 9 

48.6 

1980 .-. 

29.272 

22.601 

6.217 

11.114 

10.120 

5.866 

13.0 

11.5 

10.3 

17.9 

36.7 

50.8 

1981 . 

31.822 

24,850 

6.851 

12.068 

11.051 

6.305 

14.0 

12.5 

11.2 

19.5 

38.7 

52.3 

1982 . 

34.398 

27.349 

7.512 

13.139 

11,701 

6.696 

15.0 

13.6 

12.2 

21.3 

40.6 

56.0 

1983 . 

35,303 

27.933 

7,647 

13.427 

12.072 

6.747 

15.2 

13.9 

12.3 

21.8 

40.2 

55 4 

1984 . 

33.700 

26.458 

7.277 

12.929 

11.831 

6.772 

14 4 

13.1 

11.6 

21.0 

38 4 

540 

1985 . 

33.064 

25.729 

7,223 

12.483 

11,600 

6,716 

14.0 

12.6 

11.4 

20.1 

37.6 

53.6 

1986 . 

32.370 

24.754 

7,023 

12,257 

11.944 

6,943 

13.6 

12.0 

10.9 

19 8 

38.3 

54 4 

1987 . 

32.221 

24.725 

7.005 

12.275 

12.148 

7.074 

13.4 

12.0 

10.7 

19.7 

38.1 

54.7 

1988 . 

31.745 

24.048 

8.876 

11.935 

11,972 

6,742 

13.0 

11.6 

10.4 

19.0 

37.2 

50.6 

1989 . 

31.528 

24.066 

6.784 

12.001 

11,668 

6.808 

12.8 

11.5 

10.3 

19.0 

35.9 

51.1 

1990 . 

33.585 

25.232 

7,098 

12.715 

12.578 

7.363 

13.5 

12.0 

10.7 

19.9 

37.2 

534 

1991 . 

35.708 

27,143 

7.712 

13.658 

13.824 

8.065 

14.2 

12.8 

11.5 

21.1 

39.7 

55.5 

1992 . 

36.880 

27.947 

7,960 

13.876 

13.716 

8.032 

14 8 

13.3 

11.7 

21.1 

39.0 

54 3 

1993 . 

39.265 

29.927 

8.393 

14,961 

14,636 

8.503 

15.1 

13.6 

12.3 

22.0 

38.7 

53.7 

Whit* 1 













1960 . 

28.309 

24.262 

6.115 

11.229 

4.296 

2.357 

17.8 

16.2 

14.9 

20.0 

39.0 

59.9 

1965 . 

22.496 

18.508 

4,824 

8,595 

4.092 

2.321 

13.3 

11.7 

11.1 

14.4 

35.4 

52.9 

1970 . 

17 484 

13.323 

3.708 

6.138 

3.761 

2.247 

9.9 

8.1 

8.0 

10.5 

28 4 

43.1 

1975 . 

17.770 

13.799 

3.838 

6.748 

4.577 

2.813 

9.7 

8.3 

7.7 

12.5 

29 4 

44.2 

1980 . 

19.699 

14.587 

4,195 

6.817 

4.940 

2.813 

10.2 

8.6 

8.0 

13.4 

28.0 

41.6 

1985 . 

22.860 

17,125 

4.983 

7,838 

5.990 

3.372 

11.4 

9.9 

9.1 

15.6 

29.8 

45.2 

1987 . 

21.195 

15.593 

4.567 

7.398 

5.989 

3.474 

10.4 

8.9 

8.1 

14.7 

29.6 

45.8 

1988 . 

20,715 

15.001 

4.471 

7,095 

5.950 

3.385 

10.1 

8.6 

7.9 

14.0 

29.2 

43.0 

1989 . 

20.785 

15.179 

4,409 

7.164 

5,723 

3.320 

10.0 

8.6 

7.8 

14.1 

28.1 

42.8 

1990 . 

22.326 

15.916 

4.622 

7,696 

6.210 

3.597 

10.7 

9.0 

8.1 

15.1 

29 8 

45.9 

1991 . 

23.747 

17.268 

5.022 

8.316 

6.806 

3.941 

11.3 

9.7 

8.8 

16.1 

31.5 

47.1 

1992 . 

25.259 

18.294 

5.160 

8.333 

6.907 

3.783 

11.9 

10.1 

8.9 

16.0 

30.8 

45.3 

1993 . 

26.226 

18.968 

5.452 

9.123 

7,199 

4,102 

12.2 

10.5 

9.4 

17.0 

31.0 

45.6 

Black 1 













1959 . 

9.927 

9.112 

1.860 

5.022 

2.416 

1.475 

55.1 

54.9 

48 1 

65.5 

70 6 

81.6 

1966 . 

8.867 

8.090 

1,620 

4,774 

3,160 

2,107 

41.8 

40.9 

35.5 

50.6 

65 3 

76.6 

1970 . 

7,548 

6.683 

1.481 

3.922 

3,656 

2.383 

33.5 

32.2 

29.5 

41.5 

58.7 

67.7 

1975 . 

7.545 

6.533 

1.513 

3,884 

4.168 

2.724 

31.3 

30.1 

27.1 

41.4 

54.3 

66.0 

1980 . 

8.579 

7.190 

1.826 

3.906 

4.984 

2.944 

3i5 

31.1 

28 9 

42.1 

53.4 

64.8 

1985 . 

8.926 

7.504 

1.983 

4,057 

5.342 

3,181 

31.3 

30.5 

28.7 

43.1 

53.2 

66 9 

1987 . 

9.520 

7.848 

2.117 

4,234 

5.789 

3.394 

32.4 

31.2 

29 4 

44 4 

54.1 

58.3 

1988 . 

9,356 

7.650 

2.090 

4,148 

5.601 

3,130 

31.3 

30.0 

28.2 

42.8 

51.9 

61.8 

1989 . 

9.302 

7.704 

2.077 

4.257 

5.530 

3 . 2S6 

30.7 

29.7 

27 8 

43.2 

49 4 

62.9 

1990 . 

9.837 

8.160 

2.193 

4,412 

6.005 

3.543 

31.9 

31.0 

29.3 

44.2 

50.6 

64 7 

1991 . 

10.242 

8.504 

2.343 

4.637 

6.557 

3.853 

32.7 

32.0 

30 4 

45.6 

54 8 

68.2 

1992 . 

10.827 

9.134 

2.435 

4.850 

6.799 

3.967 

33.4 

32 9 

30.9 

46.3 

54 0 

67 1 

1993 . 

10.877 

9.242 

2.499 

5.030 

6.955 

4.104 

33.1 

32.9 

31.3 

45.9 

53.0 

65.9 

Hispanic origin 2 













1975 . 

2.991 

2.755 

627 

1,619 

1.053 

694 

26.9 

26.3 

25.1 

33.1 

57.2 

68.4 

1980 . 

3.491 

3.143 

751 

1,718 

1.319 

809 

25.7 

25.1 

23.2 

33.0 

54 5 

65.0 

1985 . 

5.236 

4,605 

1.074 

2.512 

1.983 

1.247 

29.0 

28 3 

25.5 

39.6 

55.7 

72.4 

1987 . 

5.422 

4.761 

1.168 

2.606 

2.045 

1.241 

28.0 

27.5 

25 5 

38.9 

55.6 

70.1 

1988 . 

5.357 

4,700 

1,141 

2.576 

2.052 

1.208 

26.7 

26.0 

23 7 

373 

55 0 

65.5 

1989 . 

5.430 

4.659 

1.133 

2.496 

1,902 

1.163 

26.2 

25.2 

23.4 

35.5 

50 6 

65.0 

1990 . 

6,006 

5.091 

1.244 

2.750 

2.115 

1,314 

28.1 

26.9 

25 0 

377 

53.0 

68 4 

1991 . 

6.339 

5.541 

1.372 

2.977 

2.282 

1.398 

28.7 

28.2 

26.5 

39 8 

52.7 

68 6 

1992 . 

7.592 

6.455 

1,395 

2.946 

2.474 

1,289 

29 6 

28.4 

26.2 

38 8 

51.5 

65 7 

1993 . 

8.126 

6.876 

1.625 

3.666 

2.837 

1.673 

30 6 

29 3 

27 3 

39.9 

53.2 

66 1 


1 Includes persons of Hispanic ongin 

2 Persons of Hispanic ongm may oe of any race. 


Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995 


in o 


































































































Table 10-4. Persons Living in Poverty by Sex: 1966 to 1994 a 

[In thousands] 


Year 

All Persons 

Total 

Male 

Number 

Percent 5 

Below Poverty 

Total 

Female 

Number 

Percent 

1994 

261,616 

127,838 

16,316 

12.8 

133,778 

21,744 

16.3 

1993 

259,278 

126,668 

16,900 

13.3 

132,610 

22,365 

16.9 

1992 C 

256,549 

125,288 

16,222 

12.9 

131,261 

21,792 

16.6 

1992 

253,969 

123,873 

15,700 

12.7 

130,096 

21,180 

16.3 

1991 

251,179 

122,418 

15,082 

12.3 

128,761 

20,626 

16.0 

1990 

248,644 

121,073 

14,211 

11.7 

127,571 

19,373 

15.2 

1989 

245,992 

119,704 

13,366 

11.2 

126,188 

18,162 

14.4 

1988 

243,530 

118,399 

13,599 

11.5 

125,131 

18,146 

14.5 

1987 

240,890 

117,123 

14,029 

12.0 

123,767 

18,518 

15.0 

1986 

238,554 

115,915 

13,721 

11.8 

122,640 

18,649 

15.2 

1985 

236,594 

114,970 

14,140 

12.3 

121,624 

18,923 

15.6 

1984 

233,816 

113,391 

14,537 

12.8 

120,425 

19,163 

15.9 

1983 

231,612 

112,280 

15,182 

13.5 

119,332 

20,084 

16.8 

1982 

229,412 

111,175 

14,842 

13.4 

118,237 

19,556 

16.5 

1981 

227,157 

110,010 

13,360 

12.1 

117,147 

18,462 

15.8 

1980 

225,027 

108,990 

12,207 

11.2 

116,037 

17,065 

14.7 

1979 

217,848 

105,542 

10,535 

10.0 

112,306 

14,810 

13.2 

1978 

215,656 

104,480 

10,017 

9.6 

111,175 

14,480 

13.0 

1977 

213,867 

103,629 

10,340 

10.0 

110,238 

14,381 

13.0 

1976 

212,303 

102,955 

10,373 

10.1 

109,348 

14,603 

13.4 

1975 

210,864 

102,211 

10,908 

10.7 

108,652 

14,970 

13.8 

1974 

209,343 

101,523 

10,313 

10.2 

107,743 

13,881 

12.9 

1973 

207,621 

100,694 

9,642 

9.6 

106,898 

13,316 

12.5 

1972 

206,004 

99,804 

10,190 

10.2 

106,168 

14,258 

13.4 

1971 

204,554 

99,232 

10,708 

10.8 

105,298 

14,841 

14.1 

1970 

202,489 

98,228 

10,879 

11.1 

104,248 

14,632 

14.0 

1969 

199,848 

96,802 

10,292 

10.6 

103,037 

13,978 

13.6 

1968 

197,618 

95,681 

10,793 

11.3 

101,919 

14,578 

14.3 

1967 

195,677 

94,796 

11,813 

12.5 

100,861 

15,951 

15.8 

1966 

193,389 

93,718 

12,225 

13.0 

99,637 

16,265 

16.3 


Unpublished historical tables from the March Population Survey. 
b Percent of 100. 

c Revised to reflect changes in weighting and imputation procedures. 
Note: Percentages presented in this table are the value out of 100. 

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b. 


10-9 





Table 10-5. Selected Economic Profiles for the United States, 1990 Census 


Characteristic 

American Indian 
All Races and Alaska 

Native 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian and 
Pacific 
Islander 

Educational Attainment (Persons 25 Years and Older): 






Percent less than 9th grade 

10.4 

14.2 

8.9 

13.8 

30.7 

12.9 

Percent 9th to 1 2th grade, no 
diploma 

14.4 

20.6 

13.1 

23.2 

19.5 

9.5 

Percent high school graduate or 
higher 

75.2 

65.3 

77.9 

63.1 

49.8 

77.5 

Percent bachelor's degree or higher 

20.3 

8.9 

21.5 

11.4 

9.2 

36.6 

Employment Status by Sex (Persons 16 Years and Older) 

*. 





Percent unemployed, males 

6.4 

16.2 

5.3 

13.7 

9.8 

5.1 

Percent unemployed, females 

6.2 

13.5 

5.0 

12.2 

11.2 

5.5 

Median Household Income (1989) 

Percent Below the Poverty Level by Age: 

$30,056 

$19,865 

$31,435 

$19,758 

$24,156 

$36,784 

All ages 

13.1 

31.7 

9.8 

29.5 

25.3 

14.1 

Under 5 years 

20.1 

43.3 

13.8 

44.0 

33.4 

17.5 

5 years 

19.7 

41.7 

13.5 

42.8 

33.9 

18.0 

6 to 11 years 

18.3 

37.7 

12.5 

39.8 

32.6 

17.3 

1 2 to 17 years 

16.3 

33.1 

11.0 

35.5 

30.3 

16.3 

1 8 to 64 years 

11.0 

27.8 

8.5 

23.4 

21.3 

13.0 

65 to 74 years 

10.4 

26.9 

8.4 

28.6 

21.9 

11.3 

75 years and older 

16.5 

33.2 

14.6 

37.3 

27.8 

13.5 


Note: Data for Native Americans are for residents of the 33 reservation States. 

Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993. 


10-10 





Table 10-6. Characteristics of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient Households: 
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1989 Through 1991 



Preschoolers (1-5 Years) 

Women (19-50 Years) 

Elderly (65 + Years) 


Food 

Food 

Food 

Food 

Food 

Food 


Sufficient 

Insufficient 

Sufficient 

Insufficient 

Sufficient 

Insufficient 


(n-1257) 

(n-123) 

(n-3578) 

(n = 227) 

(n-2179) 

(n-61) 

Mean age, y 

3.0 

2.7 

33.9 

31.3 

73.5 

69.9 

Mean household per capita income, 

8.9 

2.3 

14.0 

4.2 

13.6 

4.8 

$1000 

Mean household size, no. persons 

4.4 

5.1 

3.4 

4.2 

2.0 

2.0 

Mean education, y a 

12.9 

10.4 

13.2 

10.7 

11.5 

6.3 

Single head of household, % 

16.8 

45.3 

25.5 

46.9 

40.1 

54.4 

Owns home, 3 % 

59.1 

24.3 

60.7 

25.4 

84.0 

40.5 

Participates in food assistance 

25.4 

83.6 

14.3 

69.3 

4.5 

44.3 

program, % 

Race/ethnicity, 3 % 

Non-Hispanic White 

72.3 

39.4 

76.8 

49.1 

85.8 

31.5 

Non-Hispanic Black 

14.1 

36.6 

11.7 

29.0 

9.4 

50.1 

Hispanic 

9.4 

13.8 

8.5 

16.8 

3.4 

9.9 

Other 

4.3 

10.3 

3.0 

5.1 

1.4 

8.5 

Urbanization, % 

Central city 

30.2 

40.3 

30.5 

48.4 

33.1 

33.1 

Suburb 

48.0 

37.4 

49.7 

35.0 

40.2 

28.5 

Nonmetropolitan 

21.7 

22.3 

19.8 

16.6 

26.7 

38.4 

Region, % 

Northeast 

19.5 

17.6 

21.0 

29.4 

20.6 

20.8 

South 

34.3 

27.7 

33.7 

25.5 

39.1 

59.5 

West 

21.5 

26.1 

19.3 

19.9 

21.2 

11.5 

Midwest 

24.7 

28.7 

26.1 

25.2 

19.1 

8.3 


Note: Food insufficiency was indicated by the household respondent's report that there was sometimes or often not 

enough to eat. Estimates were calculated with CSFII-1 989-1 991 weights for the sample of individuals reporting 1 
day of dietary intake. 

3 Refers to head of household. 

Source: Rose and Oliveira, 1997. 


10-11 






Table 10-7. Mean Nutrient Intakes Expressed as a Percentage of the Recommended Dietary 
Allowances of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient Households: 
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1989 Through 1991 







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10-12 







Table 10 - 8 . Composition of the Homeless Population (percentages) 


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10-13 











Table 10 - 9 . Population, Poverty, and Unemployment Data for Survey Cities 


City 

1 990 Population 

1 990 Poverty Rate 
Estimate (%) 

October 1 996 
Unemployment 
Rate (%) 

October 1 997 
Unemployment 
Rate (%) 

Alexandria 

111,183 

7.1 

3.8 

2.9 

Boston 

574,283 

18.7 

4 

3.7 

Charleston 

80,414 

21.6 

5.2 

4.6 

Charlotte 

395,934 

10.8 

3.2 

2.6 

Chicago 

2,783,726 

21.6 

6.6 

5.7 

Cleveland 

505,616 

28.7 

9.7 

8.5 

Denver 

467,610 

17.1 

4.4 

3 

Detroit 

1,027,974 

32.4 

8.3 

6.6 

Kansas City 

435,146 

15.3 

8.6 

6.9 

Los Angeles 

3,485,398 

18.9 

8.7 

7 

Louisville 

269,063 

22.6 

5.4 

4.4 

Miami 

358,548 

31.2 

10.5 

9.8 

Minneapolis 

368,383 

18.5 

4.2 

3.4 

Nashville 

488,374 

13.4 

3.3 

3.4 

New Orleans 

496,938 

31.6 

7.7 

6.5 

Norfolk 

261,229 

19.3 

6.6 

5.9 

Philadelphia 

1,585,577 

20.3 

7.1 

6.6 

Phoenix 

983,403 

10.5 

4.4 

3 

Portland 

437,319 

14.5 

2.7 

2.9 

Providence 

160,728 

23.0 

6.3 

6.6 

St. Louis 

396,685 

24.6 

7.2 

6.7 

St. Paul 

272,235 

16.7 

4.3 

3.3 

Salt Lake City 

159,936 

16.4 

3.3 

3 

San Antonio 

935,933 

22.6 

4.3 

4.3 

San Diego 

1,110,549 

13.4 

5.1 

4.4 

San Francisco 

723,959 

12.7 

4.2 

4.3 

Santa Monica 

86,905 

9.4 

5 

4 

Seattle 

516,259 

12.4 

5.7 

3.6 

Trenton 

88,675 

18.1 

12 

9.3 


Source: U.S. COM, 1 997. 


10-14 





11. ELECTRONIC AND OTHER DATA SOURCES 


This section presents Internet data sources useful for identifying and enumerating 
populations who potentially may be at risk of exposure to chemicals/contaminants at a greater 
rate than the general population. The sources in this section are Federal Government 
departments and agencies; however, many other types of Internet sources are available to the 
assessor. Examples include State, local, and regional governments and organizations; trade 
associations; and advocacy groups. Readers of this document are encouraged to explore the 
Internet using any of the available search engines (e.g., Alta Vista, Yahoo, etc.) to locate 
additional Internet data sources. 

It is assumed that the reader will have some familiarity with the use of the Internet. The 
information in this section is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly locating data on 
the Internet and is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. For this 
reason, detailed directions are not provided. Many standard references exist to guide the reader 
in use of the Internet. 

It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive. 
Internet information (home pages, etc.) is continually updated by the responsible organization. 
The content of information the reader is able to access may differ from the information contained 
in this section. 

11.1. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

The U.S. EPA’s home page (http://www.epa.gov) provides access to many of the 
Agency’s environmental databases. Examples of databases available include (but are not limited 
to) the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), containing national air pollution data; 
and the Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), 
integrating national watershed data and geographic information system (GIS) mapping 
capabilities. ENVIROFACTS ( http://www.epa.gov/enviro ) is an especially useful tool available 
on EPA’s home page. ENVIROFACTS allows the user to integrate data from seven of EPA’s 
major environmental databases with Census data using GIS capabilities to produce site-specific 
maps. The user can submit specific queries and reports can be generated. For example, maps 
can be produced with population density, percent minority, percent below poverty, and per capita 
income. LandView™ III is a CD-ROM publication that provides database abstracts from EPA, 
the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 


11-1 


the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency 
(FEMA). These databases are presented in a geographic context on maps that contain 
jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., census tracts, block group, Indian lands); detailed networks of 
roads, rivers, and railroads; census block group and tract polygons; schools; hospitals; churches; 
cemeteries; airports; dams; environmental sites; and other landmark features. LandView 
software performs display, query, and analysis of maps and data. LandView III is available on 
CD-ROM from the Bureau of the Census (301-457-4107) or the Census Webpage: 
http://www.census.gov/geo/waw/tiger. The Chemical Information System is one of the world’s 
largest sources of online chemical information. With more than 30 linked databases, CIS 
contains information on specific chemical substances, including toxicological and/or 
carcinogenic research data, hazardous materials handling information, regulatory information, 
spectroscopic data, pharmaceutical data, and environmental issues. CIS includes popular 
databases such as AQUIRE, the TSCA Inventory, CERCLIS, and RCRIS. Accessible worldwide 
via internationl communications networks, CIS has subscribers on five continents. For product 
information, see http://www.oxmol.com/prods/cis/ or E-mail cissupport@oxmol.com. 

11.2. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

The home page of the Commerce Department ( http://www.doc.gov ) offers STAT-USA, 
which is a source of economic data. While data available through STAT-USA ( http://www.stat- 
usa.gov) pertain to economic and financial factors, these kinds of data can be useful for 
identifying and enumerating populations in certain economic and financial categories. 

11.2.1. U.S. Bureau of the Census 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census is a subagency of the Department of Commerce. Many of 
the data presented in this document were collected by the Bureau of the Census. Its home page 
(http://www.census.gov) provides access to a wide range of demographic data. Data files may be 
downloaded directly from the Internet or through the interactive tools provided on the Census 
Bureau’s Web site, and can be used to generate mapped data for a specific area or region. The 
Census Bureau’s home page provides a connection to FEDSTATS (http://www. fedstats.gov), 
which offers access to more than 70 Federal statistical agencies. Examples of various data that 
are contained in FEDSTATS from different Federal agencies are shown below: 


11-2 


Topic 

Data Source 

Agency 

Agriculture 

Crops county data 

National Agricultural Statistics 

Service 

Demographic/ 

County profiles 

Central Intelligence Agency 

Economic 

Demographic/economic 
state/county profiles 

Bureau of the Census 


State data centers 

Bureau of the Census 

Crime 

Crime and justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Education 

Public school student, staff, and 

National Center for Education 


graduate counts by State 

Statistics 

Energy/Environment 

State energy data 

Energy Information Administration 

Health 

Atlas of the United States Mortality 

National Center for Education 
Statistics 

Labor 

Regional information 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

National Accounts 

Personal income by State 

Bureau of Economic Analysis 


11.3. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

The Department of Labor’s (DOL) home page is located at http://www.dol.gov. Its home 
page offers connections to DOL subagencies that offer data and statistics, including the Bureau 
of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 


11.3.1. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ home page ( http://stats.bls.gov ) offers data on persons in 
the labor force, persons who are on nonfarm payrolls, and local area unemployment statistics. In 
addition, safety and health statistics are available organized by Standard Industrial Classification 
(SIC) codes. 

11.3.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is another DOL subagency. 
OSHA’s home page ( http://www.osha.gov ) offers statistics and data searchable by type of 
working establishment, SIC code of establishment, workplace inspection, and workplace 
injury/illness. 

11.4. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

The home page of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 
(http://www.dhhs.gov) offers connections to its subagencies, which collect health-related data. 


11-3 





These include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic 
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 

Indian Health Services (IHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Mental 
Health (NIMH), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA). 

11.4.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

The home page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 
(http://www.cdc.gov) has connections to CDC data and statistics. CDC’s home page has a 
connection to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , which has health-related data. 

11.4.2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 

The ATSDR’s home page (http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/atsdrhome.html) presents the 
following ATSDR data sets and resources: ATSDR Science Comer, Toxicology and ToxFAQs, 
Health Assessments and Consultations, Health Education and Consultations, Urban 
Environmental Issues, and Special Initiatives and Projects (Child Health, Great Lakes, 
Mississippi Delta, and Minority Health). 

11.4.3. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 

Another subagency of DHHS is the National Center for Health Statistics. The home page 
of the NCHS (http://www.cdc.gov/nchswww/index.htni) offers connections to statistics and data 
available through its Data Warehouse and FASTATS. 

11.4.4. National Institutes of Health (NIH) 

The NIH home page (http://www.nih.gov) offers health information such as CancerNet, 
AIDS information, and the Women’s Health Initiative. Scientific resources also are available in 
the form of research training information and on-line library journals. NIH’s home page offers 
connections to the home page of the National Institute of Mental Health 
(http://www.nimh.nih.gov), which presents information on mental disorders and treatment. 
Substance abuse statistics are available on the home page of the Substance Abuse and Mental 
Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (http://www.samhsa.gov). 


11-4 


11.4.5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 

Another subagency of DHHS is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 
Administration. The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), a 
service of SAMHSA, hosts Prevention Online or PREVLINE (http://www.health.org). This site 
contains up-to-date and comprehensive information, facts, and statistics on substance abuse. 

11.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND (EDF) 

The EDF, an environmental special interest group, has an Internet service that allows 
anyone to enter a ZIP Code and see a map highlighting local sources of pollution, as well as 
Federal filings and contact information (http://www.scorecard.org ). 

11.6. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES 

The State Environmental Protection Agencies may be a source of information when site- 
limited data are not readily available. The addresses and telephone numbers for these agencies 
are presented in Table 11-1. 

11.7. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS 

The Encyclopedia of Associations is a guide to over 30,000 national and international 
organizations, including trade, business, and commercial; agricultural and commodity; legal, 
governmental, public administration, and military; scientific, engineering, and technical; 
educational; cultural; social welfare; health and medical; pubilc affairs; fraternal, foreign interest, 
nationality, and ethnic; religious; veterans’, hereditary, and patriotic; hobby and avocational; 
athletic and sports; labor unions, associations, and federations; Chambers of Commerce and trade 
and tourism; Greek letter and related organizations; and fan clubs. 

A supplemental guide is also available for more than 47,000 regional, State, and local 
nonprofit organizations in 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories of Guam, 
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

This document can be found in the reference section of most libraries. It is published by 
Gale Research, New York. 


11-5 


Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies 


Alabama 


Arkansas 


Conservation and Natural Resources 
Department 
P.O. Box 301450 
Montgomery, AL 36130-1450 
Phone: (800)262-3151 
Fax: (334)242-1880 

Environmental Management Department 
1751 Cong. W.L. Dickinson Drive 
P.O. Box 301463 
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463 
Phone: (334)271-7700 
Fax: (334)271-7950 

Alaska 

Environmental Conservation Department 
410 Willoughby Avenue, Suite 105 
Juneau, AK 99801-1795 
Phone: (907)465-5010 
Fax: (907) 465-5097 

TTY: (907)465-5010 

Natural Resources Department 
3601 C Street, Suite 858 
Anchorage, AK 99503 
Phone: (907)269-8400 
Fax: (907)269-8901 

TTY: (907)269-8411 
Agriculture Revolving 
Loan Fund: (907) 745-7200 

Arizona 

Environmental Quality Department 
3033 N. Central Avenue 
Phoenix, AZ 85012 
Phone: (602)207-2300 
Fax: (602)207-2218 

TTY: (602) 207-4829 


Pollution Control and Ecology Department 

8001 National Drive 

P.O. Box 8913 

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 

Phone: (501)682-0744 

Fax: (501)682-0798 

California 

Environmental Protection Agency 
555 Capitol Mall, Suite 525 
Sacramento, CA 95814 
Phone: (916)445-3846 
Fax: (916)445-6401 

Resources Agency 
Resources Building, Suite 1311 
1416 Ninth Street 
Sacramento, CA 95814 
Phone: (916)653-5656 
Fax: (916)653-8102 

Colorado 

Natural Resources Department 
1313 Sherman Street, Room 718 
Denver, CO 80203 
Phone: (303) 866-3311 
Fax: (303) 866-2115 

Public Health and Environment Department 
4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South 
Denver, CO 80222 
Phone: (303)692-2000 
Fax: (303) 782-0095 

TTY: (303)691-7700 


11-6 








Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


Connecticut 

Environmental Protection Department 
79 Elm Street 
Hartford, CT 06106 
Phone: (860)424-3000 
Fax: (860) 424-4053 

Delaware 

Natural Resources and Environmental 
Control Department 
89 Kings Highway 
P.O. Box 1401 
Dover, DE 19903-1401 
Phone: (302) 739-4506 
Fax: (302) 739-6242 

District of Columbia 


Hawaii 

Land and Natural Resources Department 

Kalanimoku Building 

1151 Punchbowl Street 

Honolulu, HI 96813 

Phone: (808) 587-0406 

Fax: (808) 587-0360 

Idaho 

Environmental Quality Division 
450 W. State Street 
P.O. Box 83720 
Boise, ID 83720 
Phone: (208) 373-0502 
Fax: (208)373-0417 

Illinois 


Environmental Regulation Administration 
2100 Martin L. King Avenue SE 
Washington, DC 20020 
Phone: (202)645-6617 
Fax: (202) 645-6622 

Florida 

Environmental Protection Department 
3900 Commonwealth Boulevard 
Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000 
Phone: (904)488-1073 
Fax: (904)921-6227 

Georgia 

Natural Resources Department 
205 Butler Street SE, Suite 1252 
Atlanta, GA 30334 
Phone: (404)656-3500 
Fax: (404) 656-0770 


Environmental Protection Agency 

P.O. Box 19276 

Springfield, IL 62794 

Phone: (217)782-2829 

Fax: (217) 782-9039 

TTY: (217)782-9143 

Natural Resources Department 
Lincoln Tower Plaza 
524 S. Second Street 
Springfield, IL 62701-1787 
Phone: (217)782-6302 
Fax: (217) 785-3150 

TTY: (217)782-9175 

Indiana 

Environmental Management Department 

105 S. Meridian Street 

P.O. Box 6015 

Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015 

Phone: (317) 233-6894 

Fax: (317)232-5539 

TTY: (317)233-6087 


11-7 











Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


Natural Resources Department 
402 W. Washington Street 
Indianapolis, IN 46204 
Phone: (317)232-4200 
Fax: (317)233-6811 

Iowa 

Natural Resources Department 
Wallace Building 
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034 
Phone: (515)281-5145 
Fax: (515) 281-6794 

TTY: (515)242-5967 

Kansas 

Health and Environment Department 
Landon State Office Building 
900 S.W. Jackson Street 
Topeka, KS 66612-1290 
Phone: (913)296-1500 
Fax: (913)296-6247 

Kentucky 

Natural Resources and Environmental 
Protection Cabinet 
Capital Plaza Tower, 5th Floor 
500 Mero Street 
Frankfort, KY 40601 
Phone: (502) 564-5525 
Fax: (502) 564-3354 

Louisiana 

Environmental Quality Department 
P.O. Box 82231 
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2231 
Phone: (504) 765-0741 
Fax: (504) 765-0045 


Natural Resources Department 
P.O. Box 94396 
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9396 
Phone: (504)342-4500 
Fax: (504) 342-2707 

Maine 

Conservation Department 
22 State House Station 
Augusta, ME 04333-0022 
Phone: (207)287-2211 
Fax: (207) 287-2400 

TTY: (207)287-2213 

Environmental Protection Department 
17 State House Station 
Augusta, ME 04333-0017 
Phone: (207)287-7688 
Fax: (207)287-2814 

Maryland 

Natural Resources Department 
Tawes State Office Building 
Annapolis, MD 21401 
Phone: (410)974-3195 
Fax: (410)974-5206 

TTY: (410)974-3683 

Environment Department 
2500 Broening Highway 
Baltimore, MD 21224 
Phone: (410)631-3000 
Fax: (410) 631-3888 

TTY: (410)631-3009 

Massachusetts 

Environmental Affairs Executive Office 
100 Cambridge Street, Room 2000 
Boston, MA 02202 
Phone: (617) 727-9800 
Fax: (617) 727-2754 


11-8 









Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


Michigan 


Missouri 


Environmental Quality Department 

P.O. Box 30473 

Lansing, MI 48909-7973 

Phone: (800)662-9278 

Fax: (517)241-7401 

Pollution Emergency Alerting System: 

(800)292-4706 

Natural Resources Department 
P.O. Box 30028 
Lansing, MI 48909 
Phone: (517) 373-1214 
Fax: (517) 335-4242 

TTY: (517)335-4623 

Minnesota 

Natural Resources Department 
500 Lafayette Road 
St. Paul, MN 55155-4001 
Phone: (612)296-6157 
Fax: (612)296-3500 

TTY: (612)296-5484 

Environmental Assistance Office 
520 Lafayette Road, 2nd Floor 
St. Paul, MN 55155-4100 
Phone: (612)296-3417 
Fax: (612)297-8709 

Mississippi 

Environmental Quality Department 
P.O. Box 20305 
Jackson, MS 39289-1305 
Phone: (601)961-5650 
Fax: (601)354-6965 


Natural Resources Department 
P.O. Box 176 
Jefferson City, MO 65102 
Phone: (573) 751-3443 
Fax: (573) 751-7627 

Montana 

Environmental Quality Department 
P.O. Box 200901 
Helena, MT 59620-0901 
Phone: (406) 444-2442 
Fax: (406)444-1804 

Natural Resources and Conservation 

Department 

1625 Eleventh Avenue 

P.O. Box 201601 

Helena, MT 59620-1601 

Phone: (406)444-2074 

Fax: (406) 444-2684 

TTY: (406) 444-2074 

Nebraska 

Environmental Quality Department 
1200 N Street, Suite 400 
P.O. Box 98922 
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922 
Phone: (402)471-2186 
Fax: (402)471-2909 

Nevada 

Conservation and Natural Resources 

Department 

123 W. Nye Lane 

Carson City, NV 89710 

Phone: (702)687-4360 

Fax: (702)687-6122 


11-9 









Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


New Hampshire 

North Dakota 

Environmental Services Department 

6 Hazen Drive 

Concord, NH 03301 

Phone: (603)271-3503 

Fax: (603)271-2867 

TTY: (800)735-2964 

Environmental Health Section 

1200 Missouri Avenue 

P.O. Box 5520 

Bismarck, ND 58506-5520 

Phone: (701)328-5150 

Fax: (701)328-5200 

New Jersey 

Ohio 

Environmental Protection Department 

401 E. State Street, CN 402 

Trenton, NJ 08625-0402 

Phone: (609) 777-3373 

Fax: (609) 292-7695 

Natural Resources Department 
Fountain Square 

Columbus, OH 43224-1387 

Phone: (614)265-6565 

Fax: (614)261-9601 

New Mexico 

Environmental Protection Agency 

1800 WaterMark Drive 

Environment Department 

1190 St. Francis Drive 

P.O. Box 261 1 0 

Santa Fe, NM 87502 

Phone: (505) 827-2855 

Fax: (505) 827-2836 

P.O. Box 1049 

Columbus, OH 43216-0149 

Phone: (614)644-3020 

Fax: (614)644-2329 

TTY: (614)644-2110 

Oklahoma 

New York 


Environmental Conservation Department 

50 Wolf Road 

Albany, NY 12233 

Phone: (518)457-5400 

Fax: (518)457-7744 

Environmental Quality Department 

1000 NE Tenth Street 

Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212 
Phone: (405)271-8056 

Fax: (405)271-8425 

Complaints Hotline: (800) 522-0206 

North Carolina 

Oregon 

Environment, Health and 

Natural Resources Department 

P.O. Box 27687 

Raleigh, NC 27611 

Phone: (919)733-4984 

Fax: (919)715-3060 

Environmental Quality Department 
811 S.W. Sixth Avenue 

Portland, OR 97204-1390 

Phone: (503)229-5696 

Fax: (503)229-6124 

TTY: (503) 229-6993 


11-10 











Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


Pennsylvania 

Environmental Protection Department 
P.O. Box 2063 
Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063 
Phone: (717) 783-2300 
Fax: (717) 783-8926 

TTY: (800) 654-5984 

Rhode Island 

Environmental Management Department 

235 Promenade Street, Suite 425 

Providence, RI 02908 

Phone: (401)277-6800 

Fax: (401)277-6802 

TTY: (401) 831-5508 

24-Hour Hotline: (401) 277-3070 

South Carolina 

Health and Environmental Control Department 

2600 Bull Street 

Columbia, SC 29201 

Phone: (803) 734-5000 

Fax: (803) 734-4777 

Natural Resources Department 
Rembert C. Dennis Building 
P.O. Box 176 
Columbia, SC 29202 
Phone: (803) 734-3888 
Fax: (803) 734-6310 

South Dakota 

Environment and Natural Resources 
Department 
Joe Foss Building 
523 E. Capitol Avenue 
Pierre, SD 57501-3181 
Phone: (605) 773-3151 
Fax: (605) 773-6035 


Tennessee 

Environmental and Conservation Department 
Life & Casualty Tower 
401 Church Street, 21st Floor 
Nashville, TN 37243-0435 
Phone: (615) 532-0109 
Fax: (615) 532-0120 

Texas 

Natural Resource Conservation Commission 

12100 Park 35 Circle 

P.O. Box 13087 

Austin, TX 78711-3087 

Phone: (512)239-1000 

Fax: (512) 239-5533 

Utah 


Environmental Quality Department 

168 N. 1950 West 

Salt Lake City, UT84116 

Phone: (801) 536-4400 

Fax: (801) 536-4480 

TTY: (801) 536-4414 

Natural Resources Department 
1594 W North Temple, Suite 3710 
Box 145610 

Salt Lake City, UT 84116-5610 
Phone: (801) 538-7200 
Fax: (801) 538-7315 

TTY: (801) 538-7458 

Vermont 

Natural Resources Agency 
State Complex 
103 S. Main Street 
Waterbury, VT 05671 
Phone: (802)241-3600 
TTY: (800)253-0191 


11-11 










Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued) 


Virginia 

Natural Resources Secretariat 
733 Ninth Street Office Building 
Richmond, VA 23219 
Phone: (804) 786-0044 
Fax: (804)371-8333 

TTY: (804)-786-7765 

Washington 

Ecology Department 
P.O. Box 47600 
Olympia, WA 98504-7600 
Phone: (360)407-6000 
Fax: (360) 407-6989 

TTY: (360)407-7155 

Natural Resources Department 
1111 Washington Street SE 
P.O. Box 47000 
Olympia, WA 98504-7001 
Phone: (360)902-1000 
Fax: (360)902-1775 

TTY: (360)902-1125 

West Virginia 

Environment Bureau 
10 McJunkin Road 
Nitro, WV 25143-2506 
Phone: (304) 759-0515 
Fax: (304) 759-0526 

TTY: (800) 637-5893 


Wisconsin 

Natural Resources Department 
P.O. Box 7921 
Madison, WI 53704 
Phone: (608)266-2621 
Fax: (608)267-3579 

TTY: (608) 267-6897 

Wyoming 

Environmental Quality Department 
Herschler Building, 4th Floor 
122 W. Twenty-Fifth Street 
Cheyenne, WY 82002 
Phone: (307) 777-7937 
Fax: (307) 777-7682 

Puerto Rico 

Natural and Environmental Resources 
Department 
P.O. Box 9066600 
San Juan, PR 00906-6600 
Phone: (787) 723-3090 
Fax: (787) 723-4255 

Environmental Quality Board 
P.O. Box 11488 
San Juan, PR 00940-1119 
Phone: (787) 723-6200 
Fax: (787) 724-3270 


11-12 








APPENDIX I 


U.S. Census Bureau 
Internet Information 













































































































































NOTICE 


The following describes examples of the various types of information available on the 
Census Bureau’s website. It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is 
time sensitive. Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible 
organization, in this case, the federal government's Department of Commerce. The information 
in this appendix is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly obtaining data collected by 
the federal government and made available on the Internet. It is not intended to be a 
comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many standard references exist to guide the reader in 
use of the Internet. 


U.S. Census Bureau Home Page Description 

http://www. census, gov 


The Census Bureau Website provides tables, maps, raw data and publications pertaining 
to U.S. populations, businesses and geography. Information for various segments of the U.S. 
population include, but are limited, the following categories age, household and family types, 
income and poverty, travel to work, occupation, and school enrollment. Census statistics for 
unemployment, government, and manufacturing are included under the homepage’s general 
heading of ‘business’. Within the site’s geographic section, users can access tools to create and 
view maps (i.e. Tiger, Gazetteer and LandView). This section also provides links for 
geographical information systems (GIS) resources. Also of interest on the Census homepage are 
links to minority data, and publication search tools such as FedStats http://www.fedstats. sov/ 
which locates Census publications as well as documents published by other federal agencies. 


1-2 




U.S. Census Bureau Home Page 


http: //www. census, gov 


insert printed home page graphic 


Select hot button marked User Manual http://wvm.census.gov/main/www/man_main.html 

The User Manual presents a brief introduction to help users understand and use the 
Census Bureau's web site. It also lists the functioning "hot buttons" that may be selected to go 
to additional resources on their web site. 


Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov 

Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function. 


Select hot button marked Search http://www.census.gov/main/www/srchtool.html 

The reader may search the Census Bureau information by word, place, geographically, 
or search for Census Bureau staff members phone numbers and Email addresses. 


Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov 

Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function. 


1-3 






Select hot button marked Access Tools 


http://www. census, gov /mani/www /access, html 


The Census Bureau's web site offers the reader the use of Data Access Tools that can 
be used to access Census information. These include: Map Stats; Census Lookup; Tiger Map 
Server; US Gazetteer (to search by place name or Zip code); CD-ROM version of Census data; 
Ferret Data Extraction and Review Tool; and browsing all public directories and files. 


Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov 

Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function. 

Select hot button marked Subjects A-Z http://www.census.gov/main/www/subjects.html 

Search Census Bureau data by a wide range of subject topics, including: agriculture, 
births, children, county profiles, economics, families, etc. 


Select hot button marked Census Home 

Return to the Census Bureau's home page to exit their web site. 


http://www. census, gov 


1-4 





APPENDIX II 


U.S. Department of Labor 
Internet Information 




















































NOTICE 


The following information has been printed directly from the Internet. The Home Page 
of the organization is presented on the first page, followed by the "hot keys" to be selected in the 
order in while they were selected to produce this Appendix. Internet addresses are provided (in 
italics) so that the reader may access the same information. The sequence in which information 
was accessed for this appendix is offered as a suggestion, and the reader is encouraged to sequence 
the information in the way most useful to them. 

It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive. 
Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible organization, 

in this case, the federal government's Department of Labor. The exact information, content, and 

\ 

appearance of information the reader is able to access may differ from the pages contained in this 
appendix. The information in this appendix is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly 
obtaining data collected by the federal government and made available on the Internet. It is not 
intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many standard references exist to 
guide the reader in use of the Internet. 


BLS Home Page 


http://www.bls.gov/ 



Keyword 
Search of BLS 
>• Web Pages 


Economy 
at a Glance 


Regional 

Information 


Economy at a Glance 


[ Scheduled Downtime ! 


Public ations 
& Research 
Papers 


Surveys & 
Programs 




n nee 

* * % ♦ IS r a; 

h n enr 


Mission, 
Management 
& Jobs 


Other 

Statistical 

Sites 


Contact Information 


bP£ 


of 


Jata 


2&S5 


Surveys & Prosirams | Publications & Research Papers | Regional Information 
Mission, Management & Jobs | Other Statistical Sites | What's New | Contact 


Information 


The Bureau of Labor Statistics is an agency within the ILS. Department of Labor . 

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Requests 

BLS Privacy and Security Statement 



•12 Educational Resources. 


Jo-Ann L. Yu 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

labs I at. helvdesk(d\bls. gov 

Last modified: August 25, 1999 

URL: http://stats, bis. gov/blshome. htm 


11-2 









































lurveys & Programs 


http://www.bls.gov/proghome.htm 


[Accessibility Information! 



Compensation & 
Working Conditions 


International 

Programs 




Employment & m Prices & 
Unemployment m Living Conditions 

mmmmmmmmmmmmmaBmaBm 

Productivity & 1 Employment 

Technology m Protections 


Other 

Surveys 






Employment & Unemployment | Prices & Living Conditions | Compensation & Working Conditions 
Productivity & Technology | Employment Projections | International Programs | Other Surveys 


Surveys & Programs 


Employment & Unemployment 

• Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey 

• Nonfarm Payroll Statistics from the Current Employment Statistics (National) 

• Nonfarm Payroll Statistics from the Current Employment Statistics (State&Area) 

• Covered Employment and Wages 

• Occupational Employment Statistics 

• Local Area Unemployment Statistics 

• National Longitudinal Surveys 

Prices & Living Conditions 

• Consumer Price Indexes 

• Producer Price Indexes 

• International Price Indexes 

• Consumer Expenditure Survey 

Compensation & Working Conditions 

• Collective Bargaining Agreements 

• Employee Benefits Survey 

• Employment Cost Trends 

• Occupational Compensation Survey 

• Safety and Health Statistics 

• National Compensation Survey (formerly COMP2000) 

Productivity & Technology 

• Quarterly Labor Productivity 

• Multi factor Productivity 

• Industry Productivity 


11-3 










































Surveys & Programs 


http://www.bls.gov/proghome.htm 


• Foreign Labor Statistics 

Employment Projections 

• Employment Projections 

Other Surveys 

• Employer Provided Training 

International Programs 

• Foreign Labor Statistics 

• International Price Indexes 

• International Training 



BLS Home Page 


Jo-Ann L. Yu 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

labs tat. helpdesk(d),bls. gov 

Last modified: October 26, 1998 

URL: http://stats, bls.gov/proghome. htm 


11-4 














From the Department of Labor’s Home Page 

htto://www. bis. sov 

Select hot button marked Surveys & Programs 

httn: //www. bis. sov/proshome. htm 

Select hot button marked Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey 

http://www. bis. sov/cpshome. htm 

Select hot button marked BLS Home Page 

http://www. bis. sov 


Return to the Department of Labor's home page to exit their web site. 


II-5 











































































APPENDIX III 


U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services 
ATSDR 

Internet Information 






















NOTICE 

The following information has been printed directly from the Internet. The Home Page 
of the organization is presented on the first page, followed by the "hot keys" to be selected in the 
order in while they were selected to produce this Appendix. Internet addresses are provided (in 
italics) so that the reader may access the same information. The sequence in which information 
was accessed for this appendix is offered as a suggestion, and the reader is encouraged to sequence 
the information in the way most useful to them. 

It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive. 
Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible organization, 
in this case, the federal government's Department of Health and Human Services. The exact 
information, content, and appearance of information the reader is able to access will differ from 
the pages contained in this appendix. The information in this appendix is provided to assist the 
reader in easily and quickly obtaining data collected by the federal government and made available 
on the Internet. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many 
standard references exist to guide the reader in use of the Internet. 


III-l 





















NOTICE 

The following information has been printed directly from the Internet. The Home Page 
of the organization is presented on the first page, followed by the "hot keys" to be selected in the 
order in while they were selected to produce this Appendix. Internet addresses are provided (in 
italics) so that the reader may access the same information. The sequence in which information 
was accessed for this appendix is offered as a suggestion, and the reader is encouraged to sequence 
the information in the way most useful to them. 

It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive. 
Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible organization, 
in this case, the federal government's Department of Health and Human Services. The exact 
information, content, and appearance of information the reader is able to access will differ from 
the pages contained in this appendix. The information in this appendix is provided to assist the 
reader in easily and quickly obtaining data collected by the federal government and made available 
on the Internet. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many 
standard references exist to guide the reader in use of the Internet. 


III-l 


HOME PAGE : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 


http://www.hhs.gov/ 



[Text version! 


About HHS 


News & 
Public Affairs 


What's New 


Search 



Spotlight on 

President's Plan to Strengthen Medicare 


healthfinder™ 

& 

Human Services 
Information 


Research, 
Policy and 
Administration 


Employee 

Information 


Gateways 



Privacy Notice ~ ~ Y2K Information 


Last revised Wednesday, September 01, 1999 
Comments/Suggestions to Webmaster 


111-2 





























HS Agencies on the Internet 


http://www.hhs.gov/progorg/ 


{ <§- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES 


HHS AGENCIES 


Office of the Secretary (OS) 

Administration for Children and Families (ACF) 

Administration on Aging (AOA) 

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSl)R) 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CPC) 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 

Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) 

(MEDICARE and MEDICAID) 

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) 

Indian Health Service (IHS) 

National Institutes of Health (NIH) 

Program Support Center (PSC) 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 


The Social Security Administration (SSA) became an independent agency on March 31,1995. 


l About HHS 1 I healthfinder & Human Services Information ! 
[ News & Public Affairs ! I Research, Policy & Administration ) 
I What's New | l Employee Information ! 

[ Search 1 [Gateways) 

I HHS Agencies on t he Internet J 



Back to the HHS Home Page 


Last revised Tuesday, February 23, 1999 
Comments/Suggestions to Webmaster 


111-3 











































ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept, of Health and Human Services 


http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html 


^ National Alerts 
^ Health Advisories 
Q Announcements 
Q jobs 

Search Site 

Browse Site 
About ATSDR 


Communities 

Kids, Parents. Teachers 

ATSDR Newsletter 
ATSDR Ombudsman 

ToxFAQs 
HazDat Database 

Science Corner 

Top 20 Hazardous 

Substances 

Public Health Assessments 

Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) 

ATSDR Glossary 

Site Usage Statistics 




Atsdru, 

v. 7< 

Vnj 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 



What's New 

The ATSDR Communities Web pages are now available. These new 
pages were designed to answer common questions and help you find the 
information you are looking for. 

The paper Public Health Implications of Exposure to PCBs is now 
available on the ATSDR Web site. 

The ATSDR Web site is now hosting the Environmental Health in the 
U.S. Public Health Service web pages which are sponsored by the 
Sanitarian Professional Advisory Committee (SPAC). 

ATSDR's Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs') of hazardous substances has 
been updated. 

The recently released ToxFAQ Sheet for Dioxins has been added to 
ATSDR's Web server. 

Media Advisory: April 19, 1999 - ATSDR Updates its Toxicological 
Profile for Mercury . 

The Draft Agenda for Public Health Activities for FY 1999 and FY 

2000 at U.S. Department of Energy Sites has been released for public 
review and comment. 

Industrial Chemicals and Terrorism is a paper that presents a 10-step 
procedure to analyze, mitigate, and prevent public health hazards 
resulting from terrorism involving industrial chemicals. 

Chemical Hazards During the Recent War in Croatia summarizes the 
many uses of chemicals as weapons in the recent conflict between 
Croatia and Yugoslavia. 

ATSDR's Toxicological Profile Information Sheet is now available with 
current information on all of ATSDR’s Toxicological Profile 
publications. 

Public Health Concerns At Department of Energy Sites: Progress Report 

highlights the activities and accomplishments of ATSDR in addressing 
public health issues in the communities near Department of Energy 
hazardous waste sites. The document is also available as an Adobe 
Acrobat PDF File f929K) . 

You can sign up to receive a copy of ATSDR's Public Health 
Assessment for the Hanford nuclear site when it is released for public 
comment by filling out the online form . 

Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Soil. Pail 1: ATSDR Interim 

Policy Guideline has been adopted by ATSDR to assess the public 
health implications of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in residential 
soils near or on hazardous waste sites. 

The Proceedings of the PCB Expert Panel Workshop evaluates all 
pertinent information related to the public health implications of human 
exposure to PCBs . 

The Toxicologic Hazard of Superfund Hazardous Waste Sites is a 


111-4 


















































vTSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept, of Health and Human Services 


http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html 


The Ioxicologic Hazard of Superfund Hazardous Waste Sites is a 
scientific analysis of the threat posed to public health by uncontrolled 
hazardous waste sites. 


Contents 

• ATSDR National Alerts 

• ATSDR Public Health Advisories 

• ATSDR Announcements 

• ATSDR Job Opportunities 

. About ATSDR 

o Fiscal Year 1999 Performance Plan 
o Background and Congressional Mandates 

o Organizational Structure 

o Goals 

o Statement of Values 
o AT SDR Glossary of Terms 

o EPA Glossary of Terms 

• AT SDR/CDC F01A (Freedom of Information Act) Office 

• AT SDR Addresses and Phone Numbers 

• A1SDR Contacts 

o State Cooperative Agreement Staff 

• ATSDR Datasets/Resources 

o The HazDat Database 

■ Query and Search 

■ Contacts and References 
o AT SDR Science Corner 

o ATSDR Environmental Health Officer 
o Toxicology - the Elealth Effects of Hazardous Substances 

■ ATSDR's Division of Toxicology 

■ Toxicological Profile Information Sheet n ewi 

■ ToxFAOs 

■ The Toxicologic Hazard of Superfund Hazardous Waste Sites 

■ AT SDR/EPA Top 20 Hazardous Substances 

■ Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances 

■ 1997 CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances 

■ 1997 Completed Exposure Pathway (CEP) Site Count Report 

■ Information Center Bookmarks to Web Resources 

■ Public Health Implications of Exposure to PCBs 
o Health Assessments and Consultations 

■ AT SDR Division of Health Assessment and Consultation 

■ Environmental Data Needed for Public Health Assessments 

■ Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual 

■ Public Health Assessments (Full Documents) 

■ Proceedings of the PCB Expert Panel Workshop 
o Health Education and Communication 

■ Hazardous Substances & Public Health (Newsletter) 

■ A Primer on Health Risk Communication Principles and Practices 

■ An Evaluation Primer on Health Risk Communication Programs and Outcomes 

■ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CME/CEU credit) 

■ Methyl Parathion Expert Panel Report 
o Health Studies 

■ Guidance for ATSDR Health Studies 

■ Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) - Annual Report 

1995 


111-5 





















































ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept, of Health and Human Services 


http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html 


■ Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) - Annual Report 

1996 

o Urban Environmental Issues 

■ ATSDR Office of Urban Affairs 
o Special Initiatives and Projects 

■ ATSDR Child Health Initiative 

■ ATSDR Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program 

■ ATSDR Mississippi Delta Project 

■ ATSDR Minority Health Program 

o Reports, Policy, and Congressional Testimony 

■ ATSDR’s Washington D.C. Office and Relevant Legislation 

■ Report to Congress: 1993-1995 (Executive Summary) 

■ Biennial Report to Congress: 1991-1992 (Executive Statement) 

■ Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Soil, Part 1: ATSDR Interim Policy 

Guideline 

■ ATSDR Cancer Policy Framework 

■ Congressional Testimony 
o Software 

■ CLUSTER version 3.1 (Disease cluster analysis software) 

• Related Organizations and Internet Resources (Government) 

o U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

■ HHS Environmental Health Policy Committee 

■ Agency for Health Care Policy and Research 

■ Commissioned Corps / Surgeon General 

■ Sanitarian Professional Advisory Committee (SPAC) 

■ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CPC) 

■ National Institutes of Health (NIH) 

■ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) 

■ NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program 

■ National Toxicology Program (NTP) 
o IJ.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

■ EPA Superfund Information 

■ EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) 

■ National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) 

• Other Internet Resources (See Disclaimer ) 

o ATSDR Information Center Bookmarks to Other Internet Resources 

o The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (A.O.E.C.) 

o CIESIN (Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network) 

o The Collegium Ramazzini 

o Environmental Defense Fund's Chemical Scorecard for Communities 
o International Joint Commission (US & Canada) Health Professionals Task Force 

o The Chemical Industry Home Page 

o The Sierra Club 

o State Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) Environmental Campaigns 

o Environment and Nature (Yahoo! Web Guide) 

o Environmental Health (Yahoo! Web Guide) 

• ATSDR WWW Server Usage Statistics 


About ATSDR 

The mission of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), as an agency of the 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , is to prevent exposure and adverse human health 
effects and diminished quality of life associated with exposure to hazardous substances from waste sites, 
unplanned releases, and other sources of pollution present in the environment. 


Ill-6 















































ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance.. Dept, of Health and Human Services 


http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.htm 


ATSDR is directed by congressional mandate to perform specific functions concerning the effect on 
public health of hazardous substances in the environment. These functions include public health 
assessments of waste sites, health consultations concerning specific hazardous substances, health 
surveillance and registries, response to emergency releases of hazardous substances, applied research in 
support oi public health assessments, information development and dissemination, and education and 
training concerning hazardous substances. 

ATSDR's mission and the goals of ATSDR are reflected within its organizational structure and its 
statement of values . 

Definitions of words and phrases used by ATSDR can be found in the ATSDR Glossary of Terms . 


ATSDR Addresses and Phone Numbers 



Send mail to: 




ATSDR 




"Group Name" 

1600 Clifton Rd., ("Mail Stop") 

Atlanta, GA 30333 

Mail 



Group Name 

Stop 

Telephone 

Fax 

Office of the Assistant Administrator 

E28 

(404)639-0700 

(404)639-0744 

Washington, D.C. Office 

P13 

(202)690-7536 

(202)690-6985 

Board of Scientific Counselors 

E28 

(404)639-0708 

(404)639-0586 

Office of Federal Programs 

E28 

(404)639-0730 

(404)639-0759 

Office of Policy and External Affairs 

E60 

(404)639-0500 

(404)639-0522 

Office of Program Operations and Management 

E60 

(404)639-0550 

(404)639-0568 

Office of Regional Operations 

E42 

(404)639-6090 

(404)639-0740 

Office of the Associate Administrator for Science 

E28 

(404)639-0708 

(404)639-0586 

Division of Health Assessment and Consultation 

E32 

(404)639-0610 

(404)639-0654 

Division of Health Education and Promotion 

E33 

(404)639-6204 

(404)639-6207 

Division of Health Studies 

E31 

(404)639-6200 

(404)639-6220 

Division of Toxicology 

E29 

(404)639-6300 

(404)639-6315 


ATSDR Contacts 

• General Information 

o The ATSDR Information Center / ATSDRIC@cdc.gov / 1-888-42-ATSDR or 
1-888-422-8737 

• Senior Management 

o Amler, Robert W., M.D. , Chief Medical Officer 

o Bashor, Mark M„ Ph.D. , Associate Administrator for Federal Programs, Office of Federal 
Programs 

o DeRosa. Christopher T., Ph.D. , Director, Division of Toxicology 
o Falk, Henry, M.D., M.P.H., Assistant Administrator 
o Jones, Georgi A., Director, Office of Policy and External Affairs 
o Harris. Barbara W. , Director, Office of Program Operations and Management 
o Lichtveld, Maureen, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Division of Health Education and Promotion 


III-7 


















\TSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept, of Health and Human Services 


http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html 


o Lvbarger, Jeffrey A.. M.D., M.S. . Director, Division of Health Studies 
o McCumiskey, Peter J„ Deputy Assistant Administrator 
o Reyes, Juan J„ M.P.A. Director, Office of Regional Operations 
o Spengler, Robert. Sc.D. . Associate Administrator for Science 
o Touch, Ralph J., Jr,, Cant. , Chief Environmental Health Officer 
o Wargo, Andrea, Ph.D. , Associate Administrator, Washington, D.C. Office 
o Warren, Rueben C., D.D.S., Dr.P.H. , Associate Administrator, Office of Urban Affairs 
o Williams, Robert C„ P.E., D.E.E. , Director, Division of Health Assessment and 
Consultation 
• ATSDR Employees 

o Search the Department of Health and Human Services Employee Directory 


3 


ATSDR Web Site Usage Statistics 



Department of Health and Human Services Home Page 


For information, contact: 

the ATSDR Information Center / ATSDRIC(a),cdc .gov /Phone toll-free at 1-888-42-ATSDR or 
1-888-422-8737 


Webmaster: Mike Perry / ImpKxp.cdc. gov 
Last Update - August 25, 1999 


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From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Home Page http://www.hhs. sov 


Select hot button marked HHS Agencies 


http://www. hhs. gov/proeore/ 


Information is available on HHS Agencies, including: Administration on Aging; 
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention; Food and Drug Administration; Indian Health Service; National Institutes of 
Health; and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 


Select hot button marked Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 

http://atsdrl. atsdr. cdc. sov/atsdrhome. html 


ATSDR data available include: the HazDat Database; Toxicology; Health Assessments 
and Consultations; Health Studies; Special Initiatives and Projects; CLUSTER 3.1 (disease 
cluster software); and related Internet resources. 


Select button marked Health & Human Services' Home Page http://www.hhs.gov/ 


Return to Health and Human Services Home Page to exit their web site. 


HI-9 ■&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1999 - 750-101/00067 





































































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